En référence au développement croissant ces dernières décennies des témoignages écrits autour des expériences traumatiques comme le génocide arménien, la Shoah, le Cambodge, l‟Indochine, l‟Algérie, le Rwanda, l‟ex-Yougoslavie, les dictatures européennes, d‟Amérique latine, les Goulags, force est de constater que nombre de ces témoins expriment cependant l‟impossibilité de communiquer de telles réalités qui ont été invivables. Dès lors, comment comprendre que malgré cette « incapacité » d‟écrire l‟expérience telle qu‟elle a été vécue, des textes foisonnent à tel point que l‟on parle d‟un « nouveau genre littéraire » ? Or, s‟il est vrai que les témoignages se sont multipliés depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, nous verrons qu‟écrire l‟expérience traumatique existe depuis bien longtemps. L‟hypothèse centrale est la suivante : le témoignage de l‟expérience traumatique est une réappropriation d‟une histoire par/pour ceux qui l‟ont vécue. Le témoignage est une révélation aux autres, un acte d‟exhumation, une libération. Mais le problème ne s‟arrête pas là, les autres générations se verront elles aussi confrontées à la question d‟élucider leurs histoires, à témoigner. Une problématique fondamentale accompagne l‟ensemble de la recherche, celle de donner du sens au non-sens. / When looking at the increasing number of written testimonies about traumatic experiences in the past decades, such as the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust, Cambodia, Indochina, Algeria, Rwanda, ex-Yugoslavia, and in European and Latin American dictatorships, the Gulags, we cannot but stress that most of these accounts express the virtual impossibility of communicating unbearable realities. Consequently, how is it that in spite of this apparent « inability » to write about one‟s experience, so many texts have been produced and that while these experiences are qualified as inexpressible and unspeakable, the emergence of a « new literary genre » has been identified? The central assumption is as follows: The testimony of the traumatic experiment is a reappropriation of a history for those which lived it, and makes it possible to emerge from this same history. But the question will also arise for those which did not live the experiment directly. Fundamental problems accompany the unit by research, that to give sense to the nonsense.

This thesis investigates why British Asians are under-represented as professional footballers proportionally to their numbers in the overall population. Fundamentally, it is both an account of how young, male, British Asian footballers interpret and explain their under-representation in the professional game, and a critical analysis of the strategies and policies employed by the anti-racist football movement to overcome this phenomenon. The central problematic is that anti-racist football organisations are often out of touch with contemporary manifestations of "Asianness" and so the ideologies that underpin their schemes and initiatives are often in direct conflict with the attitudes and aspirations of young, male, British Asian footballers themselves. Using ethnographic research methods - namely semi- structured interviews with large numbers of professional and amateur British Asian footballers, professional football coaches and members of anti-racist football organisations, together with observations of matches, training sessions and social occasions involving British Asian players - this thesis seeks to overcome the previous "silencing" of British Asian footballers. It places their oral testimonies at the centre of the analysis of exclusion. Theoretically, this thesis examines how football interacts with issues of `race', ethnicity, nation, class, locality, family, generation, religion, style and consumption to construct new articulations and experiences of "Asianness". Consequently, the analysis calls for sociological frameworks that no longer essentialise and dichotomise "South Asian" and "British" cultures but that, instead, appreciate how, in the twenty-first century, these elements are actively fused to create specifically British Asian identities and lifestyles. In this regard, this thesis provides a sensitive and timely contribution to the fields of ethnic and racial studies, football and young people.

Were the effects of First World War truly similar globally? A comparison of how the conflict was perceived by two extremely different groups of rural people - southern Americans of the Jackson Purchase region of far western Kentucky and Africans in the small British Protectorate of Nyasaland in south central Africa - makes their microhistories significant rather than trivial by placing them a global context. In the early twentieth century, both groups were not only rural, but removed, decidedly disconnected from each other. Yet, drawing on documentary evidence, especially interviews with the last generation of First World War survivors in both regions, offers a significant perspective on how similar their experiences actually became in the crucible of a global war. The call to arms, their recruitment and resistance to service, combat adversities and cultural experiences, post-war disillusionments and triumphs, and especially the economic consequences of their war provide penetrating insights into the wide-ranging ordeals and opportunities that this first truly global event offered peoples worldwide.

