Orientador: Marcelo Giannini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vermelho_PauloMoreira_D.pdf: 2479320 bytes, checksum: 0d9cc50e5276a8b6e9a933c7dcd3239c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar as características ultramorfológicas da interface de união dente-resina, a resistência de união ao esmalte e dentina pelo método da microtração e os padrões de fratura dos espécimes testados. Dois adesivos "universais ou multi-molde" (Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE e All-Bond Universal, Bisco) foram testados nos modos autocondicionantes e com condicionamento prévio e comparados aos métodos tradicionais de união ao esmalte e dentina (grupos controles) utilizando os adesivos Optibond FL (Kerr) e Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake). Esmalte e dentina de terceiros molares humanos foram utilizados nos procedimentos adesivos, os quais foram realizados com as instruções dos fabricantes. Após a aplicação dos adesivos, um bloco de compósito foi construído em incrementos. Os dentes foram seccionados longitudinalmente para obtenção de espécimes em formato de "palitos" para o ensaio de resistência de união por microtração (n=8) e as análises em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) (n=2). Os espécimes foram testados após 24 horas ou um ano de armazenamento em saliva artificial. Para a MET, solução traçadora de nitrato de prata foi utilizada para mostrar espaços nanométricos e evidências de degradação na área de união. As superfícies fraturadas dos espécimes foram observadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e os dados de resistência de união analisadas pela ANOVA três-fatores, teste de Tukey e Dunnett (5%). O condicionamento prévio do esmalte aumentou a resistência de união dos adesivos universais, mas essa reduziu após o armazenamento por um ano. Os adesivos universais mostraram menor resistência de união em esmalte que o grupo controle quando utilizados no modo autocondicionante no tempo de 24 horas. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada na resistência de união em dentina nos dois tempos de avaliação quando comparados aos adesivos universais e os controle. O armazenamento por um ano reduziu a resistência de união em dentina apenas para um adesivo universal usando no modo autocondicionante. A análise fractográfica em esmalte mostrou predomínio de fraturas mistas e coesivas na camada de adesivo. Em dentina, o predomínio foram fraturas mistas, adesivas e coesivas em compósito. A observação da ultramorfologia em MET mostrou a formação de hibridização e zonas de interação entre todos os adesivos em esmalte e dentina nos dois modos de aplicação. Sinais de nanoinfiltração foram identificados na área de união dentina-resina para os adesivos Scotchbond Universal e Clearfil SE Bond após armazenamento por um ano. Os resultados sugerem que armazenamento por um ano pode reduzir a resistência de união quando os adesivos universais foram aplicados em esmalte condicionado, mas em dentina condicionada não houve redução da resistência de união, exceto para o adesivo Scotchbond Universal. No esmalte a resistência de união do grupo controle foi maior que a dos adesivos universais no modo autocondicionante. Após o armazenamento por um ano, a resistência de união dos adesivos universais em esmalte tratado com ácido fosfórico não diferiu do grupo controle. Em dentina, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre adesivos universais e os grupos controles, independente do modo de condicionamento / Abstract: The aims of this study were to analyze the ultramorphological characteristics of tooth¿resin interfaces, the microtensile bond strength of multimode adhesive systems bonded to enamel and dentin, and the failure pattern of tested specimens. Two multimode adhesives (Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE; All-Bond Universal, Bisco) were tested in both self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes and compared to control groups using traditional bonding techniques (Optibond FL, Kerr; Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray Noritake) in enamel and dentin. Enamel and dentin from third human molars were used for bonding and adhesives used according to the manufacturer¿ instructions. A composite resin block was incrementally applied to bonded surfaces, and teeth were sectioned transversely to the tooth-composite interface to obtain specimens for microtensile bond strength (n=8) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis (n=2). Specimens were tested after storage for either 24 hours or 1 year in artificial saliva. For TEM, a silver tracer solution was used to reveal nanometer-sized spaces and evidence of degradation within resin¿dentin interfaces. Fractured surfaces of tested specimens were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. Bond strength data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and by Tukey¿s and Dunnett¿s tests (?