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L’ostéoporose est une maladie fréquente et généralisée du squelette qui se caractérise par une perte de masse osseuse et des altérations de la structure des os. Ces variations des propriétés osseuses, observées à diverses échelles et associées à une augmentation du contenu adipeux de la moelle, témoignent d’une plus grande fragilité du squelette. Ces modifications sont cependant différentes en fonction du site. Cette variation du contenu adipeux médullaire, rapportée notamment dans les os longs du squelette appendiculaire, semble jouer un rôle crucial dans la survenue de l’ostéoporose. Néanmoins, ces altérations ostéo-médullaires, aussi bien quantitatives que qualitatives, sont controversées et peu documentées au niveau des maxillaires, la mandibule en particulier. Le but de notre étude est d’évaluer, au cours du vieillissement et dans un modèle d’ostéoporose (ratte adulte ovariectomisée), les relations entre les variations du contenu adipeux médullaire et la microarchitecture osseuse en site mandibulaire en comparaison avec un site de référence, le tibia. La microarchitecture osseuse, la quantité et la répartition du contenu adipeux médullaire après marquage au tétroxyde d’osmium ont été analysées par microtomographie à rayons X dans la mandibule dentée (os alvéolaire) et non dentée (condyle). Au cours du vieillissement, aucune altération des paramètres osseux et médullaires n’a été mise en évidence. En revanche, le déficit hormonal en oestrogènes induit par ovariectomie conduit à une perte osseuse plus marquée (+35%) dans le tibia que dans la mandibule, associée à des modifications microarchitecturales et adipeuses médullaires site-spécifiques. En effet, en comparaison avec le tibia, un faible contenu adipeux (<10% de moelle) est retrouvé dans le secteur denté (alvéolaire) ainsi que non denté (condyle). A la différence du tibia, au sein duquel un effet de « clustering » des adipocytes est observé à la surface osseuse trabéculaire, le contenu adipeux mandibulaire est réparti de manière homogène dans les espaces médullaires avec très peu de contact avec la surface osseuse trabéculaire. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent une perte osseuse modérée dans la mandibule par rapport au tibia associée à une augmentation du contenu adipeux médullaire tardive dont la répartition au sein des espaces médullaires n’est pas modifiée à la différence du tibia. Nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’une activité de remodelage et des sollicitations biomécaniques différentes puissent expliquer les spécificités physiopathologiques observées en site mandibulaire. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour préciser l’impact de telles modifications sur la qualité osseuse à l’échelle moléculaire et élémentaire, ainsi que pour préciser les mécanismes de dialogues entre les ostéoblastes et les adipocytes. / Osteoporosis is a common disease of the skeleton characterized by a loss of bone mass and changes in bone structure. These variations in bone properties, observed at various scales and associated with an increase in the bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) content, indicate a greater fragility of the skeleton in a site-specific manner. This variation in the BMAT content, reported in some skeletal sites, seems to play a crucial role in the occurrence of osteoporosis. Nevertheless, these bone and marrow alterations, both quantitative and qualitative, are controversial and still poorly documented in the jaw bones, the mandible in particular.The aim of our study was to investigate, during aging and in a rodent model of osteoporosis (adult ovariectomized rat), the relationships between the changes in the bone microstructure, the marrow fat content and its distribution in the mandibular site in comparison with a reference site, the tibia. The bone microstructure, the bone marrow fat content and its distribution after osmium tetroxide staining were analyzed by a specific X-ray microfocus tomography approach in the mandible in the teeth-bearing area (alveolar bone) and in the condyle. During aging, neither bone nor bone marrow alterations have been observed. In contrast, estrogen deficiency did lead to more important bone loss (+35%) in the tibia than in the mandible associated with site-specific microstructural and BMAT modifications. Indeed, in comparison with the tibia, a low BMAT content (<10% of marrow volume) was found in the alveolar bone as well as in the condyle. Compared to tibia which reveals a clustering of the marrow adipocytes at the trabecular bone surface, the mandibular BMAT content was homogeneously distributed and located further away with almost no contact with the trabecular bone surface. In conclusion, our results indicate a moderate bone loss in the mandible compared to the tibia associated with an increase in the BMAT content whose distribution within the marrow spaces is not modified in contrast to tibia. We hypothesize that a differential bone turn-over rate, biomechanical stress may explain in part the mandibular physiopathological specificities reported. Further studies will be needed to precise the impact of such alterations on bone quality at the molecular and elemental level, as well as to depict the mechanisms of dialog between osteoblasts and adipocytes.

