Superfícies funcionais dependem do controle das características das superfícies de um material para obter-se um desempenho funcional desejado. Essas superfícies têm importância em diversas áreas na engenharia, como: eletrônica, ótica, energia e tribologia. No campo da tribologia, uma aplicação é em virabrequins. A funcionalização da superfície adiciona micro cavidades que diminuem o atrito e aumentam as forças de sustentação do virabrequim. Para isso, essas cavidades possuem uma geometria específica, uma microrampa. Devido a essa forma especial, a fabricação dessas microrampas é complexa, já tendo sido alcançada empregando a metodologia de texturização com rebolos padronizados. Essa metodologia consiste na inscrição de padrões geométricos no rebolo durante a dressagem, posteriormente transferidos para a peça. Como a indústria moderna utiliza rebolos de CBN de ligante vitrificado para a retificação de virabrequins, a metodologia de texturização supracitada deve ser aplicável a esse ferramental. Esse trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma unidade de dressagem capaz de inscrever padrões geométricos em rebolos de CBN vitrificados, sendo seu projeto baseado em análise modal. O trabalho apresenta as restrições de projeto, conceitos de solução, simulações dinâmicas e modelagem do processo de texturização. Para maximizar a resposta dinâmica, a unidade foi projetada para operar próxima de sua frequência natural. A unidade projetada é capaz de inscrever padrões geométricos no rebolo utilizando um disco dressador rotativo, e as texturas das peças produzidas com esse rebolo padronizado apresentam boa precisão geométrica para a aplicação em virabrequins. / Engineered surfaces rely on the control of the surface characteristics of a material to achieve a desired functional performance. These functional surfaces are important in several areas of engineering, such as: electronics, optics, energy and tribology. On tribology field, an application is in crankshafts. The surface functionalization is achieved by adding micro-cavities that reduce friction and increase crankshaft lift forces. These cavities have a specific geometry, called microramp. Due to this special geometry, manufacturing microramps is a complex process, having been achieved using the methodology of texturizing via grinding. This methodology consists in the inscription of geometric patterns in the grinding wheel during the dressing operation, later transferred to the piece. As the modern industry uses vitrified CBN grinding wheels for crankshaft grinding, the texturing methodology should be applicable to this tool. This work describes the development of a dressing unit capable of inscribing geometric patterns in vitrified CBN grinding wheels, having its design based on modal analysis. The work presents the design constraints, solution concepts, dynamic simulations and modeling of the texturing process. To maximize dynamic response, the unit is designed to operate near its natural frequency. The designed unit can inscribe geometric patterns on the grinding wheel using a rotating dressing disc, and the textures of the parts produced have good geometric precision for crankshaft applications.

Superfícies funcionais dependem do controle das características das superfícies de um material para obter-se um desempenho funcional desejado. Essas superfícies têm importância em diversas áreas na engenharia, como: eletrônica, ótica, energia e tribologia. No campo da tribologia, uma aplicação é em virabrequins. A funcionalização da superfície adiciona micro cavidades que diminuem o atrito e aumentam as forças de sustentação do virabrequim. Para isso, essas cavidades possuem uma geometria específica, uma microrampa. Devido a essa forma especial, a fabricação dessas microrampas é complexa, já tendo sido alcançada empregando a metodologia de texturização com rebolos padronizados. Essa metodologia consiste na inscrição de padrões geométricos no rebolo durante a dressagem, posteriormente transferidos para a peça. Como a indústria moderna utiliza rebolos de CBN de ligante vitrificado para a retificação de virabrequins, a metodologia de texturização supracitada deve ser aplicável a esse ferramental. Esse trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma unidade de dressagem capaz de inscrever padrões geométricos em rebolos de CBN vitrificados, sendo seu projeto baseado em análise modal. O trabalho apresenta as restrições de projeto, conceitos de solução, simulações dinâmicas e modelagem do processo de texturização. Para maximizar a resposta dinâmica, a unidade foi projetada para operar próxima de sua frequência natural. A unidade projetada é capaz de inscrever padrões geométricos no rebolo utilizando um disco dressador rotativo, e as texturas das peças produzidas com esse rebolo padronizado apresentam boa precisão geométrica para a aplicação em virabrequins. / Engineered surfaces rely on the control of the surface characteristics of a material to achieve a desired functional performance. These functional surfaces are important in several areas of engineering, such as: electronics, optics, energy and tribology. On tribology field, an application is in crankshafts. The surface functionalization is achieved by adding micro-cavities that reduce friction and increase crankshaft lift forces. These cavities have a specific geometry, called microramp. Due to this special geometry, manufacturing microramps is a complex process, having been achieved using the methodology of texturizing via grinding. This methodology consists in the inscription of geometric patterns in the grinding wheel during the dressing operation, later transferred to the piece. As the modern industry uses vitrified CBN grinding wheels for crankshaft grinding, the texturing methodology should be applicable to this tool. This work describes the development of a dressing unit capable of inscribing geometric patterns in vitrified CBN grinding wheels, having its design based on modal analysis. The work presents the design constraints, solution concepts, dynamic simulations and modeling of the texturing process. To maximize dynamic response, the unit is designed to operate near its natural frequency. The designed unit can inscribe geometric patterns on the grinding wheel using a rotating dressing disc, and the textures of the parts produced have good geometric precision for crankshaft applications.