=5%). The acid-etching mode increased the enamel bond strength of multimode adhesives; however, bond strength decreased after storage for 1 year. Multimode adhesives showed lower enamel bond strength than the control group adhesive when used in self-etch mode for 24 hours. No significant differences in dentin bond strength were noted between multimode and control adhesives in either evaluation period. Storage for 1 year only reduced the dentin bond strength for a multimode adhesive used in self-etch mode. Mixed and cohesive-within-adhesive-layer failures were predominant in enamel. In dentin most fractures were mixed, adhesive along the dentin or enamel, and cohesive within the composite layer. TEM analysis identified hybridization and interaction zones in dentin and enamel for all adhesives and application modes. Silver impregnation was detected on dentin¿resin interfaces after storage of specimens for 1 year only with the Scotchbond Universal and Clearfil SE Bond samples. Results suggested that storage for 1 year can reduce bond strength when multimode adhesives are applied on an etched surface, but the dentin bond strength was not affected when using the etch-and-rinse mode (except for the Scotchbond Universal sample). The enamel bond strengths of the control group adhesives were higher than those obtained for multimode adhesives in the self-etch mode. After storage for 1 year, the bond strengths of multimode adhesives in etched enamel did not differ from those of the control group adhesive. In dentin, no significant difference was noted between the multimode and control group adhesives, regardless of etching mode / Doutorado / Dentística / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

[pt] O presente trabalho permite avaliar o comportamento de um solo reforçado e não reforçado com fibras de polipropileno (teor de 0.5 por cento em relação ao peso seco do solo) submetido a ensaios triaxiais de extensão, bem como a influência da adição de fibras na resistência e nos mecanismos de ruptura do solo reforçado. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um programa experimental compreendendo a etapa final de um equipamento triaxial do tipo Bishop e Wesley de grandes dimensões e a execução de ensaios triaxiais drenados de extensão. Os ensaios triaxiais realizados permitiram a determinação dos parâmetros de resistência do solo e da mistura solo–fibra. Os resultados obtidos propiciaram a um melhor entendimento das alterações geradas pela inclusão aleatória de fibras de polipropileno à matriz da areia estudada. O desempenho das fibras no interior da massa de solo indica que estas sofreram deformações plásticas de tração, alongando-se, porém este alongamento é atribuído à fase de adensamento e não à fase de cisalhamento dos ensaios triaxiais de extensão realizados, já que foi possível observar que a adição das fibras não incrementa a resistência à tração do solo, quando este estiver submetido a esforços de extensão. / [en] The present study allows evaluating the behavior of a reinforced and unreinforced soil with fibers of polypropylene (0.5 per cent content of dry weight of soil) subjected to triaxial extension tests, as the influence of adding fibers in the resistance and the rupture mechanisms of reinforced soil. Therefore, it was developed an experimental program comprising the development of a Bishop and Wesley’s triaxial-type equipment which has a larger size than conventional triaxial equipment and an execution of drained triaxial extension tests. The present study submits triaxial tests results aiming the determination of strength parameters of soil and soil – fiber mixture. The obtained results led a better understanding of the alterations generated by the random inclusion of polypropylene fibers to the pattern sand studied. The accomplishment of fiber performance within soil mass indicates that they undergo tensile plastic deformation, elongating, but this elongating is attributed to shear stage in the triaxial extension tests realized, as was conferred that the addition of fiber does not increase the tensile strength of soil.

