TITLE Czech-German (Austrian) language relations - possibilities for language interference SUMMARY This diploma thesis examines the language interference between the Czech and the German in the field of gastronomy. This phenomenon is reflected in the composition of grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary. The last area has been selected for a research. I decided to analyze 180 menu cards in the nine states of Austria. In those menu cards I tried to discover 13 in advance chosen words, which have been used in the Central-European language area according to Newerkla. Appearance of those 13 words in menu cards proves mutual language influence between the Czech and the German in each state of Austria. The research, I conducted, shows that the most influenced states are Vienna, Lower and Upper Austria. Probably the main reason for the result is that in these areas the most intensive political and economic cooperation between Czechs and Austrians took place.

Title: Image of Austrian Society in the time of National Socialism: a Thematic Analysis of the Novel All our Games by Erika Mitterer Abstract: This diploma thesis deals with the work of the Austrian author Erika Mitterer and her experience with the ideology of the Third Reich. In the first part, I present the life and activities of the author, while putting a special emphasis on the period of National Socialism. The second part deals with the general characteristics of Mitterer's literary production. The main part of the thesis is the analysis of the novel All our Games, in which Mitterer tries to achieve a qualitative image of Austrian society during the Nazi regime. This picture is drawn by the Author using the example of a life of a fictive family. A general picture of the novel's time is constructed on the basis of the motives that are found in the book. Keywords: Erika Mitterer, All our Games, National Socialism, coming to terms with the past

The aim of the dissertation is to examine the approach to politeness in Swedish and in Czech and to compare its features in both languages. In the theoretical part there are presented the most influential approaches to politeness. The next two chapters focus on practical examples. In the first of these there are summarized linguistic means which are used to express politeness in Czech, and they are compared with Swedish. The second one deals with several specific speech acts, in which courtesy applies. The different ways of expressing politeness in Czech and Swedish are described on the base of the literature and also on my own questionnaire. Not only the spoken but also the written form of the communication is ranged in the dissertation. Key words: communication, courtesy, politeness, Czech, Swedish, language, form of address, formal terms, written communication, greeting

The collapse of the communist regimes came at the time of the overall decline of the Left, both in the West and the East. In the Eastern Bloc, much of the Left's language was disqualified as a result of its association with the former communist regime, the rejection of which formed the basis of post-communist democratic identities. Although the post-communist situation was generally seen as unfavourable for leftist thought, it nevertheless represented a liberation from a regime which, in many respects, supressed leftist criticism. Social changes in 1989, guided by mass peoples' movements, enabled the Left to understand these changes through their own conceptual apparatus and integrate them with their own expectations. The defensive position of the Left and the "liberal consensus" of the nineties led the alternative leftist thought to profile itself as a leftist criticism of liberal democracy. However marginal their political position was, left-wing oriented authors tried to advocate alternative economic and social structures to those of capitalism, rejecting current pro-capitalist values and practices (consumerism, neoliberalism) and rethinking the changes in private ownership, redistribution of wealth and common values. Key words: Left, liberal consensus, 1989, democratic socialism, post-communism

La première partie de la thèse se compose d'une recherche empirique visant à examiner si les producteurs de produits primaires s'adaptent mieux après un choc d'offre sous un régime de taux de change flottant. À l'aide d'un modèle VAR, j'ai trouvé que les régimes de taux de change flexible n'effectuent pas mieux à isoler l'économie des chocs externes. Par conséquent, la deuxième partie de la thèse vise à établir ou non si les régimes de taux de change fournissent certains avantages pour les pays exportateurs de produits primaires tels que le fait d'attirer les investissements directs a l'étranger. À l'aide de différentes estimations économétriques, les résultats montrent que les régimes de taux de change influencent les investissements directs à l'étranger et en particulier, les régimes de change fixes plutôt que les régimes plus flexibles. / The first part of dissertation consists of an empirical research aiming at investigating whether primary commodity producers perform better after a real shock with floating exchange rate regimes. Using a VAR model I found that flexible exchange rate regimes do not perform better at insulating the output from external shocks. Therefore, the second part of the dissertation aims at establishing whether or not exchange rate regimes provide certain benefit for those countries such as attracting foreign direct investments. Using panel data estimation techniques, I found that exchange rate regimes matters in attracting FDI and in particular fixed regimes rather than flexible regimes.