Three effective solutions to dissolve the filter cake created by water-based drilling fluids weighted with Mn3O4 particles were developed. Hydrochloric acid at concentration lower than 5 wt% can dissolve most of Mn3O4-based filter cake. Dissolving the filter cake in two-stage treatment of enzyme and organic acid was effective and eliminated the associated drawbacks of using HCl. Finally, combining low and safe concentration of HCl with an organic acid in one-stage treatment was very effective. Hydrochloric acid (10-wt%) dissolved 78 wt% of Mn3O4-based filter cake at 250°F after 28 hours soaking time. However, Chlorine gas was detected during the reaction of 5 to 15-wt% HCl with Mn3O4 particles. At 190°F, 1- and 4-wt% HCl dissolved most Mn3O4 particles (up to 70-wt% solubility). Their reactions with Mn3O4 particles followed Eq. 8 at 190°F, which further confirmed the absence of chlorine gas production at HCl concentrations lower than 5-wt%. EDTA and DTPA at high pH (12) and acetic, propionic, butyric, and gluconic acids at low pH (3-5) showed very low solubilities of Mn3O4 particles. GLDA, citric, oxalic, and tartaric acids produced large amount of white precipitation upon the reactions with Mn3O4 particles. Similarly, DTPA will produce damaging material if used to dissolve Mn3O4-based filter cake in sandstone formation. At 4-wt% acid concentration, lactic, glycolic, and formic acids dissolved Mn3O4 particles up to 76 wt% solubility at 190°F. Malonic acid at lower concentration (2-wt%) dissolved 54 wt% of Mn3O4 particles at 190°F. Manganese tetraoxide particles were covered with polymeric material (starch), which significantly reduced the solubility of filter cake in organic acids. Therefore, there was a need to remove Mn3O4-based filter cake in two-stage treatment. Enzyme-A (10-wt%) and Precursor of lactic acid (12.5-wt%) dissolved 84 wt% of the filter cake. An innovative approach led to complete solubility of Mn3O4 particles when low and safe concentration of HCl (1-wt%) combined with 4-wt% lactic acid at 190°F. HCl (1-wt%) combined with lactic acid (4-wt%), dissolved 85 wt% of the Mn3O4-based filter cake after 18-22 hours soaking time at 250°F in one stage treatment.

<div>Since as early as the 1920s, dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) has been regarded as a promising oxidizer in rocket propulsion systems. In more recent times, its predecessor, mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON), remains a top contender among oxidizers, due to its unique characteristics such as low freezing temperature and compatibility with common spacecraft materials. Today, these N2O4-based oxidizers are the preferred choice in many upper stages, launch escape systems, reaction control systems, liquid apogee engines, and in-space primary propulsion systems. N2O4-based oxidizers are a key factor in rocket propulsion, and thoroughly understanding their history, development, characteristics, synthesis, and composition analysis are crucial for space exploration today and into the future.<br><br></div><div>To fully understand and predict the physical properties of a MON sample, it is important to measure and quantify its chemical composition. The recommended method for MON composition analysis, as prescribed by the Department of Defense’s Defense Specification (MIL-SPEC) document on N2O4, involves the oxidation of NO and dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) in the MON sample to determine their amounts. An equation unofficially called the “MIL-SPEC equation” is then used to determine the amount of NO needed to mix with N2O4 to synthesize that particular MON sample. However, no explanation is given as to how the equation was derived, or its significance.<br><br></div><div>This thesis aims to collect and organize key information on the synthesis, handling, and composition analysis of MON propellant. First, the history of development of N2O4-based oxidizers was researched, and current and future uses of N2O4 and MON propellants were identified. Then a method for synthesis and composition analysis was devised and tested. Water contamination was expected of skewing the results, so the process of water contamination was examined analytically. Then a detailed derivation of the MIL-SPEC equation was conducted, to fully understand its mechanics. An attempt was then made to reverse-engineer an unexplained numerical value in the equation, labeled by the author as the “solubility factor”. Several derivations were provided with varying degrees of complexity, producing alternative solubility factors of varying accuracies. Finally, experimental data was applied to these derived, hypothetical solubility factors and the MIL-SPEC solubility factor, with the intent of determining whether improvements could be made to the MON composition determination process.<br><br></div><div>The results suggest that the MIL-SPEC equation is sufficient for providing a relatively accurate measurement of the composition of a MON sample, while also being easy to implement, both in taking the necessary measurements and in conducting the numerical calculation. However, some minor adjustments to the equation could produce consistently more accurate composition measurements without adding any more difficulty or complication.</div>

