Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T08:01:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Paula Franchi - 2015.pdf: 1507068 bytes, checksum: 83e70394d3886be575f80db2106415d4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T09:59:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Paula Franchi - 2015.pdf: 1507068 bytes, checksum: 83e70394d3886be575f80db2106415d4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-18T09:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Paula Franchi - 2015.pdf: 1507068 bytes, checksum: 83e70394d3886be575f80db2106415d4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / When focusing our vision of the Roman world the end of the third century AD, we find an interesting move about imperial political structure. It was from this period that intensified civil wars and usurpations of power and at the same time, we settled a series of transformations, covering from administrative reforms, to the ideological theoretical redefinition of imperial power with the introduction of Dominato. The Emperor Diocletian government was one of the landmarks of this process, mainly because this sovereign could undertake reforms of autocratic principles concerning the administration, supervision and military subject. In this context, the legitimacy of the ruler was an important hub for maintaining unity. This work aims to analyze the relations of power that moved the imperial policy during the consolidation of the Tetrarchy (284-305 AD), and the links that were established between the imperial government and the provinces, focusing on the power of legitimation process. For such, we selected as the source panegyirícs discourses produced in the third century AD, authored Mamertino, Eumênio and anonymous, the Breviarium Historiæ Romanae of Eutropius, and Liber de Caesaribus of Aurelius Victor, produced in the fourth century AD. Even if such works do not on purpose of discuss the relations of integration by promoting a praise to the Emperor, in the case of panegyrics, and a narrative about the history of the Empire, in the case of breviaries, the author is compelled to treat these elements society and the imperial politics, which ultimately reveal these relations. When approaching the formation of the Tetrarchy from the perspective of panegyrists and breviarists, attempt to identify the structure of the procedures in this form of political organization. In addition to the formulation of an idealized image of the rulers, the construction of the legitimacy of sovereigns who were in charge of this reorganization was a constituent part of building an imperial unit in the third century AD. / Ao direcionarmos nosso olhar para o mundo romano do final do século III d.C., verificamos um movimento interessante acerca estrutura política imperial. Foi a partir deste período que se intensificaram as guerras civis e as usurpações do poder e, ao mesmo tempo, que se estabeleceram uma série de transformações, englobando desde reformas administrativas, até a redefinição teórico-ideológica do poder imperial com a instauração do Dominato. O governo do Imperador Diocleciano foi um dos marcos deste processo, principalmente porque este soberano conseguiu empreender reformas de princípios autocráticos concernentes à administração, fiscalização e questão militar. Em tal contexto, a legitimação do soberano era um eixo importante para a manutenção da unidade. Este trabalho propõe analisar as relações de poder que movimentaram a política imperial durante a consolidação da Tetrarquia (284-305 d.C.), bem como os vínculos que se estabeleciam entre o governo imperial e as províncias, com foco no processo de legitimação do poder. Para tal, selecionamos como fonte os discursos panegirísticos produzidos no século III d.C., de autoria de Mamertino, Eumênio e anônima, o Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ, de autoria de Eutrópio, e Liber de Caesaribus, de Aurélio Victor, produzidos no século IV d.C. Mesmo que tais obras não tenham o objetivo de discutir sobre as relações de integração, ao promover um elogio ao Imperador, no caso dos panegíricos, e uma narrativa sobre a história do Império, no caso dos breviários, o autor é impelido a tratar estes elementos da sociedade e da política imperial, o que acaba por desvelar estas relações. Ao abordar a formação da Tetrarquia sob a ótica dos panegiristas e breviaristas, procura-se identificar o procedimento de estruturação desta forma de organização política. Para além da formulação de uma imagem idealizada dos governantes, a construção da legitimação dos soberanos que estavam à frente deste processo de reorganização era parte constituinte da construção de uma unidade imperial no século III d.C.