This dissertation comprises two essays; the first of which investigates sovereign credit risk interdependencies, while the second examines the reaction of corporate credit risk to sovereign credit risk events. The first essay titled, Characterizing Sovereign Credit Risk Interdependencies: Evidence from the Credit Default Swap Market, investigates the relationships that exist among disparate sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) and the implications on sovereign creditworthiness. We exploit emerging market sovereign CDS spreads to examine the reaction of sovereign credit risk to changes in country-specific and global financial factors. Utilizing aVAR model fitted with DCC GARCH, we find that comovements of spreads generally exhibit significant time-varying correlations, suggesting that spreads are commonly affected by global financial factors. We construct 19 country-specific commodity price indexes to instrument for country terms of trade, obtaining significant results. Our commodity price indexes account for significant variation in CDS spreads, controlling for global financial factors. In addition, sovereign spreads are found to be related to U.S. stock market returns and the VIX volatility risk premium global factors. Notwithstanding, our results suggest that terms of trade and commodity prices have a statistically and economically significant effect on the sovereign credit risk of emerging economies. Our results apply broadly to investors, financial institutions and policy makers motivated to utilize profitable factors in global portfolios. The second essay is titled, Differential Stock Market Returns and Corporate Credit Risk of Listed Firms. This essay explores the information transfer effect of shocks to sovereign credit risk as captured in the CDS and stock market returns of cross-listed and local stock exchange listed firms. Based on changes in sovereign credit ratings and outlooks, we find that widening CDS spreads of firms imply that negative credit events dominate, whereas tightening spreads indicate positive events. Grouping firms into companies with cross-listings and those without, we compare the spillover effects and find strong evidence of contagion across equity and CDS markets in both company groupings. Our findings suggest that the sensitivity of corporate CDS prices to sovereign credit events is significantly larger for non-cross-listed firms. Possible reasons for this finding could in fact be due to cross-listed firms’ better access to external capital and less degree of asymmetric information, relative to non-cross-listed peers with lower level of investor recognition. Our results provide new evidence relevant to investors and financial institutions in determining sovereign credit risk germane to corporate financial risk, for the construction of debt and equity portfolios, and hedging considerations in today’s dynamic environment.

Ce travail est consacré au développement de schémas numériques pour approcher les solutions de modèles d'écoulement type “depth averaged”. Dans un premier temps, nous détaillons la construction d'approches Volumes Finis pour le système Shallow Water avec termes sources sur maillages non structurés. En se basant sur une reformulation appropriée des équations, nous mettons en place un schéma équilibré et préservant la positivité de la hauteur d'eau, et suggérons des extensions MUSCL adaptées. La méthode est capable de gérer des topographies irrégulières et exhibe de fortes propriétés de stabilité. L'inclusion des termes de friction fait l'objet d'une analyse poussée, aboutissant à l'établissement d'une propriété type “Asymptotic Preserving” à travers l'amélioration d'un autre récent schéma Volumes Finis. La seconde composante de cette étude concerne les méthodes Elements Finis type Galerkin discontinu. Certaines des idées avancées dans le contexte Volumes Finis sont employées pour aborder le système Shallow Water surmaillages triangulaires. Des résultats numériques sont exposés et la méthode se révèle bien adaptée à la description d'une large variété d'écoulements. Partant de ces observations nous proposons finalement d'exploiter ces caractéristiques pour étendre l'approche à une nouvelle famille d'équations type Green-Nadghi. Des validations numériques sont également proposées pour valider le modèle numérique. / This work is devoted to the development of numerical schemes to approximatesolutions of depth averaged flow models. We first detail the construction of Finite Volume approaches for the Shallow Water system with source terms on unstructured meshes. Based on a suitable reformulation of the equations, we implement a well-balanced and positive preserving approach, and suggest adapted MUSCL extensions. The method is shown to handle irregular topography variations and demonstrates strong stabilities properties. The inclusion of friction terms is subject to a thorough analysis, leading to the establishment of some Asymptotic Preserving property through the enhancement of another recent Finite Volume scheme.The second aspect of this study concerns discontinuous Galerkin Finite Elementmethods. Some of the ideas advanced in the Finite Volume context areemployed to broach the Shallow Water system on triangular meshes. Numericalresults are exposed and the method turns out to be well suited to describe a large variety of flows. On these observations we finally propose to exploit its features to extend the approach to a new family of Green-Nadghi equations. Numerical experiments are also proposed to validate this numerical model.

