Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama darnios nekilnojamojo turto plėtros problemos ir tendencijos, pateikiamos pasaulinės urbanizacijos keliamos grėsmės ir chaotiškos plėtros problematika, aprašomos Lietuvos gyvenamųjų pastatų plėtros perspektyvos ir atliekama pasirinktų Lietuvoje vykdomų nekilnojamojo turto plėtros projektų analizė. / The tends and problems of sustainable real estate development are analysed, the global threat posed by urbanization and chaotic development issues are given, Lithuanian residential development perspectives are described and analyzed in the final master's work.

The aim of this thesis is to compare and evaluate pension system of the Czech Republic and Switzerland and the pension funds operating at the level of II. and III. pillar. In many aspects Switzerland is claimed to have the right and healthy pension system. This thesis tries to answer if it is true and in what way could be Switzerland inspiring for the Czech Republic. At first, the study focuses on present pension systems in both countries, characterizes them and after it describes their economic environment. Using method of quantitative analysis the paper compares pension funds in the Czech Republic and Switzerland according chosen factors. As the conclusion the paper is devoted to final comparison of pension systems of both countries and evaluates them.

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T00:32:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Marcelo dos Santos Silva - 2013.pdf: 7962051 bytes, checksum: 4e7968dec1d69dfb701ea5b5c43215dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-18T00:32:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Marcelo dos Santos Silva - 2013.pdf: 7962051 bytes, checksum: 4e7968dec1d69dfb701ea5b5c43215dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of wood anatomy of the Atlantic Forest woody species, discussing their ecological/functional value, in addition to qualifying these species for energy generation and/or papermaking, based on derived values from measurements of the fibers and the bulk density. Serra da Jiboia is one of the areas indicated as priority for conservation of the Atlantic Forest and considered of extreme biological importance in terms of vegetation. Three to ten samples of 25 species were collected in the Serra da Jiboia, El?sio Medrado, Bahia. The portion from 1 to 3 cm from the bark was considered for making a macerate, histological slides, and measurement of the bulk density. The results are shown in two chapters and two appendices. In chapter 1, the existence of ecological trends for the Atlantic Forest of Serra da Jiboia was examined. The high frequency for growth rings boundaries distinct, diffuse porosity, absence of vessel arrangement, simultaneous presence of multiple and solitary vessels, simple perforation plates, tangential diameter of vessel larger than 350 ?m, nonseptate fibers, fiber length between 900-1600 ?m, fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits, rays per millimeter: 4-12, rays and/or axial elements irregularly storied and presence of inorganic inclusions. Most of these characteristics were interpreted as ecological trends for the Atlantic Forest of Serra da Jiboia, based on an analysis of the literature about their functional meanings and their correlation with the environmental characteristics of this environment. A smaller amount was assessed as arising from general evolutionary trends for the angiosperms. The conduction area, mesomorphy and vulnerability index, showed wide variation. More integrated studies involving wood anatomy which consider other aspects of the plants should be developed for a better understanding of the ecologic trends as well as its contrasting variations. In chapter 2, in which the anatomical and physical qualification of the wood for paper and/or energy production was made, four derived values ? wall fraction, flexibility coefficient, Runkel ratio and slenderness ratio ? and bulk density were measured. None of the species displayed all of the derived values optimal for paper production, although if each derived value is considered separately many of them could be qualified for this purpose. Most of the species were considered appropriate for power generation because they exhibit high wall fraction, Runkel ratio and high bulk density, and low flexibility coefficient. Aspidosperma discolor, Helicostylis tomentosa, Miconia amoena and Myrsine guianensis stand out from the rest. In conclusion, Serra da Jiboia proves to be a potential area for sustainable management studies of economically viable timbers. / Esse trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da anatomia do lenho de esp?cies arb?reas da Mata Atl?ntica, discutindo seu valor ecol?gico/funcional, al?m de qualificar estas esp?cies para gera??o de energia e/ou fabrica??o de papel, baseando-se nos valores derivados das dimens?es das fibras e na densidade aparente. A Serra da Jiboia ? uma das ?reas indicadas como priorit?rias para conserva??o da Mata Atl?ntica e classificada como de extrema import?ncia biol?gica no quesito vegeta??o. Foram coletadas de tr?s a dez amostras de 25 esp?cies nesta ?rea, localizada no munic?pio de El?sio Medrado, Bahia. Considerou-se a por??o entre 1-3 cm a partir da casca para confec??o de macerado, das l?minas histol?gicas e aferi??o da densidade aparente. Os resultados est?o apresentados em dois cap?tulos, e dois ap?ndices. No cap?tulo 1, examinou-se a exist?ncia de tend?ncias ecol?gicas para a Mata Atl?ntica da Serra da Jiboia, registrou-se alta frequ?ncia para an?is de crescimento distintos, porosidade difusa, aus?ncia de arranjo dos vasos, presen?a simult?nea de vasos solit?rios e m?ltiplos, placa de perfura??o simples, comprimento dos elementos de vasos maior que 350 ?m, fibras com ar?ola das pontoa??es simples a reduzida, presen?a de fibras n?o septadas, comprimento da fibra entre 900-1600 ?m, 4-12 raios por mil?metro, raios e elementos axiais n?o estratificados e presen?a de inclus?es inorg?nicas. A maioria destas caracter?sticas foi interpretada como tend?ncias ecol?gicas para a Mata Atl?ntica atrav?s da discuss?o com a literatura sobre seus significados funcionais e a correla??o destes com as caracter?sticas ambientais desse ambiente. Uma menor quantidade foi avaliada como decorrente das tend?ncias evolutivas gerais para as angiospermas. A ?rea de condu??o, ?ndice de vulnerabilidade e mesomorfismo apresentaram grande varia??o, trabalhos mais integrativos, envolvendo a anatomia da madeira, que considerem outros aspectos das plantas, devem ser desenvolvidos para uma melhor compreens?o das tend?ncias ecol?gicas, bem como da varia??o que se contrap?em a esta. No cap?tulo 2, no qual ? feita a qualifica??o anat?mica e f?sica da madeira para fabrica??o de papel e/ou produ??o de energia, quatro valores derivados ? fra??o parede, coeficiente de flexibilidade, ?ndice de Runkel e ?ndice de enfeltramento ? e a densidade aparente foram mensurados. Nenhuma esp?cie apresentou todos os valores derivados ?timos para a produ??o de papel, embora se considerado cada valor derivado isoladamente muitas delas podem ser qualificadas positivamente para este fim. A maioria das esp?cies apresentou-se aptas ? gera??o de energia por exibirem fra??o parede, ?ndice de Runkel e densidade aparente alta e baixo coeficiente de flexibilidade, destacando-se Aspidosperma discolor, Helicostylis tomentosa, Miconia amoena e Myrsine guianensis. Conclui-se, portanto, que a Serra da Jiboia apresenta-se como uma ?rea em potencial para estudos de manejo sustent?vel de madeiras economicamente vi?veis.

No description available.

Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt. Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats. Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion. / To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product. Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied. The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.

<p>Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.</p><p>Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.</p><p>Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.</p> / <p>To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.</p><p>Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.</p><p>The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.</p>