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Circular migration is a temporary form of movement and has emerged as a subset in the field of migration and has gained importance since it is the major factor affecting population movements within the countries. This study documents the role of socio-demographic and other characteristics in rural-urban migration decisions in Northeast Thailand, using data originally gathered to redirect rural to urban movement in the area. The study utilizes multiple regression techniques to account for the above factors on circular migration in Northeast Thailand. / Master of Science

Techniques were developed for the purpose of applying soil and water conservation structure designs utilized in the United States for use in Thailand. Design parameters currently being used in the United States were first studied and evaluated as to their development and application. The range of application of the various soil and water conservation structures were determined. This process included an evaluation of the soil types, land use, topography, and climatic factors in terms of their effect on the types of soil and water conservation structure designs to be utilized. Since the parameters may act separately or in various combinations, design limits are essential for each one. In the second step of the study, all available survey data applicable in characterizing these same parameters in Thailand were assembled and analyzed for each region. From this analysis, design ranges and the limits for each factor were estimated, based on the research and experience in the United States. Particular attention focused on the research of Beasley and the research compiled in the Engineering Field Manual. Finally, these estimated design values for Thailand's conditions were substituted in United States formulae. From these substitutions, other design procedures for model designs of several major engineering soil and water conservation structures were developed. / Master of Science

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<p>Thailand’s economy has gone through a quick development during the past two decades As a result of the economic crisis in 1997, His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej introduced the philosophy of sufficiency economy (SE). SE is built upon a model which can be used every day, notonly during crises, to strengthen the economy within the country and the society. Due to the worldwide attention on the philosophy it is interesting to research how applicable SE is in Sweden or generally worldwide.The aim of the field study and the thesis is to obtain a contemporary interpretation of the applicability of sufficiency economy.The approach of the field study consisted of four main steps; feasibility study, research tool, the field study procedure and evaluation. The study includes a literature study with a combination of interviews with key persons, a multinational company situated in Bangkok and Thai students. The intention of the selection was to obtain a conceptual interpretation of SE in relation to the interviewed people. The answers of the different groups were first put in their own context, and then a comparison was made in order to make the analysis.Several different opinions were uncovered regarding the interpretation of SE. It is necessary to interpret it at an individual level.The rational decision making and following the middle way is important to achieve a balanced life. However it is a knowledge gap within theThai society where it is important to have a stable government and the right spokesman of SE.</p> / Mior Field Studies via SIDA

