Communication on technological products refers to both knowledge systems as well as to communication patterns for conveying some knowledge in terms of concepts and topics. It is assumed that the meaning of concepts is dependent on the composition of knowledge systems and that this composition is culturally determined. In a more general view, it is assumed that not only technological artefacts have an impact on culture, but that also culturally based concepts (key concepts) have an impact on the development of technology (such as safety and security). In expert-nonexpert-communication or in cross-cultural communication different conceptual systems are applied for meaning construction in a way that the knowledge systems concerned are transformed into a new mix. This might become a problem of misunderstanding because this transformation of meaning usually is not even noticed nor reflected because it is part of a »culture«. In this view, culture is considered to be what is obvious or what is a standard in communication. The present paper focuses on the product »motor-car« and applies a text-based approach of terminology on the concept of SICHERHEIT (SAFETY, SECURITY) that is part of a conceptual field including some other terms such as RISK, DANGER, DAMAGE, PROTECTION. It is demonstrated – on the basis of a linguistic analysis – that different meanings of SICHERHEIT are to be taken into account according to the model of the person-machine-interaction that is applied.

In this diploma thesis I concerned myself with translations of Dutch horticultural texts into Czech language, both professional and popular-science texts, as wel as legislative and pragmatic. The aim of my thesis was to analyse different kinds of horticultural texts from translatological point of view and to find out some problematic phenomena, which arise by the reception and translation of these texts. I concentrated also on relations of equivalence between Dutch, Latin and Czech terminology by the names of plants, writing of the scientific names and evaluation of selected texts in terms of text linguistics. First chapter is devoted to teoretical parts of linguistics and translatology related to this problematic and it is mainly based on research of literary sources. Further I concerned myself with some translatological problems, which a translator meets in the area of professional and popular-science literature. First of them was the problem of nomanclatural names, individual botanical categories and rules for writing of the names of plants. From comparison of plant names in expert publications arised that the way of writing of these names is in both languages same and according to the international rules. By the botanical names I compared also on the example of assortment of spring bulbs the...

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In dem Sammelband sollen Erfahrungen in der terminologischen Ausbildung unter theoretischen, praktischen und professionellen Aspekten vorgestellt und reflektiert werden (vgl. S. 1). Insbesondere sollen dabei moderne Lerntheorien sowie aktuelle Entwicklungen und Anforderungen aus der beruflichen Praxis berücksichtigt werden. Alle Autoren besitzen umfangreiche Erfahrungen als Dozenten auf dem Gebiet der Terminologielehre. In den Beiträgen werden terminologische Studienprogramme bzw. Kurse an Hochschulen in Kanada, Frankreich, Slowenien und Spanien vorgestellt und anhand unterschiedlicher Aspekte analysiert und bewertet.

This paper examines issues that emerge in the attempts that have been made to develop the national language terminology in kenya by committees, Kiswahili enthusiasts and Kiswahili scholars. Attention is drawn to the fact that the problematic national language policy that emerges from the national language`s social history is an important backround to the issues that are discussed. The issues emerging in these attempts are examined in the prism of an encompassing terminology development framework that is synthesised from terminology development literature from different areas of the world. This framework views terminology development as a process that entails: formation of a language institute, setting up of goals, the actual engineering of the terms, the mode of dissemination and evaluation. The case of Kenya demonstrates that the attempts have so far consisted of isolated steps of terminology development rather than the whole set of required action.

It is a fact that modern science and technology from the west has reached Africa through European languages. Historically, these languages have also served as the vehicles of formal education in Africa to the exclusion of Swahili and other local languages. The deficiency of African languages such as Swahili in scientific and technical registers is both artificial and historically understandable. Secondly, it is easily remediable given that the basic core of the said vocabulary is shared and international in nature (Alexandrie, 1961 ). Therefore such a deficiency should present no barrier to Swahili serving as a medium of instruction in higher education. Whereas English, German and French can boast of self-sufficiency in literature in all fields of study, Swahili is a relatively much younger language of education and lacks literature even in the most basic aspects of the language itself. This situation often forces lecturers in the universities teaching Swahili to undertake `translation´ of concepts or even loan words in order to communicate with their students. Therefore, quite often, lecturing in the Swahili medium entails being able to translate from English into Swahili because most of the material to be taught is sourced from English original publications. As far as the use of Swahili in teaching natural sciences and other technical subjects at the tertiary level is concerned, Chimera (1998) suggests that this should be done gradually as the language grows and develops in its technical domains. If Swahili is to develop and modernise, it has to be more liberal in expanding its technical and scientific domains. The two registers should more or less be of comparable size as is the case with English (Chimera 1998: 37). However, the question that naturally arises here is, how is this ideal to be achieved? Perhaps, by deciding to teach linguistics and literature in Swahili, East African universities want to face the terminological challenge and solve the problems as they occurred. After decades of experimenting, the time has come for all stakeholders to come to terms with the problem.