Were the effects of First World War truly similar globally? A comparison of how the conflict was perceived by two extremely different groups of rural people - southern Americans of the Jackson Purchase region of far western Kentucky and Africans in the small British Protectorate of Nyasaland in south central Africa - makes their microhistories significant rather than trivial by placing them a global context. In the early twentieth century, both groups were not only rural, but removed, decidedly disconnected from each other. Yet, drawing on documentary evidence, especially interviews with the last generation of First World War survivors in both regions, offers a significant perspective on how similar their experiences actually became in the crucible of a global war. The call to arms, their recruitment and resistance to service, combat adversities and cultural experiences, post-war disillusionments and triumphs, and especially the economic consequences of their war provide penetrating insights into the wide-ranging ordeals and opportunities that this first truly global event offered peoples worldwide.

Most of the Holocaust's victims were never able to tell their stories, and of the millions of victims, only a few hundred were able to write about their experiences. This makes surviving personal testimonies precious in many ways. They provide a rich resource for understanding both individual experience, as well as the ways in which the socio-historical context (i.e. region, gender, and class) greatly influenced each distinctive experience. This study examines six Holocaust diaries, of Jewish victims, taken from three different parts of occupied Europe: from Poland, Janusz Korczak's Ghetto Diary and Chaim Kaplan's The Scroll of Agony; from Holland, Etty Hillesum's An Interupted Life:the Diaries, 1941-1943 and Letters from Westerbork and Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl; and lastly, from France, Helene Berr's Journal of Helene Berr and Raymond Raoul Lambert's Diary of a Witness, 1940-1943. Through an examination of these six diaries, this project analyzes how the personal experience of individuals who witnessed the period and chronicled its events helps us understand both the nature of the Holocaust experience and the specific local political, social, and economic contexts. This project argues that an examination of these texts, when studied alongside the histories of their specific local contexts, can reveal both what all victims shared, throughout Europe during the period, as well as what was localized- how the different horrors experienced, by the victims, created different versions of the same hell.

O Holocausto como Tema nos Livros Didáticos Brasileiros. Realidades e alternativas, orienta-se, em sua totalidade, para dois momentos: o da análise e o da proposta. No primeiro momento, o da análise, o estudo buscou definir, em primeiro lugar, de que maneira os livros didáticos abordam o tema, principalmente no que se refere ao protagonismo dos judeus como alvo de um genocídio sem precedentes na história da humanidade. Ao mesmo tempo, a atenção concentrou-se na presença de elementos que, muitas vezes, com o intuito de descomplicar, facilitar ou popularizar o ensino do Holocausto, resultam em sua banalização. Por último, a análise apontou a verificar a existência de elementos de instrumentalização no contexto do discurso do antissemitismo contemporâneo ou antissionismo. No segundo momento, o da proposta, apresentamos um projeto-piloto para o desenvolvimento de materiais através dos quais a história do Holocausto é contada com base no testemunho de um sobrevivente radicado no Brasil. Para tal fim, utilizamos entrevistas feitas no âmbito do Projeto Vozes do Holocausto, do Núcleo de Estudos Arqshoah/LEER/USP. Com base nos testemunhos, buscamos estabelecer a simbiose com fatos, documentos, personagens e lugares históricos. Dessa maneira, aos dizeres das testemunhas, enlaçaram-se os saberes da historiografia de modo a estabelecer um diálogo que tenta devolver às vozes dos sobreviventes ao menos parte do protagonismo que, como pudemos detectar na fase de análise, encontra-se ausente nos livros didáticos. / The Holocaust as a Theme in Brazilian Textbooks. Realities and Alternatives, is oriented towards two moments in the realm of Holocaust education: an analysis and a proposal. The analysis seeks to determine, first, how the theme is approached in Brazilian schoolbooks, especially in terms of the role attributed to Jews as targets of an unprecedented genocide in the history of humanity. At the same time, another aspect was taken into account. It relates to a practice, common among educators, that, although aimed at untangling, facilitating or even popularizing the teaching of the Holocaust, holds at its core the seeds for a potential banalization. Finally, we focused on trying to detect if the texts, in some way, instrumentalize the discourse in order to fit certain ideologically-charged narratives that could be linked to the context of contemporary antisemitism or antizionism. The second moment in this dissertation - the proposal - constitutes in fact a pilot project that approaches the history of the Holocaust through the voice of a survivor. For that purpose, we worked with witnesses living in Brazil interviewed by the researchers of the Projeto Vozes do Holocausto (Voices of the Holocaust Project, LEER/Arqshoah/USP). Based on those testimonies, we sought to establish a symbiosis with facts, documents, characters and historical places connecting the saying of the witnesses to the knowing of historiography in an attempt to establish a dialogue that gives back to the survivors voice its central role.