This thesis was focused on the influence of the development of a law opinion in the section of terms for assesment of a tax on a tax collection in the Czech republic. The purpose was to find out if the law about the tax and fees administration was a sufficient procedural tax norm in the section of terms for assessment of a tax, if existed the practice of the Supreme Administrative Court, which would edit, explain and improve interpretation provision § 47 Terms for assesment of tax which was wrote in the law about tax and fees administration. Furthermore was analyzed if the new procedural norm, the tax regulation, effective from 1. 1. 2011, was settled with interpretation the practice of the courts and what changes become against adjustment betray into the law about tax and fees administration. At the close work were make results, that the law about tax and fees administration was imperfect procedural norm in the section of terms for assesment of a tax and that the new procedural law, the tax regulation, which is more detailed specifies in the section of terms for assessment of a tax, can contribute to a better orientation in those problems.

The Greater Hindu Kush designates a mountainous area extending from Afghanistan over Pakistan, Tajikistan and India to the westernmost parts of China. It is home to over 50 lan- guages from six different phyla; Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Turkic, Tibeto-Burman and the language isolate Burushaski. Due to its unique geographical setting, it is characterised by language contact and isolation, which lays the perfect ground for research on linguistic diversity, language convergence and genealogical relations. The present study relies on data from the entire region and attempts to identify structural similarities based on lexical items from core vocabulary, numerals and kinship terms. The study reexamines the genealogical affiliation through lexical similarity and investigates areal patterns of vergence, i.e. the branching out or mergence of these patterns. Results reconfirm the established classification of the languages and indicate a certain level of structural simi- larity across language families for some features such as numeral bases, numeral composition and the terms for ‘parents’ and ‘parents-in-law’, yet it also shows great diversity for other features such as ‘grandchildren’ and one’s siblings’ partner. / Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush region (421-2014-631)

[pt] Neste trabalho três métodos foram utilizados para estudar o escoamento turbulento em regiões de florestas. No primeiro método, a influência da vegetação no escoamento foi modelada através da adição de termos fontes nas equações de quantidade de movimento, energia cinética turbulenta e sua taxa de dissipação. No segundo, a vegetação foi considerada um meio poroso homogêneo. Finalmente, a camada do dossel foi representada por modelos 3-D de árvores, consideradas como obstáculos individuais. As equações foram resolvidas através do modelo de turbulência k −E padrão com o programa comercial FLUENT 6.2.16. As previsões dos perfis verticais da velocidade do vento médio, da intensidade da turbulência e dos tensores de Reynolds, foram comparadas com dados de experimentos de túnel de vento. Os resultados preditos dos perfis verticais da velocidade média e intensidade da turbulência, na primeira e na segunda metodologias, apresentaram boa concordância com os valores experimentais, porém, foram observadas discrepâncias nos perfis modelados do tensor de Reynolds. Entretanto, qualitativamente, a modelagem consegue capturar o comportamento físico do tensor de Reynolds no interior de florestas. Uma possível explicação para este fato, é que o modelo considera a isotropia para a viscosidade turbulenta, implicando na incapacidade de prever qualquer forte anisotropia do campo turbulento. Na terceira metodologia, as previsões dos perfis verticais de velocidade média e intensidade da turbulência apresentaram discrepâncias em relação às medições. Porém, os perfis verticais do tensor de Reynolds apresentaram boa concordância. Todos os perfis verticais da velocidade média apresentaram um ponto de inflexão na interface vegetação-atmosfera, característico de uma camada de mistura. Nas duas primeiras metodologias, este padrão foi confirmado nos perfis de tangente hiperbólica de uma camada de mistura. / [en] This work investigates different procedures in order to study the turbulent flow over the scale model of a forest region. Initially, the canopy flow was modeled by using source terms in the momentum, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate equations. After that, the forest canopy was considered a homogeneous porous medium. In the last step, the canopy boundary layer was modeled by artificial 3-D tree models. This was done by using the standard k−E turbulence model with the FLUENT commercial program. The modeled profiles of mean velocity, turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress were compared against data from wind tunnel experiments. In the two first methodologies, the model predictions of the vertical profiles of the wind speed and turbulence intensity showed good agreement with the experimental data. It was found that predictions of the Reynolds tensor were sensitive to the parameterization scheme of the standard k −E model. However, qualitatively, the model was capable of predicting the physical behavior of the Reynolds stress tensor in the canopy flow. A possible explanation for this behavior is the omission of any anisotropic eddy-viscosity effects within the k - E modelling approach. When it was considered the tree array, the model predictions for the wind speed and turbulence intensity were less satisfactory. However, it was found that the predicted results of the Reynolds stress tensor agreed well with the measured data. All the vertical profiles of the mean velocity contained an inflection point, something which is a necessary criterion for the mixing layer flow. In the tree array, the modeled results failed to the capture this behavior of the canopy flow. In the 2-D numerical simulations, it was found the characteristic hyperbolic tangent profile of a mixing layer.