Esta dissertação descreve os resultados obtidos no estudo da clivagem oxidativa de beta-hidróxi-éteres bicíclicos promovida por RuO4 catalítico visando à obtenção de ceto-lactonas de anel médio (9 e 10 membros). Um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi verificar o uso de solventes não clorados, uma vez que as condições clássicas para reações com RuO4 envolvem o uso de CCl4. Foram utilizados dois sistemas solventes: um homogêneo composto por MeCN e H2O (1:1) e um sistema bifásico composto por AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Ambos os sistemas solventes mostraram-se viáveis para estas reações, levando a obtenção de ceto-lactonas de 9 e 10 membros em rendimentos moderados, mas inferiores aos rendimentos obtidos quando empregada a mistura CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Além disso, foi estudado o uso de Oxone como co-oxidante nas reações de clivagem oxidativa promovidas por RuO4, em substituição ao NaIO4 amplamente empregado nestas reações de oxidação. Contudo, o uso de Oxone levou a resultados insatisfatórios em comparação com aqueles obtidos com NaIO4. / This dissertation presents the results obtained during the study of oxidative cleavage of bicyclic beta-hydroxyethers promoted by catalytic RuO4 aiming at obtention of medium ring keto-lactones (9 and 10 members). One of the aims of this work was to verify the use of non chlorinated solvents since the classic conditions for the RuO4 reactions involve the use of CCl4. Two solvents systems were used: a homogeneous one composed of MeCN and H2O (1:1) and a biphasic one composed by AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Both solvents systems were useful in these reactions, leading to 9 and 10 membered keto-lactones in moderate yields. However, the yields were lower than those observed when the mixture CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3) was employed. Moreover, the use of Oxone as co-oxidant in the reactions of oxidative cleavage promoted by RuO4 was investigated in replacement of NaIO4, widely employed in these oxidation reactions. However, the use of Oxone led to unsatisfactory results in comparison with those obtained with NaIO4.

Esta dissertação descreve os resultados obtidos no estudo da clivagem oxidativa de beta-hidróxi-éteres bicíclicos promovida por RuO4 catalítico visando à obtenção de ceto-lactonas de anel médio (9 e 10 membros). Um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi verificar o uso de solventes não clorados, uma vez que as condições clássicas para reações com RuO4 envolvem o uso de CCl4. Foram utilizados dois sistemas solventes: um homogêneo composto por MeCN e H2O (1:1) e um sistema bifásico composto por AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Ambos os sistemas solventes mostraram-se viáveis para estas reações, levando a obtenção de ceto-lactonas de 9 e 10 membros em rendimentos moderados, mas inferiores aos rendimentos obtidos quando empregada a mistura CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Além disso, foi estudado o uso de Oxone como co-oxidante nas reações de clivagem oxidativa promovidas por RuO4, em substituição ao NaIO4 amplamente empregado nestas reações de oxidação. Contudo, o uso de Oxone levou a resultados insatisfatórios em comparação com aqueles obtidos com NaIO4. / This dissertation presents the results obtained during the study of oxidative cleavage of bicyclic beta-hydroxyethers promoted by catalytic RuO4 aiming at obtention of medium ring keto-lactones (9 and 10 members). One of the aims of this work was to verify the use of non chlorinated solvents since the classic conditions for the RuO4 reactions involve the use of CCl4. Two solvents systems were used: a homogeneous one composed of MeCN and H2O (1:1) and a biphasic one composed by AcOEt/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3). Both solvents systems were useful in these reactions, leading to 9 and 10 membered keto-lactones in moderate yields. However, the yields were lower than those observed when the mixture CCl4/MeCN/H2O (2:2:3) was employed. Moreover, the use of Oxone as co-oxidant in the reactions of oxidative cleavage promoted by RuO4 was investigated in replacement of NaIO4, widely employed in these oxidation reactions. However, the use of Oxone led to unsatisfactory results in comparison with those obtained with NaIO4.