O Holocausto como Tema nos Livros Didáticos Brasileiros. Realidades e alternativas, orienta-se, em sua totalidade, para dois momentos: o da análise e o da proposta. No primeiro momento, o da análise, o estudo buscou definir, em primeiro lugar, de que maneira os livros didáticos abordam o tema, principalmente no que se refere ao protagonismo dos judeus como alvo de um genocídio sem precedentes na história da humanidade. Ao mesmo tempo, a atenção concentrou-se na presença de elementos que, muitas vezes, com o intuito de descomplicar, facilitar ou popularizar o ensino do Holocausto, resultam em sua banalização. Por último, a análise apontou a verificar a existência de elementos de instrumentalização no contexto do discurso do antissemitismo contemporâneo ou antissionismo. No segundo momento, o da proposta, apresentamos um projeto-piloto para o desenvolvimento de materiais através dos quais a história do Holocausto é contada com base no testemunho de um sobrevivente radicado no Brasil. Para tal fim, utilizamos entrevistas feitas no âmbito do Projeto Vozes do Holocausto, do Núcleo de Estudos Arqshoah/LEER/USP. Com base nos testemunhos, buscamos estabelecer a simbiose com fatos, documentos, personagens e lugares históricos. Dessa maneira, aos dizeres das testemunhas, enlaçaram-se os saberes da historiografia de modo a estabelecer um diálogo que tenta devolver às vozes dos sobreviventes ao menos parte do protagonismo que, como pudemos detectar na fase de análise, encontra-se ausente nos livros didáticos. / The Holocaust as a Theme in Brazilian Textbooks. Realities and Alternatives, is oriented towards two moments in the realm of Holocaust education: an analysis and a proposal. The analysis seeks to determine, first, how the theme is approached in Brazilian schoolbooks, especially in terms of the role attributed to Jews as targets of an unprecedented genocide in the history of humanity. At the same time, another aspect was taken into account. It relates to a practice, common among educators, that, although aimed at untangling, facilitating or even popularizing the teaching of the Holocaust, holds at its core the seeds for a potential banalization. Finally, we focused on trying to detect if the texts, in some way, instrumentalize the discourse in order to fit certain ideologically-charged narratives that could be linked to the context of contemporary antisemitism or antizionism. The second moment in this dissertation - the proposal - constitutes in fact a pilot project that approaches the history of the Holocaust through the voice of a survivor. For that purpose, we worked with witnesses living in Brazil interviewed by the researchers of the Projeto Vozes do Holocausto (Voices of the Holocaust Project, LEER/Arqshoah/USP). Based on those testimonies, we sought to establish a symbiosis with facts, documents, characters and historical places connecting the saying of the witnesses to the knowing of historiography in an attempt to establish a dialogue that gives back to the survivors voice its central role.

<p>During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into &quot / living testimonies&quot / of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, &quot / memories of Cassinga&quot / so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides &quot / survivors‟ testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable). Memory is a true picture of experiencing the Cassinga massacre and enduring pain and suffering over the years. In considering survivors' challenge to the visually and orally obscured realities of the Cassinga massacre, this study will use a more lateral and alternative approach. This is a method of attempting to interrogate, among other issues of this study, the understanding of Cassinga beyond the inexperienced economies of this event production. The study also explores the different agencies, mainly political, that fuel and exacerbate the victims' unending pathos. These invasive miseries are anchored, according to survivors, in the disrupted expectations / or forsaken human dignity of survivors and families of the missing victims, especially following Namibia‟s independence in 1990.</p>