Dans la fabrication de cellules photovoltaïques en silicium, certaines étapes cruciales utilisant des procédés humides pourraient être remplacées par des procédés secs. En effet des gains significatifs de rendement de conversion peuvent être obtenus avec la texturisation, le polissage de la face arrière et la gravure du BRL (Boron Ritch layer) par plasma. Cette thèse présente le développement d'un procédé de texturisation par voie sèche adapté au silicium multicristallin et monolike hybride (mono-multi). Pour cela un réacteur plasma de type direct a été conçu et breveté par la société SEMCO ENGINEERING. Ces travaux se divisent en trois parties distinctes. Tout d'abord la technique de texturisation par plasma, l'optimisation des paramètres du réacteur et les avantages de cette dernière par rapport à la texturisation classique ont été abordés. Le développement d'un réacteur compatible avec une ligne industrielle est ensuite abordé : optimisation des différents paramètres du réacteur afin d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats cellules. Enfin d'autres applications ont été démontrées possibles avec l'utilisation de notre réacteur, avec notamment le polissage de la face arrière des wafers de silicium et de la gravure du BRL (Boron Ritch Layer) sur des substrats de type n. La comparaison des résultats avec celles humides nous a montrée des résultats très encourageants. A terme, une amélioration du rendement de conversion de l'ordre de 0,2 à 0,3% a été obtenue sur du silicium multicristallin et du monolike et une amélioration esthétique des cellules sur panneau solaire avec notre technique de texturisation plasma. Ces résultats permettent de démontrer la compatibilité de l'utilisation de cet équipement dans une ligne industrielle de fabrication de cellule solaire. Mots-clés : Cellules solaire, Silicium multicristallin, monolike hybride, procédés plasma, polissage, BRL (Boron Ritch Layer). / A significant efficiency gain for crystalline silicon solar cell can be achieved by the use of dry process. Indeed significant gains in conversion efficiency can be achieved with texturing, polishing the back face and burning the BRL (Boron Ritch layer) by using plasma process.In this paper Dry plasma processing for industrial crystalline silicon solar cell was studied.This thesis focuses on the replacement of wet processes by dry processes in the manufacture of silicon photovoltaic cells. This work is divided into three distinct parts. First Technique texturing plasma, parameter optimization of the reactor and the advantages thereof with respect to the conventional texturing has been discussed. The development of a compatible with an industrial line reactor is then discussed: optimizing different parameters of the reactor in order to obtain the best results cells. Other possible applications have been demonstrated with the use of our reactor, including polishing the backside of silicon wafers and etching BRL (Boron Ritch Layer) on n-type substrates.An improvement of the conversion efficiency on the order of 0.2 to 0.3 % has been demonstrated on multicristalline and monolike silicon wafers and Aesthetic of solar panel was improved. Key words: Silicon wafer, Plasma texturing, multicristalline wafer, monolike wafer……………

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Sajid Alavi / Texturized vegetable protein (TVP) based foods offer several advantages compared to animal protein, including lower costs and improved health benefits. Wheat gluten is often processed using extrusion to produce TVP. Processing aids, such as reducing agents (example, cysteine and sodium metabisulfite) and pH modifiers (example, tetra potassium phosphate) aid in texturization. Reduction of sulfhydryl groups, cleavage of disulfide bonds, and reformation of bonds between elongated protein molecules results in protein aggregation and texturization. This study focused on development of a fundamental understanding of these mechanisms for texturization using analytical tools such as the phase transition analyzer (PTA), in