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der elektrochemischen Prozesse an der Elektrodengrenzfläche und im Festkörper graphitischer Anoden für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Der Zusammenhang zwischen den intrinsischen Eigenschaften des Aktivmaterials und den resultierenden Eigenschaften von Kompositelektroden stand dabei im Fokus der Untersuchungen. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit von Materialeigenschaften (Diffusionskoeffizient, Austauschstromdichte) und Elektrodeneigenschaften (Verhalten unter Strombelastung) wurde in einem Bereich von 40 °C bis -10 °C erfasst. Dazu werden elektrochemische Charakterisierungsmethoden aus der Literatur vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Gültigkeit für die Anwendung an realen Elektroden evaluiert. Die elektrochemisch aktive Oberfläche wurde bestimmt und stellte sich als ausschlaggebender Parameter für die Bewertung der Elektrodenprozesse heraus. Auf Basis korrigierter Elektrodenoberflächen konnten Austauschstromdichten für die konkurrierenden Prozesse Lithium-Interkalation und -Abscheidung ermittelt werden. Zusammen mit Kennwerten zur Keimbildungsüberspannung für Lithium-Abscheidung flossen die ermittelten Kennwerte in eine theoretische Berechnung des Zellstroms ein. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Lithium-Abscheidung kinetisch deutlich gegenüber der Lithium-Interkalation bevorzugt ist, nicht nur bei niedriger Temperatur. Die Übertragbarkeit wissenschaftlicher Grundlagenexperimente auf kommerzielle Systeme war bei allen Versuchen Gegenstand der Untersuchungen. In einem separaten Beispiel einer Oberflächenmodifikation mit Zinn wurde diese Problematik besonders verdeutlicht. Zusätzlich wurde die parasitäre Abscheidung von Lithium auf graphitischen Anoden hinsichtlich der Nachweisbarkeit und Quantifizierung evaluiert. Hierfür wurde eine neue Untersuchungsmethode im Bereich der Lithium-Ionen-Batterie zur besseren Detektion von Lithium-Abscheidung und Grenzflächen-Morphologie mittels Elektronenmikroskopie entwickelt. Die Osmiumtetroxid (OsO4) Färbung ermöglichte eine deutliche Verbesserung des Materialkontrasts und erlaubte somit eine gezielte Untersuchung von graphitischen Anoden nach erfolgter Lithium-Abscheidung. Darüber hinaus konnte die selektive Reaktion des OsO4 für eine genauere Betrachtung der Solid Electrolyte Interphase genutzt werden. Eine Stabilisierung der Proben an Luft und im Elektronenstrahl konnte erreicht werden. / This work sheds light on the electrochemical processes occurring at commercially processed graphitic anodes. It raises the question whether values published in literature for mostly ideal electrode systems can be readily taken for simulation and design of real electrodes in high-energy cells. A multiple step approach is given, evaluating different methods to determine electrode and material properties independently. The electrochemically active surface area was shown to be a crucial parameter for the calculation of electrode kinetics. Using exchange current densities corrected for the electrode surface area, the overall charging current in a cell could be calculated. The resulting part of lithium deposition in the charging process is strikingly high, not only at low temperatures. To further investigate lithium deposition in terms of morphology and quantity, a method was developed for graphitic anodes. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) staining serves well as a tool to strongly increase material contrast in electron microscopy. Thus lithium dendrites could be made visible in an unprecedented manner. Furthermore, the selective chemical reaction of osmium tetroxide allows for a better investigation of the multi-layer solid electrolyte interphase as was shown in transmission electron microscopy. Using the staining method, a stabilization of the sample under air and in the electron beam could be achieved.

