Falls are a major concern for the health and safety of older adults worldwide. This dissertation consists of three primary studies that focus on fall prevention through tailored interventions based on optimal physical activity (PA) recommendations, the incongruence between physiological fall risk and fear of falling (FOF), and the development of a balance perturbation device for reactive balance assessment and training in older adults. The first study investigated the combined effects of PA and sedentary behavior (SB) on fall risk and body composition in older adults. Results showed that low sedentary status was associated with reduced fall risk and better body composition profile, even in those not meeting PA guidelines. These findings highlight the need to identify the optimal ratio of SB, light-intensity PA (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) that can help reduce fall risk among older adults. The second study examined how the discrepancy between physiological fall risk and FOF in older adults is associated with their habitual PA levels. Results showed that FOF is a significant barrier for older adults to engage in high-intensity PA, regardless of balance and strength. These findings emphasize the need for tailored intervention strategies to promote PA based on an individual's FOF and physiological fall risk. The third study developed a cable-driven ankle perturbation system for studying reactive balance responses in older adults. Reactive balance is distinct from static and dynamic balance abilities and can provide more task-specificity in recovering balance stability following unexpected walking perturbations, such as slips or trips. Preliminary results from one healthy young subject demonstrated that the system could deliver random, unanticipated slip and trip perturbations of varying intensities at specific points in the gait cycle. Further investigation is necessary to validate its effectiveness as an assessment and training tool for improving reactive balance responses in older adults.

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The research  concerning lignin in high value applications has increased  during the last years due to its renewability and availability in the black liquor from pulp mills. Today  the major part of kraft lignin found  in the black liquor is used as fuel to gain energy  in the recovery boiler. Lignin functions as natural  glue in plants so that the function of kraft lignin as a phenol replacement in wood adhesives has been researched. Due to lignin's low reactivity the molecule must be modified  prior to use. Demethylation is a method  to increase the phenolic content  in lignin to produce  more reactive  sites. Thiol  mediated  and iodine mediated demethylation was performed. Demethylated lignin was characterized by changes  in phenolic and hydroxylic groups,  molecular  mass, elemental  composition and other  properties  using methods including  UV, SEC and 31 P NMR.   The results showed  a decrease in the phenolic  content  contrary  to the increase  that was expected. Really low yields were also gained  which makes the results non-representative. Size evaluation showed  that the percentage of high molecular  content  in the demethylated lignin sample  had increased,  which  point towards the loss of low molecular mass fractions.  Due to demethylation lignin may have been more hydrophilic and soluble  in DMF and water. In addition  to this bond cleavage  may have produced  smaller  fragments which also increase  the solubility. The results point towards  the loss of smaller  fragments in the DMF and water phases.   The applied demethylation methods were evaluated  in context of green chemistry. Production, waste,  involving chemicals and efficiency were discussed  and analyzed. The applied demethylation methods  use DMF as solvent  which  is not a green alternative, greener solvents such as water or other energy  adding  methods  could  be used to make the process  greener.  The use ofNaOMe produces  methanol  as a byproduct  which could be eliminated by using NaOH, future studies  on the efficiency of the bases in the needs to be done.   Nature science  has a reputation  of being hard and firm. By bringing  in social  issues in science education new ways of looking  at science  opens  up. A social problem  and at the same time an environmental problem  in today's  society  is the large plastic mountain in the Pacific Ocean. An educational material  of the "Samhallsfragor med Naturvetenskapligt Innehiill",SNI, (Societal  issues with scientific content)  principle  has been evaluated with respect  to the abilities that can developed together  with whether  students  increase  their science  knowledge through  this. The study showed  that students  can develop  almost  all abilities  described  in the curriculum and their knowledge in science  by this type of material. Keywords Biomaterial, lignin reactivity,  thiol mediated  demethylation, iodine mediated demethylation, green chemistry, SNl-fall. / Forskning kring lignin i produkter har ökat under de senaste åren på grund av lignins fornyelsebarhet och tillganglighet i svartluten från massabruken. Idag används den största delen av sulfatligninet från svartluten som bränsle for att producera energi i sodapannan. Lignin fungerar som ett naturligt lim i växter och på grund av detta undersöks funktionen av kraftlignin som fenolersättning i trälim. Med anledning av ligninmolekylens låga reaktivitet behover lignin modifieras fore användning i produkter. Demetylering är en metod för att öka fenolhalten i lignin och skapa en högre reaktivitet. I denna studie utfördes Tiolmedierad och jodidmedierad demetylering. Det demetylerade ligninet utvärderades med avseende på forändringar i  fenol-och hydroxylgrupper, molekylvikt, elementarsammansättning och andra egenskaper med hjälp av olika metoder,inklusive UV, SEC och 31 P NMR.   