Les hydrates de gaz sont des composés cristallins stables à haute pression et à basse température, très répandus sur terre, notamment dans les fonds marins au niveau des marges continentales, où ils contribuent à la stabilité des sédiments par leur cohésion et leur adhésion aux surfaces minérales. Cependant, le comportement mécanique des hydrates en soi a été peu ou pas étudié à l’échelle du pore. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les conditions de stabilité et les propriétés mécaniques en traction de l’hydrate de méthane à l’échelle du pore, dans une configuration comparable à celle qu’on peut trouver dans les milieux poreux sédimentaires.Ici, nous étudions d’abord par microscopie optique les conditions de formation, de croissance et de dissociation de l’hydrate de méthane à l’interface eau/CH4 dans un micro-capillaire en verre utilisé à la fois comme un pore modèle et comme une cellule optique résistante à haute pression et à basse température. Ensuite, en développant une méthode originale in situ et sans contact : "dépression thermo-induite" on détermine les propriétés mécaniques en traction d’une coquille polycristalline d’hydrate de méthane. L’hydrate est nucléé à basse température sur l’interface eau/CH4, qui est rapidement recouverte d’une "croûte" polycristalline d’hydrate. À partir de cette croûte, l’hydrate pousse de part et d’autre de l’interface : dans l’eau sous forme "d’aiguilles" cristallines, dans le gaz, sous forme de "filaments" cristallins, et enfin entre le substrat et le gaz sous forme d’un "halo". Le halo qui est un film polycristallin avançant sur le substrat, en chevauchant un film d’eau, ralentit et finit par s’immobiliser et s’accrocher au substrat. À partir de ce moment, "la coquille" polycristalline, constituée de la croûte et du halo, forme une barrière entre l’eau et le gaz. Les tests de traction sont effectués par génération d’une dépression dans le compartiment eau en augmentant la température à pression de méthane constante.Les propriétés élastiques en traction de la coquille (module élastique et contrainte de rupture) sont déterminées en fonction de la taille des grains, contrôlée ici par les deux paramètres : le sous-refroidissement par rapport à la température d’équilibre, et le temps de mûrissement. On trouve un comportement élastoplastique à caractères ductile et fragile mélangés. Nos données de contrainte de rupture s’insèrent dans un écart de cinq ordres de grandeurs de taille de grain, et de trois ordres de grandeurs de la contrainte de rupture (entre des données de simulation à l’échelle nanomètrique et des données expérimentales à l’échelle millimétrique). L’effet de taille de grain sur la contrainte de rupture de l’hydrate de méthane peut être un facteur contribuant à la déstabilisation des pentes continentales. / Gas hydrates are ice-like crystals stable at high pressure and low temperature. They are ubiquitous on earth, notably at the edges of continental shelves, where they contribute to the mechanical stability of marine sediments, by hydrate cohesion and hydrate adhesion to mineral particles. However, the mechanical behavior of gas hydrates at pore scale has been hardly or not at all studied. The purpose of this thesis is to study the stability conditions and the tensile mechanical properties of methane hydrate at pore scale in a representative pore habit of gas hydrate in a sedimentary medium.Here, using optical microscopy, first the formation, growth and dissociation conditions of methane hydrate are investigated across a water/CH4 interface in glass micro-capillaries used both as a pore model and as an optical cell resisting high pressure and low temperature. Then by developing a contactless and an in situ method, "thermally induced depressing", tensile mechanical properties of polycrystalline methane hydrate shell are determined. At low enough temperature, the hydrate nucleates as a polycrystalline "crust" over the water/CH4 interface. From this crust, the hydrate continues growing on both sides of the interface: in the water as "needle like crystals", in the gas as "hair like crystals", and finally between the gas and the substrate as a polycrystalline film, the "halo". The halo advances slowly on the substrate, riding over a water film, and comes to rest and adheres to the substrate. From then on, the "shell" (crust and halo) isolates the water from the gas. Tensile tests are carried out by generating a depression in the water compartment by increasing temperature at constant methane pressure.Tensile elastic properties of the shell (elastic modulus and the tensile strength) are determined as a function of the grain size, controlled here by two parameters, supercooling compared to the equilibrium temperature and the annealing time. We find elastoplastic behavior, with mixed ductile and brittle characteristics. Our data on tensile strength contribute to fit the gap of five orders of magnitude of grain size, and three orders of magnitude of tensile strength (between molecular simulations at nanometre scale and current experiment at millimetre to centimetre scale). The effect of grain size on the tensile strength of methane hydrate could be a factor contributing to the destabilization of continental slopes.

This work explores the use of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CI-CNT) forests as a material for fabricating compliant MEMS devices. The impacts of iron catalyst layer thickness and carbon infiltration time are examined. An iron layer of 7nm or 10nm with an infiltration time of 30 minutes produces CI-CNT best suited for compliant applications. Average maximum strains of 2% and 2.48% were observed for these parameters. The corresponding elastic moduli were 5.4 GPa and 4.1 GPa, respectively. A direct comparison of similar geometry suggested CI-CNT is 80% more flexible than single-crystal silicon. A torsional testing procedure provided an initial shear modulus of about 5 GPa for the 7-nm, 30-min CI-CNT. The strain and elastic modulus values were used to design numerous functional devices which were then fabricated in CI-CNT. A series of compliant cell restraint mechanisms were developed, assessed, and revised. A passive restraint with no moving parts was found to be both the most effective design and the easiest design to produce economically. A refined version of the passive restraint has been released commercially. Another series of designed devices successfully demonstrates the implementation of CI-CNT LEM designs.