This Thesis extends our fundamental knowledge of high-oxidation-state chemistry and in particular compounds of Xe(VIII), Xe(VI), and Ir(V). The crystal structure of XeVIIIO4 was obtained and provides important information on this fundamentally interesting endothermic and shock-sensitive compound. Macroscopic amounts of XeO3F2 have been prepared for the first time. Although the low-temperature Raman spectrum of solid XeO3F2 exhibits some frequency shifts and band splittings of the bending modes, the spectrum is similar to the Raman spectrum of the previously reported matrix-isolated compound. The crystal structures of decomposition and byproducts resulting from the syntheses of XeO3F2 have been obtained for [XeF5][HF2]∙XeOF4 and XeF2∙XeO2F2. The solid-state structure of xenon trioxide, XeO3, was reinvestigated by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and shown to exhibit polymorphism that is dependent on crystallization conditions. The previously reported α-phase (orthorhombic, P212121) only forms upon evaporation of aqueous HF solutions of XeO3. In contrast, two new phases, β-XeO3 (rhombohedral, R3) and gamma-XeO3 (rhombohedral, R3c) have been obtained by slow evaporation of aqueous solutions of XeO3. The extended structures of all three phases result from Xe=O----Xe bridge interactions among XeO3 molecules that arise from the amphoteric donor-acceptor nature of XeO3. The Xe atom of the trigonal pyramidal XeO3-unit has three Xe---O secondary bonding interactions. The orthorhombic α-phase displays the greatest degree of variation among the contact distances and has a significantly higher density than the rhombohedral phases. The ambient-temperature Raman spectra of solid α- and gamma-XeO3 have also been obtained and assigned for the first time. Xenon trioxide interacts with CH3CN and CH3CH2CN to form O3XeNCCH3, O3Xe(NCCH3)2, O3XeNCCH2CH3, and O3Xe(NCCH2CH3)2. Their low-temperature single-crystal X-ray structures show that the xenon atoms are consistently coordinated to three electron-donor atoms which result in pseudo-octahedral environments around their xenon atoms. The adduct series provides the first examples of a neutral xenon oxide bound to nitrogen bases. Energy-minimized gas-phase geometries and vibrational frequencies were obtained for the model compounds O3Xe(NCCH3)n (n = 1−3) and O3Xe(NCCH3)n∙[O3Xe(NCCH3)2]2 (n = 1, 2). The natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), electron localization function (ELF), and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) analyses were carried out to further probe the nature of the bonding in these adducts. Xenon trioxide forms adducts with the polytopic nitrogen base ligands: hexamine, DABCO, 2,2’-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 4,4’-bipyridine. The adducts were conveniently synthesized in aqueous or CH3CN solutions and are stable at room temperature. The crystal structures of hexamine∙2XeO3, hexamine∙XeO3∙H2O, 2,2’-bipyridine∙XeO3, 1,10-phenanthroline∙XeO3, and 4,4’-bipyridine∙XeO3 have been determined by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures consist of XeO3 molecules bridged by the ligands to form extended supramolecular networks with Xe---N bonds which range from 2.634(3) to 2.829(2) Å. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize and probe the room-temperature stabilities of these adducts. The reaction of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) with XeO3 in aqueous solutions yields thin, plate-shaped crystals which are severely twinned whereas the reaction of DABCO with XeO3 in the presence of HF forms [DABCOH]2[F2(XeO3)2]∙H2O and [DABCOH2][F][H2F3] which were also characterized by low-temperature X-ray crystallography and Raman spectroscopy. A reversible temperature-dependent phase transition occurred for [DABCOH]2[F2(XeO3)2]∙H2O. The structures of 2,2’-bipy∙XeO3 and 1,10-phen∙XeO3 provide the first examples of noble-gas chelates. The structure of hexamine∙XeO3∙H2O provides the first instance in which a noble-gas centre is coordinated by water. These compounds also represent the first examples of sp2- and sp3-hybridized N---Xe(VI) bonds and are rare examples of noble-gas compounds that are air-stable at ambient temperatures. Adducts between XeO3 and three molar equivalents of the nitrogen bases, pyridine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4-DMAP), have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of (C5H5N)3XeO3, {(CH3)2)2NC5H4N}3XeO3∙H2O have been determined by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction of hydrolyzed XeF6 in acetonitrile with pyridine or 4-DMAP afforded [C5H5NH]4[HF2]2[F2(XeO3)2] and [(CH3)2NC5H4NH][HF2]∙XeO3 which were characterized by low-temperature X-ray crystallography and Raman spectroscopy. The structures contain pyridinium cations that are hydrogen bonded to the fluoride coordinated to XeO3 and can be viewed as pyridinium fluoroxenates. The structure of (CH3)2NC5H5N∙XeO3∙H2O contains a water molecule that is hydrogen bonded to two oxygen atoms of two adjacent XeO3 molecules. The pyridine adduct, (C5H5N)3XeO3, was found to be relatively insensitive to