combination with lab- and pilot-scale extrusion. The abovementioned three chemicals were added to four varieties of gluten. The control treatment had no additives. PTA was used to understand the operative flow properties of gluten in an environment similar to an extrusion system. Addition of sulfite (0.18%) and cysteine (0.18%) lowered the thermal softening (Ts:36.6-44.1 °C) and thermal flow (Tf:79.6-105.6 °C) temperatures of all varieties of gluten as compared to the controls (Ts:38.8-48.2 °C; Tf:91.7-112.2 °C). Phosphate (3%) did not have the same lowering effect on Ts (40.2-47.0 °C) and Tf (96.2-108.2 °C), indicating a different mechanism. Extrusion studies were conducted to gain an understanding of the reformation of disulfide bonds and texturization. Two of the varieties of gluten, a “superior” one that texturizes well and an “inferior” gluten requiring texturizing aids, were processed on a lab-scale extruder. Pilot scale extrusion was used to process the other two glutens (“superior” varieties) to obtain commercial quality products, which were evaluated for degree of texturization (hydration rate, absorption index and integrity). During lab-scale extrusion, texturization was observed only in the case of phosphate and corresponded with an increase in specific mechanical energy (SME) as compared to the control, indicating disulfide bond reformation. Phosphate also led to significantly (p<0.05) better texturization during pilot-scale extrusion, although SME trends were different due to higher in-barrel moisture and a more ideal extrusion system. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to examine protein structural changes and indicated a loss of α-helix structure in TVP with an increase in β-sheet formation.

Estudos recentes em medicina regenerativa utilizam estruturas de crescimento celular conhecidas como scaffolds: um scaffolds é uma estrutura porosa feita de material biodegradável. Essas estruturas ajudam na formação e reconstituição de novos tecidos, servindo como suporte para o crescimento e proliferação celular. Esses podem ser fabricados utilizando processos de manufatura aditiva (MA). O processo utilizado na pesquisa foi o FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication), que se baseia em fundir polímero e extrudá-lo em forma de filamento para produção de peças tridimensionais para confecção dos scaffolds. O polímero utilizado na pesquisa foi o ácido poliláctico (PLA), por ser biocompatível. Uma possível forma de aumentar a rugosidade de superfície é gerar uma geometria diferente na seção transversal do filamento extrudado que forma o scaffold. Assim, o scaffold adquiriria a micro-rugosidade ou nanorrugosidade (rugosidade superficial do material utilizado e inerente do processo), e a macrorrugosidade (geometria gerada ao longo de seu comprimento): a micro-rugosidade, para fins deste trabalho, será considerada como a rugosidade (acabamento de uma superfície); a macrorrugosidade (ou macrogeometria) será considerada, para fins deste trabalho, como a textura que se apresenta na forma de uma seção transversal de um filamento extrudado. Para gerar essa macrotextura, é necessário gerar na ferramenta bico extrusor uma geometria diferente na saída do bico. Geralmente, na saída do bico extrusor é feito um furo de geometria circular. Foi proposto neste estudo utilizar uma geometria diferente de um círculo na saída do bico, geometria essa a ser transferida ao filamento durante o momento da extrusão. A alteração desta geometria requer a utilização de técnicas não convencionais de usinagem. Neste projeto foram produzidos filamentos modificados a fim de melhorar a citocompatibilidade no scaffold. A morfologia foi analisada in vitro e o novo bico gerou filamentos impressos com diferenças na citocompatibilidade e com mudanças nos aspectos morfológicos das células quando comparadas àquelas aderidas aos filamentos convencionais. / Recent studies in regenerative medicine use cell growth structures known as scaffolds: a scaffold is a porous structure made of biodegradable