This thesis deals with measurement of hardness and microhardness in relation to structure of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. In the introduction basic theoretical background is commented, i.e. definitions, terminology, principles of measuring techniques for estimation of hardness, microhardness, tensile strength, compressive strength and bending strength. Follows a brief review of present research results focused on use of described principles in materials engineering. Then the experimental equipment and sample preparation is described. The crucial part of the thesis is summary of achieved results of original measurement and discussion of their relations to each other. Finally, the groundbreaking estimation is described, showing the correlation of chemical composition gradient and mechanical properties in interfacial zone of geopolymeric material.

Thesis describes properties of HPC compared to concretes of normal and high strength. It further describes the input materials and the procedure for designing the composition of the mixture. It gives examples of already completed structures made of HPC. The experimental part describes the optimization of concrete mix and production of specimens. In the end results of testing the properties of the developed mixes from tests of dynamic and static modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and tensile strength by bending are described.

The dissertation is focused on the issue of implementation and evaluation of the laboratory tests fiber reinforced concrete. The issue of steel fiber is solved in terms of their physico-mechanical parameters, which are an important part of their design and reliable operation in the product design. The experimental part of the thesis is focused on laboratory tests of steel fiber of different strength classes and different weight benefits of steel fibers, the default reference mixture of plain concrete are certified mixtures commonly used as structural concrete in construction. The evaluation of the testing of samples produced steel fiber is made by three selected recommending regulations for the design and testing of structural steel fiber. In conclusion, the individual obtained experimental results are compared.

Zur Herstellung von Stabstahl der Sorte 15MnCrMoV4-8 ist die thermomechanische Behandlung erprobt worden. Diese erfolgte in Kombination mit der kosten- und energiesparenden Wärmebehandlung aus der Walzhitze. Dabei wurde besondere Aufmerksamkeit der chemischen Zusammensetzung gewidmet. Sie wird aus der Sicht kostenintensiver Legierungselemente, wie sie in Kombination mit Umformung und Abkühlung zum Erreichen eines mechanischen Eigenschaftsprofils führen, betrachtet. Das erforderliche Niveau der mechanischen Eigenschaften ist aus der Anwendung dieser Stahlsorte für die Fertigung von Pumpenstangen aus dem Bereich der Ölfördernden Industrie abgeleitet worden. Bei den entwickelten und erprobten Herstellungstechnologien haben ein Teil der Stahlstäbe der gewählten Legierungen das geforderte Eigenschaftsniveau von Halbzeugen für die ölfördernde Industrie erreicht. Ein Teil davon hat sogar das Eigenschaftsprofil einer höheren Festigkeitsklasse, die zu Gewichts- und Energieeinsparungen führt. Die angestrebte Lebensdauer, ermittelt durch Schwingfestigkeitstests unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen sowie im korrosiv-wässrigen 3%NaCl-Medium, ist bei fast allen untersuchten Werkstoffen erreicht worden.