<p>During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into &quot / living testimonies&quot / of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, &quot / memories of Cassinga&quot / so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides &quot / survivors‟ testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable). Memory is a true picture of experiencing the Cassinga massacre and enduring pain and suffering over the years. In considering survivors' challenge to the visually and orally obscured realities of the Cassinga massacre, this study will use a more lateral and alternative approach. This is a method of attempting to interrogate, among other issues of this study, the understanding of Cassinga beyond the inexperienced economies of this event production. The study also explores the different agencies, mainly political, that fuel and exacerbate the victims' unending pathos. These invasive miseries are anchored, according to survivors, in the disrupted expectations / or forsaken human dignity of survivors and families of the missing victims, especially following Namibia‟s independence in 1990.</p>

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T13:35:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_Franscisca Pamela Carvalho.pdf: 2272114 bytes, checksum: 83ff79a7d05409b93fe71ce4c307dc30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T13:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_Franscisca Pamela Carvalho.pdf: 2272114 bytes, checksum: 83ff79a7d05409b93fe71ce4c307dc30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / Nos últimos anos, através da Internet, a comunicação se tornou mais ampla e acessível. Com o grande crescimento das redes sociais, blogs, sites em geral, foi possível estabelecer uma extensa base de conteúdo diversificado, onde os usuários apresentam suas opiniões e relatos pessoais. Esses informes podem ser relevantes para observações futuras ou até mesmo para o auxílio na tomada de decisão de outras pessoas. No entanto, essa massa de informação está esparsa na Web, em formato livre, dificultando a análise manual dos textos para categorização dos mesmos. Tornar esse trabalho automático é a melhor opção, porém a compreensão desses textos em formato livre não é um trabalho simples para o computador, devido a irregularidades e imprecisões da língua natural. Nessas circunstâncias, estão surgindo sistemas que classificam textos, de forma automática, por tema, gênero, características, entre outros, através dos conceitos da área de Mineração de Texto (MT). A MT objetiva extrair informações importantes de um texto, através da análise de um conjunto de documentos textuais. Diversos trabalhos de MT foram sugeridos em âmbitos variados como, por exemplo, no campo da psiquiatria. Vários dos trabalhos propostos, nessa área, buscam identificar características textuais para percepção de distúrbios psicológicos, para análise dos sentimentos de pacientes, para detecção de problemas de segurança de registros médicos ou até mesmo para exploração da literatura biomédica. O trabalho aqui proposto, busca analisar depoimentos pessoais de potenciais pacientes para categorização dos textos por tipo de transtorno mental, seguindo a taxonomia DSM-5. O procedimento oferecido classifica os relatos pessoais coletados, em quatro tipos de transtorno (Anorexia, TOC, Autismo e Esquizofrenia). Utilizamos técnicas de MT para o pré-processamento e classificação de texto, com o auxilio dos pacotes de software do Weka. Resultados experimentais mostraram que o método proposto apresenta alto índice de precisão e que a fase de pré-processamento do texto tem impacto nesses resultados. A técnica de classificação Support Vector Machine (SVM) apresentou melhor desempenho, para os fins apresentados, em comparação a outras técnicas usadas na literatura. / In the last few years, through the internet, communication became broader and more accessible. With the growth of social media, blogs, and websites in general, it became possible to establish a broader, diverse content base, where users present their opinions and personal stories. These data can be relevant to future observations or even to help other people’s decision process. However, this mass information is dispersing on the web, in free format, hindering the manual analysis for text categorization. Automating is the best option. However, comprehension of these texts in free format is not a simple task for the computer, taking into account irregularities and imprecisions of natural language. Giving these circumstances, automated text classification systems, by theme, gender, features, among others, are arising, through Text Mining (MT) concepts. MT aims to extract information from a text, by analyzing a set of text documents. Several MT papers were suggested on various fields, as an example, psychiatric fields. A number of proposed papers, in this area, try to identify textual features to perceive psychological disorders, to analyze patient’s sentiments, to detect security problems in medical records or even biomedical literature exploration. The paper here proposed aim to analyze potential patient’s personal testimonies for text categorization by mental disorder type, according to DSM-5 taxonomy. The offered procedure classifies the collected personal testimonies in four disorder types (anorexia, OCD, autism, and schizophrenia). MT techniques were used for pre-processing and text classification, with the support of software packages of Weka. Experimental results showed that the proposed method presents high precision values and the text pre-processing phase has impact in these results. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification technique presented better performance, for the presented ends, in comparison to other techniques used in literature.