shock, whereas the 4-DMAP adduct was extremely shock sensitive. The number of isolable compounds which contain different noble-gas−element bonds is limited for xenon and even more so for krypton. Examples of Xe−Cl bonds are rare and prior to this work, no definitive evidence for a Xe−Br bonded compound existed. The syntheses, isolation, and characterization of the first compounds to contain Xe−Br bonds ([N(C2H5)4]3[Br3(XeO3)3] and [N(CH3)4]4[Br4(XeO3)4]) and their chlorine analogues are described. The bromo- and chloroxenate salts are stable in the atmosphere at room temperature and were characterized in the solid state by Raman spectroscopy, low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and in the gas phase by quantum-chemical calculations. They are the only known examples of cage anions that contain a noble-gas element. The Xe−Br and Xe−Cl bonds are weakly covalent and can be viewed as σ-hole interactions, similar to halogen bonds. Xenon trioxide reacts with alkali metal fluorides and chlorides to form a variety of room-temperature stable fluoro- and chloroxenate salts. The reaction of XeO3 with various ratios of KF in water afforded three new compounds. The crystal structures of α-K[F(XeO3)2], β-K[F(XeO3)2], α-K[FXeO3], K2[F2(XeO3)] have been determined. The reaction of XeO3 with aqueous CsF resulted in Cs3[F3(XeO3)2]. The XeVI−F bond lengths range from 2.3520(18) to 2.5927(17) Å. No stable product was isolated when [N(CH3)4]F was the fluoride source, but in the presence of HF, crystals of [N(CH3)4]3[HF2]2[H2F3]∙2XeO3 were obtained. The reaction of KCl with XeO3 in equimolar amounts resulted in the formation of K[ClXeO3] whereas the analogous reaction with CsCl yielded Cs3[Cl3(XeO3)4]. Attempts to synthesize Xe–P and Xe–S bonded compounds were unsuccessful and instead resulted in adducts between XeO3 and O-bases such as the phosphine oxide adduct, {(C6H5)3PO}2XeO3 and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) adduct {(CH3)2SO}3(XeO3)2. Although DMSO was found to be resistant to oxidation by XeO3, no significant Xe---S bonding interactions were observed. Acetone was found to be highly resistant to oxidation by XeO3 and forms {(CH3)2CO}3XeO3 at low temperatures. The reaction of pyridine-N-oxide yielded large crystals of (C5H5NO)3(XeO3)2 in which the structure contains short chains in contrast with ((CH3)2SO)3(XeO3)2 whose structure consists of discrete dimers. The reaction of XeO3 with the oxidatively resistant main-group oxide anion source, [N(CH3)4][OTeF5] in CH3CN solvent afforded [N(CH3)4][F5TeOXeO3(CH3CN)2]. Xenon trioxide reacts with potassium hydroxide to form the previously known K4[XeO6]∙2XeO3 salt which was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and low-temperature X-ray crystallography. The reaction of MgO with XeO3 yielded single crystals of [Mg(OH2)6]4[XeO6(XeO3)12O2]∙12H2O, which also contains perxenate-XeO3 interactions. Alkali metal carbonates also incorporate XeO3 into their crystal lattices. Raman spectra of M2[CO3(XeO3)n]∙xH2O (M = Na, K, Rb) were recorded and contain intense bands assigned to the XeO3 stretching modes and very weak bands assigned to the [CO3]2− modes. The reaction of dilute aqueous solutions of XeO3 with RbOH and atmospheric CO2 afforded single crystals of Rb2[CO3(XeO3)2]∙2H2O which were characterized by low-temperature X-ray crystallography. Attempts to incorporate XeO3 into other polyatomic anion salts such as KMnO4, NaClO3, and NaNO3 were unsuccessful. The reaction of IrO2 with XeF6 in aHF provided [Xe2F11][IrF6], whereas the reaction of IrO2 with KrF2 with ClF3 in anhydrous HF solvent provided [ClO2][Ir2F11] and [ClO2][(μ-OIrF4)3]. The structure of [(μ-OIrF4)3]− consists of a six membered Ir3O3 ring with four terminal fluorine atoms on each Ir atom. It was also found that ClF3 forms an adduct with [Xe2F11][HF2] in which the structural parameters of ClF3 are very similar to that of solid ClF3. The [ClO2][Ir2F11] salt provides the first structural information on the [Ir2F11]− anion and the [(μ-OIrF4)3]− anion represents the first isolated iridium oxide fluoride species. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Xenon is a noble-gas element which is located in the far right-hand column of the periodic table and was previously thought to be chemically unreactive and incapable of forming compounds. In 1962, it was shown that xenon reacts with the most reactive compounds, such as elemental fluorine, but the resulting xenon compounds are themselves highly reactive. This Thesis extends the chemistry of some of the most unstable and chemically reactive xenon compounds that are currently known. One such compound, xenon trioxide, tends to easily detonate unless carefully handled. Methods of stabilizing xenon trioxide were developed and its behaviour with compounds which resulted in formation of new xenon compounds was studied. The molecular structures of these compounds were investigated in the solid with particular emphases on their chemical bonding. Iridium is one of the most chemically resistant metals known. Highly reactive xenon and krypton compounds were used synthesize new iridium compounds.