The development of fluid mechanics during the twentieth century has been affected by intense research in order to fathom numerous practically relevant hydrodynamic effects, to understand the physical processes and correlations and to describe them mathematically. This became necessary because employing only the fundamental hydrodynamic equations, the description of certain phenomena in fluid flows caused by fluid properties was impossible. In order to assess the quality of fluids regarding their gas contents and their nuclei distributions, various measuring methods and devices have been developed and constructed since the beginning of the twentieth century. This historical development could be described nearly completely in this work, particularly the development of devices to determine the total gas content. Apart from the mostly difficult handling of these measurement methods and devices, only the influence of single parameters such as the total gas content, the dissolved oxygen content, nucleus content, nucleus distribution and the distribution of nucleus sizes on hydrodynamic effects was examined. However, the correlations between these single parameters, as they occur in real flows, could not be taken into consideration. As early as the end of the ninetieth century the development of methods and devices began to determine the tensile strength of fluids. The initially static methods have been followed by the developments of dynamic methods since the beginning of the 1970s. While for specially prepared fluids, tensile strengths of several hundred bar were measured under static conditions, the typical values for water, measured with the eddy and swirl nozzle, range between zero and two bar. This illustrates the strong influence of interactions between all parameters on the tensile strength in flowing fluids. Except for sound velocity and pressure distribution at profiles, water quality particularly affects certain cavitation phenomena. Various cavitation tests around the world have shown that without determining the actual tensile strength of the test water, it is impossible to obtain reproducible results regarding cavitation inception. In experiments concerning cavitation erosion, the correlation between water quality, erosive aggressiveness and erosion rate was proven unmistakably. Evidently, permanent measurement of the test fluid?s tensile stress during cavitation experiments with model bodies is compulsory in order to be able to interpret measurement results correctly. Cavitation phenomena at profiles or other parts affected by flow cause changes of lift, drag and loss coefficients depending on the degree of the cavitation progress. The influence of transition, detachment, obstruction and pressure distribution plays a special role. The quality of electrically conductive fluids is determined by their conductivity. By means of electromagnetic fields Lorentz-forces are generated, whose effect can be observed in lessening of flow detachment, drag reduction and increased lift. Manifold experimental research results in the area of fluid mechanics have proven that the fluid quality must be taken into account when describing real flow processes. Since the many flow parameters are subject to permanent interaction, ultimately, the sum of all single parameters lead to the effects mentioned. For the determination of the water quality such as in cavitation experiments, the tensile stress of the water can be measured making the mathematical description of cavitation inception possible. / Die Entwicklung der Strömungsmechanik im 20. Jahrhundert wurde auch durch intensive Forschungen geprägt, um die zahlreichen in der Praxis auftretenden hydrodynamischen Effekte zu ergründen, die physikalischen Abläufe und Zusammenhänge zu verstehen und diese mathematisch zu beschreiben. Dies wurde notwendig, da mit den hydrodynamischen Grundgleichungen allein keine Beschreibung der aus den Fluideigenschaften resultierenden Erscheinungen in Flüssigkeitsströmungen möglich war. Um die Qualität der Flüssigkeiten bezüglich ihres Gasgehaltes und ihrer Keimverteilung beurteilen zu können, wurden mit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts unterschiedliche Messmethoden und Apparaturen entwickelt und gebaut. Diese Entwicklung ließ sich annähernd vollständig darstellen, hierbei besonders die Entwicklungen von Apparaturen zur Bestimmung des Gesamtgasgehaltes. Neben der zumeist schwierigen Handhabung dieser Messgeräte und Methoden wird dabei nur der Einfluss einzelner Messgrößen, wie Gesamtgasgehalt, Gelöstsauerstoffgehalt, Keimgehalt, Keimverteilung und Keimgrößenverteilung auf hydrodynamische Effekte untersucht. Die aber in realen Strömungen auftretenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Einflussgrößen werden nicht berücksichtigt. Schon am Ende des 19. Jahrhundert begann die Entwicklung von Geräten und Methoden zur Bestimmung von Zugspannungen in Flüssigkeiten. Den anfänglich statischen Methoden folgten mit Beginn der 70er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts die bis heute andauernden Entwicklungen dynamischer Methoden. Während