Swahili has a larger inventory of (more or less \"basic\") colour terms than most Bantu languages. The aim of this article is to present this colour terminology and to point out semantic, syntactic and morphological divergences. We also look at the etymology of the various colour terms and try to establish a chronology of the growth (and decline?) of Swahili colour terminology.

Kiswahili, one among the Bantu languages, was formerly called Kingozi, the Waswahili (as they were called by the visiting Arabs) were originally known as Wangozi. Although Western researchers have manifested great interest in Swahili language and culture, they refuse to consider the arguments of their Swahili counterparts, they do accept but their own evidence and analysis. As far as the development of vocabulary and terminologies are concerned, this should be the work of Waswahili per se, scholars and lovers of the language. The author argues that the coining of word had always been in connection with (1) the function, (2) the sound, and (3) the structure of the item to be named. He shows that the lexical and structural richness of Kiswahili in fact can lead to meaningful and reasonable coining of any words necessary. He proposes to continue the work started after the 1975-meeting in Dar-es-Salaam, i. e. to compile vocabularies of the different dialects of Kiswahili which could form a pool from which material can be drawn for coining new words. There is need for all experts to organize their forces. Tanzanian experts should stop doing the whole work alone. They should incorporate their Kenyan counterparts as well. But this is not enough. There is a call for a joint Panel or Committee which shall coordinate all efforts of developing Kiswahili.