Despite a vast amount of research on Late Antiquity, little attention has been paid to certain figures that prove to be influential during this time. The focus of historians on Constantine I, the first Roman Emperor to allegedly convert to Christianity, has often come at the cost of ignoring Constantine's predecessor, Diocletian, sometimes known as the "Second Father of the Roman Empire". The success of Constantine's empire has often been attributed to the work and reforms of Diocletian, but there have been very few studies of the man beyond simple biography. This work will attempt to view three of Diocletian's major innovations in order to determine the lasting effect they had over the Roman Empire and our modern world. By studying 1) Diocletian's assumption of new, divinely inspired titles; 2)Diocletian's efforts at controlling prices in the marketplace; and 3)Diocletian's Persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire at the turn of the fourth century CE, we can gain valuable insight into the ways through which Roman Emperors extended their authority throughout different facets of Ancient World, including developments that would shape the future of Western Civilization for the next 1400 years.

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This thesis deals with the period, which was not fully researched until now by the czech numismatists. It is a unique numismatic work fully dedicated to the tetrarchic period in czech language. Its center of gravity lies in the detailed study of the production of coins and iconography, both before the reform, in 294, and afterwards. It is also given a description of previous period of the end of the third century AD to facilitate the understanding of monetary developments and policies of the tetrarchic period. The study of the numismatic material and literature allow to deliver new opinions concerning the disintegration of tetrarchic system and of the monetary reforms from the end of the third century AD. It is discussed the problematic of using marks on coins, which are usually interpreted as an indication of nominal value. The work includes a detailed study of 1,752 gold coins of the second half of the 3rd century, which helps to clarify the vague classification of gold coins and their standards. Attached is a catalog of the Roman imperial coins from AD 284-337, which are deposited in the Charles University collection of ancient. These coins have not been published until now. Key words: Tetrarchy, Diocletian, Constantinus, nummus, monetary refroms, coinage, marks of value, XXI, Heraclea, golden...

This MA thesis will discuss the reception of common, non-scholarly polytheists (pagans) to the persecution of Christians from the early empire until the Great Persecution (303-313, 322-324). Though modern scholars have addressed this issue and asserted that there was a change in attitude, many have not developed this into anything more than a passing statement. When chronologically analyzing the Christian acts, passions, letters, and speeches recounting the deaths of martyrs deemed historically authentic, and accounting for the literary and biblical topoi, we can demonstrate that the position of non-Christians changed. The methodology of this thesis will chronologically assess the martyr acts, passions, speeches, and letters which are historically accurate after literary and biblical topoi are addressed. These sources are available in the appendix. Throughout this analysis, we will see two currents. The primary current will seek to discern the change in pagan reception of anti-Christian persecution, while the second current will draw attention to the Roman concept of religio and superstitio, both important in understanding civic religion which upheld the pax deorum and defined loyalty to the Roman order through material sacrifices and closely connected to one's citizenship. Religio commonly denoted proper ritual practices, while superstitio defined irregular forms of worship which may endanger the state. As we will see, Christians were feared and persecuted because it was believed that their cult would anger the gods and disrupt the cosmological order. The analysis will begin with a discussion centered on the "accusatory" approach to the Christian church during the first two centuries when the Roman state relied on provincial delatores (denounces) to legislate against the cult. During the first two centuries persecution was mostly provincial, sporadic and was not centrally-directed. We will see that provincial mobs were the most violent during the first two centuries. During the third century the actions of the imperial authority changed and began following an "inquisitorial" approach with the accession of Emperors Decius and Valerian, the former enacting an edict of universal sacrifices while the latter undertook the first Empire-wide initiative to crush the Christian community. It is during the third century that the attitude of non-elite pagans may have begun to change. This will be suggested when discussing the martyrdom of Pionius. When discussing the fourth century Great Persecution under the Diocletianic tetrarchy, it will be suggested that the pagan populace may have begun to look upon the small Christian community sympathetically. The thesis will conclude with the victory of Constantine over Licinius and the slow but steady rise of Christianity to prominence, becoming the official religio of the empire with traditional paganism relegated to the status of a superstitio.