für speziell behandelte Flüssigkeiten unter statischen Bedingungen Zugspannungen von einigen hundert bar gemessen wurden, liegen die typischen Werte für Wasser mit der Wirbel- oder Dralldüse gemessen, zwischen null und zwei bar. Das zeigt den starken Einfluss der Wechselwirkungen aller Einflussgrößen auf die Zugspannung in strömenden Flüssigkeiten. Außer auf die Schallgeschwindigkeit und die Druckverteilung an Profilen hat die Wasserqualität einen besonders starken Einfluss auf bestimmte Kavitationserscheinungen. Weltweite Kavitationstests zeigten, dass ohne Bestimmung der aktuellen Zugspannung des Testwassers keine reproduzierbaren Ergebnisse bezüglich des Kavitationsbeginns möglich sind. Bei Untersuchungen zur Kavitationserosion wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Wasserqualität und erosiver Aggressivität und Erosionsrate eindeutig nachgewiesen. Die permanente Messung der Zugspannung der Testflüssigkeit ist bei Kavitationsexperimenten an Modellkörpern offensichtlich zwingend notwendig, um die Messergebnisse korrekt interpretieren zu können. Kavitationserscheinungen an Profilen oder Durchströmteilen bewirken Änderungen von Auftriebs-, Widerstands- und Verlustbeiwerten in Abhängigkeit vom Fortschrittsgrad der Kavitation. Hierbei spielen die Beeinflussung der Transition, Ablösung, Versperrung und Druckverteilung eine besondere Rolle. Bei elektrisch leitfähigen Fluiden ist die Qualität durch die Leitfähigkeit bestimmt. Mittels elektromagnetischer Felder werden Lorentzkräfte erzeugt, deren Wirkung sich zeigt in der Unterdrückung von Strömungsablösung, Widerstandsverringerung und stärkerem Auftrieb. Vielfältige experimentelle Forschungsergebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Strömungsmechanik haben gezeigt, dass für die Beschreibung realer Strömungsvorgänge die Qualität des Fluides berücksichtigt werden muss. Da die vielen Einflussgrößen in der Strömung permanenten Wechselwirkungen unterliegen, führt letztlich die Summe aller Einzeleinflüsse auf die genannten Effekte. Für die Bestimmung der Wasserqualität z.B. bei Kavitationsexperimenten kann die Zugspannung des Testwassers gemessen werden, wodurch die genauere mathematische Beschreibung des Kavitationsbeginns möglich wird. - (Diese Arbeit liegt auch in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel "Hydro-dynamic effects with particular consideration of water quality an their measurement methods" in elektronischer Form vor - http://hsss.slub-dresden.de/hsss/servlet/hsss.urlmapping.MappingServlet?id=1141217614058-7645)

Die Entwicklung der Strömungsmechanik im 20. Jahrhundert wurde auch durch intensive Forschungen geprägt, um die zahlreichen in der Praxis auftretenden hydrodynamischen Effekte zu ergründen, die physikalischen Abläufe und Zusammenhänge zu verstehen und diese mathematisch zu beschreiben. Dies wurde notwendig, da mit den hydrodynamischen Grundgleichungen allein keine Beschreibung der aus den Fluideigenschaften resultierenden Erscheinungen in Flüssigkeitsströmungen möglich war. Um die Qualität der Flüssigkeiten bezüglich ihres Gasgehaltes und ihrer Keimverteilung beurteilen zu können, wurden mit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts unterschiedliche Messmethoden und Apparaturen entwickelt und gebaut. Diese Entwicklung ließ sich annähernd vollständig darstellen, hierbei besonders die Entwicklungen von Apparaturen zur Bestimmung des Gesamtgasgehaltes. Neben der zumeist schwierigen Handhabung dieser Messgeräte und Methoden wird dabei nur der Einfluss einzelner Messgrößen, wie Gesamtgasgehalt, Gelöstsauerstoffgehalt, Keimgehalt, Keimverteilung und Keimgrößenverteilung auf hydrodynamische Effekte untersucht. Die aber in realen Strömungen auftretenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Einflussgrößen werden nicht berücksichtigt. Schon am Ende des 19. Jahrhundert begann die Entwicklung von Geräten und Methoden zur Bestimmung von Zugspannungen in Flüssigkeiten. Den anfänglich statischen Methoden folgten mit Beginn der 70-er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts die bis heute andauernden Entwicklungen dynamischer Methoden. Während für speziell behandelte Flüssigkeiten unter statischen Bedingungen Zugspannungen von einigen hundert bar gemessen wurden, liegen die typischen Werte für Wasser mit der Wirbel- oder Dralldüse gemessen, zwischen null und zwei bar. Das zeigt den starken Einfluss der Wechselwirkungen aller Einflussgrößen auf die Zugspannung in strömenden Flüssigkeiten. Außer auf die Schallgeschwindigkeit und die Druckverteilung an Profilen hat die Wasserqualität einen besonders starken Einfluss auf bestimmte Kavitationserscheinungen. Weltweite Kavitationstests zeigten, dass ohne Bestimmung der aktuellen Zugspannung des Testwassers keine reproduzierbaren Ergebnisse bezüglich des Kavitationsbeginns möglich sind. Bei Untersuchungen zur Kavitationserosion wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Wasserqualität und erosiver Aggressivität und Erosionsrate eindeutig nachgewiesen. Die permanente Messung der Zugspannung der Testflüssigkeit ist bei Kavitationsexperimenten an Modellkörpern