material. These structures aid in the formation and reconstitution of new tissues, serving as a support for cell growth and proliferation. They are manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The technology executed in this research was the FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication), which is based on melting polymer in the form of a filament and extruding it for the production of three-dimensional parts for the manufacture of scaffolds. The polymer used in this research was the polylactic acid (PLA), which was used because it is biocompatible. One possible way to increase surface roughness is to generate a geometry in the cross section of the extruded filament forming the scaffold. Thus, the scaffold would acquire the micro-roughness or nano roughness (surface roughness of the material used and inherent in the process), and the macro-roughness (texture generated along its length): the micro-roughness, for purposes of this work, will be considered a roughness (surface finish); The macro-roughness (or macro-geometry) will be considered, for purposes of this work, as the texture which is in the form of a cross-section of an extruded filament. To generate this texture (macro-roughness) it is necessary to generate a macro-geometry in the nozzle extruder tool. Usually at the exit of the extruder nozzle is made a hole of circular geometry. It was proposed in this study to use a geometry different from a circle at the exit of the nozzle to be transferred to the filament during the moment of the extrusion. Altering this geometry requires the use of non-conventional machining techniques. In this project modified filaments were produced in order to improve cytocompatibility and for cell differentiation in the scaffold. The morphology was tested in vitro and the new nozzle was able to generate printed filaments with differences in cytocompatibility and with changes in the morphological aspects of the cells when compared to those adhered to the conventional filaments.

Der Siliciumauflöseprozess in HF-HNO3-H2SO4/H2O-Lösungen unterscheidet sich vom Ätzprozess in HF-HNO3-H2O-Standardmischungen in Bezug auf die Reaktivität gegenüber Silicium, erzielte Oberflächenmorpholgien sowie die beim Ätzen entstehenden gelösten und gasförmigen Produkte. Durch die Behandlung in H2SO4-reichen HF-HNO3-H2SO4/H2O-Lösungen werden auf Siliciumwafern Texturen mit hoher Rauigkeit und geringer Reflexion erzeugt. mc-Si-Solarzellen texturiert durch eine H2SO4-reiche Ätzlösung weisen vergleichend zu Solarzellen mit Standardtexturen höhere Wirkungsgrade auf. In HF-HNO3-H2SO4/H2O-Lösungen mit hohen Schwefelsäurekonzentrationen (c(H2SO4) > c(H2O)) wirkt sowohl das Salpetersäuremolekül HNO3 als auch das Nitrylion NO2+ als Oxidationsmittel. Trifluorsilan HSiF3 und Hexafluordisiloxan F3SiOSiF3 wurden erstmalig als gasförmige Produkte des sauren nasschemischen Ätzens identifiziert. Anhand von Modellreaktionen zur Reaktivität von Nitrylionen wurde deren Reduktionssequenz im Siliciumätzprozess aufgeklärt.

Der Siliciumauflöseprozess in HF-HNO3-H2SO4/H2O-Lösungen unterscheidet sich vom Ätzprozess in HF-HNO3-H2O-Standardmischungen in Bezug auf die Reaktivität gegenüber Silicium, erzielte Oberflächenmorpholgien sowie die beim Ätzen entstehenden gelösten und gasförmigen Produkte. Durch die Behandlung in H2SO4-reichen HF-HNO3-H2SO4/H2O-Lösungen werden auf Siliciumwafern Texturen mit hoher Rauigkeit und geringer Reflexion erzeugt. mc-Si-Solarzellen texturiert durch eine H2SO4-reiche Ätzlösung weisen vergleichend zu Solarzellen mit Standardtexturen höhere Wirkungsgrade auf. In HF-HNO3-H2SO4/H2O-Lösungen mit hohen Schwefelsäurekonzentrationen (c(H2SO4) > c(H2O)) wirkt sowohl das Salpetersäuremolekül HNO3 als auch das Nitrylion NO2+ als Oxidationsmittel. Trifluorsilan HSiF3 und Hexafluordisiloxan F3SiOSiF3 wurden erstmalig als gasförmige Produkte des sauren nasschemischen Ätzens identifiziert. Anhand von Modellreaktionen zur Reaktivität von Nitrylionen wurde deren Reduktionssequenz im Siliciumätzprozess aufgeklärt.