<p>By the early fourth century Rome was more than a thousand years old and the historical <em>caput mundi</em> was, accordingly, steeped in long established traditions. It was these historical traditions and memories that served as paradigms for understanding present circumstances. One such paradigm was the relationship between Rome and her emperors. Traditionally, monarchical power was the antithesis of the Roman Republican model, yet Augustus uniquely altered this model and established a new acceptable paradigm wherein the emperor was the <em>princeps civitatis</em> and the patron to all Romans. This imperial patronage was characterized primarily by the commissioning of public buildings in the <em>Urbs</em> and the maintenance of Rome’s cults and traditions. Therefore, Rome was inextricably intertwined with the legitimacy, success (or failure), and longevity of an emperor’s reign. Throughout the third century, however, Rome was plagued by manifold crises and the paradigmatic relationship between Rome and her rulers began to break down, such that some scholars have suggested that from 293 CE and the establishment of the tetrarchy Rome became increasingly manifest wherever the emperors were, with the city itself becoming nothing more than a peripheral concern. The former line of argumentation, however, is often advanced with the belief that Rome’s diminishing importance was uninterrupted and invariable, often disregarding the evidence within the city itself and focusing on monumental evidence outside of Rome and across the empire. This thesis, then, by examining the evidence within the city of Rome and that pertaining to it, demonstrates that between 293 and 324 CE Rome’s marginalization was anything but consistent and that the city, with all its symbolic and actual power, was integral to Maxentius’ and Constantine’s legitimation policies. Moreover, this thesis also elucidates how Rome functioned in imperial thought for each regime, with old paradigms becoming malleable to accommodate new imperial policy.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis investigates representations of dynastic legitimacy and imperial power in the later Roman Empire (AD 284-337). It explores the continuity and change in expressions of dynastic legitimacy by, for and about the emperors of this period, which were presented in coinage, panegyrics, and other literary and material evidence. I argue that familial relationships were used throughout this period to make legitimation claims or to counter claims made by rivals, rejecting the notion of clear breaks between the third century, the Tetrarchy and the reign of Constantine. The Tetrarchy’s creation of familial links through adoption and marriage led to a web of inter-familial relationships that they and later emperors used in promoting their own claims to imperial legitimacy. At the same time, the presentation of these imperial colleges as harmonious co-rulership relied heavily on the adaptation of pre-existing strategies, which in turn would be adapted by the emperors of the early fourth century. This thesis proceeds roughly chronologically, focusing on the regimes of individual emperors and their collaborators when possible. Chapter 1 examines the creation of the Tetrarchy as an extended ‘family’ and the adaptation of ideologies of third-century co-rulership. Chapter 2 explores the changes in the Second Tetrarchy, with an especial focus on the ‘Iovian’ family of Galerius and Maximinus Daza. Chapter 3 looks at Maxentius’ claims to both ‘retrospective’ and ‘prospective’ dynastic legitimacy. Chapter 4 examines Licinius’ legitimacy both as a co-ruler and brother-in-law of Constantine, and as the beginning of a new ‘Iovian’ dynasty. Chapter 5 delves deeper into the different claims to dynastic legitimacy made by Constantine over the course of his thirty-year reign. Taken together, these chapters offer a new approach by arguing against the dichotomy between ‘dynasty’ and ‘collegiality’ that tends to dominate scholarship of this period. Instead they focus on the similarities and continuities between the representations of imperial families and imperial colleges in order to understand how perceptions of dynastic legitimacy evolved in the third and fourth centuries.

This thesis deals with portraiture of roman emperors on their statues and coins during the 3rd and 4th century. It begins with accession of military emperors and ends by Constantinian dynasty. The thesis tries to describe the changes in roman imperial portrait and determine its clearer roadmap. Main influences for roman imperial portraits are found together with milestones within the roadmap. It primarily focuses on individual attributes in the portrait and attempts to define ability to identify emperors themselves. Also, it tries to describe the extent to which these attributes influence the ability to identify the emperor on the statue or on the coin. Moreover, the thesis aims to connect imperial propaganda and portrait of the emperor. Finally, the thesis contains brief historical overview of this era. KEYWORDS: Roman Empire, Roman coins, Roman sculpture, portrait, the Military Emperors, crisis, Gallic Roman Empire, principate, dominate, tetrarchy, Gallienus, Aurelianus, Probus, Diocletianus, Constantinus, Julianus Apostata