offensichtlich zwingend notwendig, um die Messergebnisse korrekt interpretieren zu können. Kavitationserscheinungen an Profilen oder Durchströmteilen bewirken Änderungen von Auftriebs-, Widerstands- und Verlustbeiwerten in Abhängigkeit vom Fortschrittsgrad der Kavitation. Hierbei spielen die Beeinflussung der Transition, Ablösung, Versperrung und Druckverteilung eine besondere Rolle. Bei elektrisch leitfähigen Fluiden ist die Qualität durch die Leitfähigkeit bestimmt. Mittels elektromagnetischer Felder werden Lorentzkräfte erzeugt, deren Wirkung sich zeigt in der Unterdrückung von Strömungsablösung, Widerstandsverringerung und stärkerem Auftrieb. Vielfältige experimentelle Forschungsergebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Strömungsmechanik haben gezeigt, dass für die Beschreibung realer Strömungsvorgänge die Qualität des Fluides berücksichtigt werden muss. Da die vielen Einflussgrößen in der Strömung permanenten Wechselwirkungen unterliegen, führt letztlich die Summe aller Einzeleinflüsse auf die genannten Effekte. Für die Bestimmung der Wasserqualität z.B. bei Kavitationsexperimenten kann die Zugspannung des Testwassers gemessen werden, wodurch die genauere mathematische Beschreibung des Kavitationsbeginns möglich wird. / The development of fluid mechanics during the twentieth century has been affected by intense research in order to fathom numerous practically relevant hydrodynamic effects, to understand the physical processes and correlations and to describe them mathematically. This became necessary because employing only the fundamental hydrodynamic equations, the description of certain phenomena in fluid flows caused by fluid properties was impossible. In order to assess the quality of fluids regarding their gas contents and their nuclei distributions, various measuring methods and devices have been developed and constructed since the beginning of the twentieth century. This historical development could be described nearly completely in this work, particularly the development of devices to determine the total gas content. Apart from the mostly difficult handling of these measurement methods and devices, only the influence of single parameters such as the total gas content, the dissolved oxygen content, nucleus content, nucleus distribution and the distribution of nucleus sizes on hydrodynamic effects was examined. However, the correlations between these single parameters, as they occur in real flows, could not be taken into consideration. As early as the end of the ninetieth century the development of methods and devices began to determine the tensile strength of fluids. The initially static methods have been followed by the developments of dynamic methods since the beginning of the 1970s. While for specially prepared fluids, tensile strengths of several hundred bar were measured under static conditions, the typical values for water, measured with the eddy and swirl nozzle, range between zero and two bar. This illustrates the strong influence of interactions between all parameters on the tensile strength in flowing fluids. Except for sound velocity and pressure distribution at profiles, water quality particularly affects certain cavitation phenomena. Various cavitation tests around the world have shown that without determining the actual tensile strength of the test water, it is impossible to obtain reproducible results regarding cavitation inception. In experiments concerning cavitation erosion, the correlation between water quality, erosive aggressiveness and erosion rate was proven unmistakably. Evidently, permanent measurement of the test fluid?s tensile stress during cavitation experiments with model bodies is compulsory in order to be able to interpret measurement results correctly. Cavitation phenomena at profiles or other parts affected by flow cause changes of lift, drag and loss coefficients depending on the degree of the cavitation progress. The influence of transition, detachment, obstruction and pressure distribution plays a special role. The quality of electrically conductive fluids is determined by their conductivity. By means of electromagnetic fields Lorentz-forces are generated, whose effect can be observed in lessening of flow detachment, drag reduction and increased lift. Manifold experimental research results in the area of fluid mechanics have proven that the fluid quality must be taken into account when describing real flow processes. Since the many flow parameters are subject to permanent interaction, ultimately, the sum of all single parameters lead to the effects mentioned. For the determination of the water quality such as in cavitation experiments, the tensile stress of the water can be measured making the mathematical description of cavitation inception possible. - (The German online version of this thesis for qualification as university teacher has been published under the titel "Hydrodynamische Effekte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wasserqualität und ihre Messverfahren" - http://hsss.slub-dresden.de/hsss/servlet/hsss.urlmapping.MappingServlet?id=1141215758714-7391)