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Kingdom of Siam's territorial integrity and independence were threatened by the great imperial Powers of France and Great Britain. In the course of the century and in the first decade of the twentieth century, Siam conceded extraterritorial rights, gave fiscal concessions, lost some of her territories to the two Great Powers, but maintained her independence. She owed her survival as an independent nation, on the one hand, to her distant position, from the major trade routes of the period and to the rivalry between France and Great Britain, and, on the other hand, to her accommodating diplomacy and to the modernization of her government and administration. This Thesis examines one aspect of Siam's modernization of her government and administration namely the creation, the growth, and the achievements of the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rachanuphap between 1392 and 1915. The subject of the modernization of the Ministry of the Interior was chosen because it makes a contribution to the knowledge of the history of Siam. It is concerned with Siam's internal politics in both its metropolitan and provincial settings. It also deals with much of Siam's external politics in the nineteenth century and in the first decade of the twentieth century. The main body of the Thesis is a detailed examination of Siam's traditional provincial administration, its gradual reform in the 1870s and 1880s, the creation of the centralized system of provincial administration known as the Thesaphiban system of provincial administration between 1892 and 1899, and its implementation and development between 1899 and 1915. This Thesis is occupied not only with the provincial but also with other branches of the administration. The Ministry of the Interior had during this period subsidiary departments, namely the Forestry, Mines, Provincial Gendarmerie, Provincial Revenue, Health, and Provincial Criminal Investigation Departments. It also helped to extend the work of the Ministries of Education, Defence, and Agriculture into the provinces. The subject of the modernization of the Ministry of the Interior was also chosen because it bears some relation to problems of more general historical interest. The survival of Siam as an independent nation thanks partly to the reform of her government and administration is related to the question of the modernization and westernization of non-European countries in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The Thesis attempts to analyse the internal and external forces which caused Siam to reform her government and administration. At the same time, it tries to detect the traditional western elements in the various schemes of modernization. In this way, the Thesis might ultimately be of some use to comparative studies of modernization and westernization between non-European nations such as between Siam and Japan. The treatment is original inasmuch as it is the first time that archival sources have been used in the study of this subject. Hitherto, the best studies or the subject such as Detchard Vongkomolshet's 'The Administrative, Judicial, and Financial Reforms of King Chulalongkorn 1868-1910' (Cornell Univ. M.A. thesis 1958) and Chakkrit Moranitiphadungkan's Somdet Phrachao Borommawongthoe Krom Phraya Damrong Rachanuphap kap Krasuang Mahatthai, Prince Damrong Rachanuphap and the Ministry of the Interior (Bangkok, 1963) have used only published sources such as printed documents, official journals, and memoirs. These works are also limited 'by a legalistic approach which concentrates on the declaration of intentions rather than on an investigation of the implementation of the edicts and regulations in the field. The Thesis tries to show that there was a great deal of discrepancy between the government's ideals and their practical fulfilment. This disparity existed both before and after the reform of the government and the administration in the 1880s and 1890s. On the one hand, it seems, for instance, that traditional Siamese government and administration worked quite differently in theory and in practice in both their metropolitan and provincial settings. On the other hand, it appears that, as far as the Ministry of the Interior was concerned, the promulgation of reforms in the 1880s and 1890s did not entail their immediate fulfilment. The Ministry faced active opposition and passive resistance to the modernisation of the provincial administration. The government's lacK of money also meant that it suffered from a scarcity of professional civil servants which in turn resulted in a iacK of leadership and efficiency in the implementation of reforms in every sphere and at every level of the provincial administration. The Thesis ends by asking the reader to treat the Siamese government and administration according to their contemporary terms. The traditional government and administration, although they worked quite differently in theory and in practice, were not only capable of managing internal politics but also of executing ambitious external policies. The Ministry or the Interior, in spite of the disparity between the declaration of intentions and the implementation of reforms, did manage to overcome active and passive opposition and to lay the foundation for a centralized system of provincial administration. Although its success did perhaps imply that Siamese administration became somewhat over-centralized and over-bureaucratized, the Ministry did try to forestall and to remove these drawbacks by laying at the same time the foundation for self-government at the village and municipal levels. Finally, the Thesis pays tribute to Prince Damrong Rachanuphap who helped to create, to lead, and to inspire the Siamese Ministry of the Interior froiu 1892 to 1915.