Ce travail porte sur la construction d’un corpus étalon pour l’évaluation automatisée des extracteurs de termes. Ces programmes informatiques, conçus pour extraire automatiquement les termes contenus dans un corpus, sont utilisés dans différentes applications, telles que la terminographie, la traduction, la recherche d’information, l’indexation, etc. Ainsi, leur évaluation doit être faite en fonction d’une application précise. Une façon d’évaluer les extracteurs consiste à annoter toutes les occurrences des termes dans un corpus, ce qui nécessite un protocole de repérage et de découpage des unités terminologiques. À notre connaissance, il n’existe pas de corpus annoté bien documenté pour l’évaluation des extracteurs. Ce travail vise à construire un tel corpus et à décrire les problèmes qui doivent être abordés pour y parvenir. Le corpus étalon que nous proposons est un corpus entièrement annoté, construit en fonction d’une application précise, à savoir la compilation d’un dictionnaire spécialisé de la mécanique automobile. Ce corpus rend compte de la variété des réalisations des termes en contexte. Les termes sont sélectionnés en fonction de critères précis liés à l’application, ainsi qu’à certaines propriétés formelles, linguistiques et conceptuelles des termes et des variantes terminologiques. Pour évaluer un extracteur au moyen de ce corpus, il suffit d’extraire toutes les unités terminologiques du corpus et de comparer, au moyen de métriques, cette liste à la sortie de l’extracteur. On peut aussi créer une liste de référence sur mesure en extrayant des sous-ensembles de termes en fonction de différents critères. Ce travail permet une évaluation automatique des extracteurs qui tient compte du rôle de l’application. Cette évaluation étant reproductible, elle peut servir non seulement à mesurer la qualité d’un extracteur, mais à comparer différents extracteurs et à améliorer les techniques d’extraction. / We describe a methodology for constructing a gold standard for the automatic evaluation of term extractors. These programs, designed to automatically extract specialized terms from a corpus, are used in various settings, including terminology work, translation, information retrieval, indexing, etc. Thus, the evaluation of term extractors must be carried out in accordance with a specific application. One way of evaluating term extractors is to construct a corpus in which all term occurrences have been annotated. This involves establishing a protocol for term selection and term boundary identification. To our knowledge, no well-documented annotated corpus is available for the evaluation of term extractors. This contribution aims to build such a corpus and describe what issues must be dealt with in the process. The gold standard we propose is a fully annotated corpus, constructed in accordance with a specific terminological setting, namely the compilation of a specialized dictionary of automotive mechanics. This annotated corpus accounts for the wide variety of realizations of terms in context. Terms are selected in accordance with specific criteria pertaining to the terminological setting as well as formal, linguistic and conceptual properties of terms and term variations. To evaluate a term extractor, a list of all the terminological units in the corpus is extracted and compared to the output of the term extractor, using a set of metrics to assess its performance. Subsets of terminological units may also be extracted, providing a level of customization. This allows an automatic and application-driven evaluation of term extractors. Due to its reusability, it can serve not only to assess the performance of a particular extractor, but also to compare different extractors and fine-tune extraction techniques.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’explorer et d’analyser la réception de l’œuvre d’Eugen Wüster afin d’expliquer comment ses travaux ont influencé le développement disciplinaire de la terminologie. Du point de vue historique, les travaux de Wüster, en particulier la Théorie générale de la terminologie, ont stimulé la recherche en terminologie. Malgré des opinions divergentes, on s’entend pour reconnaître que les travaux de Wüster constituent la pierre angulaire de la terminologie moderne. Notre recherche vise spécifiquement à explorer la réception de l’œuvre wüsterienne en étudiant les écrits relatifs à cette œuvre dans la littérature universitaire en anglais, en espagnol et en français entre 1979 et 2009, en Europe et en Amérique. Réalisée dans le cadre du débat sur la réception de l’œuvre de Wüster, cette étude se concentre exclusivement sur l’analyse des critiques et des commentaires de son œuvre. Pour ce faire, nous avons tenu compte de la production intellectuelle de Wüster, de sa réception positive ou négative, des nouvelles approches théoriques en terminologie ainsi que des études portant sur l’état de la question en terminologie entre 1979 et 2009. Au moyen d’une recherche qualitative de type exploratoire, nous avons analysé un corpus de textes dans lesquels les auteurs : a. ont cité textuellement au moins un extrait d’un texte écrit par Wüster ; b. ont référé aux travaux de Wüster dans la bibliographie de l’article ; ou c. ont fait un commentaire sur ces travaux. De cette manière, nous avons cerné les grandes lignes du débat autour de la réception de son œuvre. Les résultats de notre étude sont éloquents. Ils offrent une idée claire de la réception des travaux de Wüster dans la communauté scientifique. Premièrement, Wüster représente une figure centrale de la terminologie moderne en ce qui concerne la normalisation terminologique. Il fut le premier à proposer une théorie de la terminologie. Deuxièmement, la contextualisation appropriée de son œuvre constitue un point de départ essentiel pour une appréciation éclairée et juste de sa contribution à l’évolution de la discipline. Troisièmement, les résultats de notre recherche dévoilent comment les nouvelles approches théoriques de la terminologie se sont adaptées aux progrès scientifiques et techniques. Quatrièmement, une étude menée sur 166 articles publiés dans des revues savantes confirme que l’œuvre de Wüster a provoqué des réactions variées tant en Europe qu’en Amérique et que sa réception est plutôt positive. Les résultats de notre étude font état d’une tendance qu’ont les auteurs de critiquer les travaux de Wüster avec lesquels, dans la plupart des cas, ils ne semblent cependant pas être bien familiarisés. La « méthodologie des programmes de recherche scientifique », proposée par Lakatos (1978) et appliquée comme un modèle interprétatif, nous a permis de démontrer que Wüster a joué un rôle décisif dans le développement de la terminologie comme discipline et que la terminologie peut être perçue comme un programme de recherche scientifique. La conclusion principale de notre thèse est que la terminologie a vécu des changements considérables et progressifs qui l’ont aidée à devenir, en termes lakatosiens, une discipline forte tant au plan théorique que descriptif. / The main objective of this dissertation is to explore and analyze the reception of Eugen Wüster’s work with the goal of explaining how it has influenced the development of terminology as a discipline. In the history of terminology, Wüster’s work, especially his general theory of terminology, has been an inspiration for terminology research studies. Nowadays, the reactions to Wüster’s work have been both positive and negative. His legacy is still considered the cornerstone in the field of terminology. Our specific undertaking is to explore the reception of Wüster’s work by studying what has been said about it in the academic literature written in English, French and Spanish, between 1979 and 2009, in Europe and the Americas. This study, carried out within the context of debate on the reception of Wüster’s work, focuses on analyzing the responses to and comments on his work. It takes into account his work, its positive and negative reception, new theoretical approaches to terminology and studies that have concentrated on analyzing the state of the art of terminology. The research process follows an exploratory method, focusing on studying texts where authors quote, cite or make reference to Wüster’s work. It also falls under descriptive research studies as it accurately portrays the characteristics of the debate around the reception of his work. The results are revealing, and lead to a more refined view of what comprises the reception of Wüster’s work. First, Wüster is recognized as an important founding figure in modern terminology, as a pioneer of terminology standardization, and as the first author to propose a theory of terminology. Second, an adequate contextualization is an essential starting point for an accurate and appropriate appreciation of Wüster’s contribution to the development of the discipline. Third, results uncovered how new theoretical approaches to terminology have coped with advances in technology and science. These approaches have also identified new methods, methodologies, applications and uses for terminology. Forth, a sample study of 166 academic journal articles confirms that Wüster work has generated mixed reactions in Europe and the Americas, and that its reception has been more positive than negative. Results indicate a strong interest in criticizing Wüster’s work, yet a lack of familiarity with it seems to exist. The “methodology of scientific research programmes” proposed by Lakatos (1978), applied as an interpretive model, demonstrates that the reception of Wüster’s contribution to terminology has influenced the development of the academic field and that terminology is now perceived as a research programme. The main conclusion is that terminology has undergone substantial changes leading, in Lakatos’ terms, to a stronger theoretical and descriptive discipline.