Mvcohacterium spp, the etiological agent of mycobacteriosis, has recently been responsible for serious infections in two economically important fish species cultured in Thailand; snakehead (Channa striata) and Siamese fighting fish (Berta splendens). Attempts to detect and identify the pathogens to species level, in fish tissue and the environment, have so far been unsuccessful, mainly due to the poor levels of sensitivity and specificity of the detection methods used, based on conventional bacteriology and histology. In this study, a variety of novel techniques were developed and used for more effective identification of Mycobacterium spp., including monoclonal antibody-based assays, DNA-based techniques and mass spectrometry. A monoclonal antibody (Mab 8F7) probe was developed against M. marinum, which was successfully used to identify M. marinum in infected fish tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and from pure bacterial cultures by enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The molecular-based techniques employed to detect the pathogen included in situ hybridisation (ISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse cross blot hybridisation. The PCR was developed using primers available from the literature which amplified mycobacterial 16S rDNA. The products of the reaction were identified to species level by PCR-reverse cross blot hybridisation. M. inarinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae were identified using this method. The same primers as those used in the PCR, were used as probes in ISH to identify Mycobacterium spp to genus level in infected fish tissues. spectrometry. A range of Mvcohocterium spp. isolated from fish located in different geographical regions were identified and characterised using Mab 8F7, pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and PCR-reverse cross blot hybridisation and PyMS analysis showed that three distinct groups of mycobacteria were involved in mycobacteriosis in Thailand and Israel. The groups were clustered around either type strains M. fortuitum-M. chelonae or M. marinum, or around an unspeciated Mycobacterium spp. The unspeciated isolates were identified as M. marinum by PCR analysis and were mainly isolated from fish cultured in Israel. M. marinum from Israel and Thailand appeared to be different from each other since the isolates from Thailand reacted positively with Mab 8F7, whereas isolates obtained from fish in Israel were negative. PCR-reverse cross blot hybridisation was used to establish the identity of Mycobacterium spp involved in mycobacteriosis outbreaks affecting Siamese fighting fish and snakehead fish in Thailand. PCR was also utilised to analyse environmental samples taken from these farm sites. Siamese fighting fish farmers are known to suffer from skin lesions caused by Mycobacterium spp and therefore biopsies were taken from the farmers for analysis by PCR-reverse cross blot hybridisation. Analysis revealed that two species, M. fortuitum and M. marinum, were involved in the mycobacterial infections observed in both fish species. M. fortuitum and M. marinum were also both found in environmental samples including water, sediment and fish food. However, M. fortuitum was the isolate most frequently found. Skin lesions were only observed amongst the Siamese fighting fish farmers, while the snakehead fish farmers did not seem to be effected. Analysis of the biopsies from the skin lesions by PCR reverse cross blot hybridisation revealed that M. fortuitum was the main etiological agent associated with these lesions.

M.Comm. / The fundamental aim of this study is to investigate some of the main development strategies for promoting tourism to Thailand and to make suggestions for tourism development in South Africa. Thailand's tourism performance over the past several years is a good lesson for the successful development of tourism in South Africa. It is generally believed that a country can gain from the promotion of tourism through employment creation, income generation, and foreign exchange earnings. Since one of the major problems of developing countries is the high level of unemployment and under-employment, tourism can help generate investment in various businesses such as hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops, and tour agencies which can create a large number of jobs for these countries. Through the multiplier effect, the country can generate even higher national income. Due to the importance of the tourism industry as mentioned above, ways should be found to maintain or increase the growth rate of the industry. In order to do so, a better understanding of the tourist industry must be made available to policy-makers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate job satisfaction among full-time faculty members of nursing colleges in Thailand, by using the Faculty Job Satisfaction /Dissatisfaction Scale developed by Olin R. Wood. The investigation was based on the ten factors of job satisfaction selected from the Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene theory as follows: achievement, growth, interpersonal relations, policy and administration, recognition, responsibility, salary, supervision, work itself, and working conditions. The questionnaire consisted of 68 items, using a six-point rating scale for ten factors of job satisfaction. The population consisted of 621 full-time nursing faculty members in twenty-one nursing colleges across the country of Thailand. A total of 408 nursing faculty members or 65.70 percent of the population participated in this study. Frequencies, percentage, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, regression analysis, and coefficience of concordance W. were used in the follow-up investigation, with the level of significance at .05.

The purpose of this study is to identify and compare the perceptions of practicing teachers and college instructors toward four components of inservice education programs: content, organization, format of presentation, and participant involvement in the teachers colleges in Thailand. The comparison is based on the demographic variables of sex, age, educational background, and teaching experience in the institution. The "In-Service Education Attitude Survey" by Yesuratnam, Basimalla at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois in 1982 was used to gather data for this study. It was distributed to a sample of 380 practicing teachers and college instructors in 19 randomly selected teachers colleges in Thailand; 368 usable instruments were returned (97.15%). The data were treated to produce numbers and percentages. The t tests for two independent samples were computed to determine any statistically significant differences between the respondent groups of practicing teachers and college instructors, and between the practicing elementary and secondary school teachers. The F tests were also utilized to determine any statistically significant differences among the variables of practicing teachers and college instructors.