Resultaten visade en minskning i fenolinnehall  i motsats till den ökning som förväntades. Riktigt låga utbyten påvisades också vilket gör att resultaten inte är representativa. Storleksutvärdering  visade att andelen med högt molekylviktsinnehåll i det demetylerade ligninproven hade ökat, vilket pekar mot förlust av lågmolekylära fraktioner. På grund av demetyleringen kan ligninet ha blivit mer hydrofilt och lösligt i DMF och vatten. Utöver detta kan bindningsklyvning ha skapat mindre fragment som också ökat lösligheten. Resultaten pekar mot förlust av mindre fragment i DMF-och vattenfaserna.   De tillämpade demetyleringsmetoderna  utvärderades med avseende på grön kemi. Produktion, avfall, kemikalier och effektivitet diskuterades och analyserades. De tillämpade demetyleringsmetoderna  använder DMF som lösningsmedel, vilket inte är ett grönt alternativ. Grönare lösningsmedel såsom vatten, eller andra typer av energitillsättning, kan användas för att göra processen miljövänligare. Användandet av NaOMe i den thiolmedierade demethyleringen skapar metanol som en biprodukt vilket kan bytas ut mot vatten om NaOH istället används. Vidare studier behöver göras för att undersöka de båda baserna effektivitet.   Naturvetenskapen har ett rykte om att vara hård och fast. Genom att föra in sociala frågor i den naturvetenskapliga utbildningen kan nya sätt att se på vetenskapen skapas. Ett samhälls problem och samtidigt ett miljöproblem i dagens sämhalle är det stora plast berget i Stillahavet. Ett undervisningsmaterial för"Samhällsfrågor Med Naturvetenskapligt Innehåll", SNI, principen har utvärderats med avseende på vilka förmågor som kan tränas tillsammans med huruvida eleverna kan öka sin vetenskapliga kunskap. Studien visade att eleverna kan utveckla nästan alia formågor som beskrivs i läroplanen och sina kunskaper inom naturvetenskapen genom denna typ av utbildningsmaterial.   Nyckelord Biomaterial, ligninreaktivitet, tiol medierad demetylering, jodmedierad demetylering,grön kemi, SNI-fall.

Hate crime is an umbrella concept where the motive is to violate an individual or group based on their ethnicity, skin color, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or gender identity or expression. This study examined police reports from the year 2018, marked as hate crimes. The sample consisted of 8 cases of violent crimes containing, a completed interrogation, an identifiable hate motive and where the offense was made by either a majority offender on minority victim or a minority offender on minority victim. The study aimed to examine whether the police use stereotypes to enable quick and easy identification of an underlying motive. Athematic analysis was used to examine if stereotypes were being utilized and if any differences occurred between the handling of cases of majority-on-minority versus minority-on-minority. Two theoretical frameworks were used to understand the mechanism behind the use of stereotypes, and which victims who are assigned most sympathy from society and can thereby be defined as ideal victims of hate crime. The results indicated that the hate motive was expressed more explicitly in cases where the offender belonged to a majority group. These cases also contained more stereotypical traits, which could make it easier for law enforcement to recognize the hate motive. In the dominant part of the examined cases, both stereotypical and non-stereotypical traits were visible, indicating that law enforcement partly forgoes these stereotypes when identifying the hate motive. More training would be beneficial to stress the importance of a more detailed description of the hate motive in the report's criminal text - and how it determines the success of the investigation. / Hatbrott är ett paraplybegrepp och innebär brott där motivet är att kränka en individ eller grupp på grund av deras etniska ursprung, hudfärg, trosbekännelse, sexuella läggning eller könsöverskridande identitet eller uttryck. Studien undersökte brottsrapporter från polisens register år 2018 som blivit markerade som hatbrott. Urvalet bestod av 8 misshandelsfall som innehöll förhör, ett identifierbart hatmotiv och där förbrytelsen var utförd av antingen en majoritetsförövare på ett minoritetsoffer eller en minoritetsförövare på ett minoritetsoffer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om polisen använder stereotyper för att snabbt och lätt komma fram till rätt underliggande motiv. En tematisk analys användes för att undersöka om stereotyper användes, samt om det förekom skillnader mellan hanteringen av fall från majoritet-på-minoritetsgruppen och minoritet-på-minoritets gruppen. Två teoretiska ramverk användes för att förstå mekanismen bakom användningen av stereotyper samt vilka offer som kan anses definieras som ideala hatbrottsoffer. Resultaten indikerade att hatmotivet blev presenterat mer explicit i de rapporter där förövaren tillhörde en majoritetsgrupp. Dessa fall innehöll även fler stereotypiska drag, vilket kan innebära att polisen har lättare för att känna igen hatmotiven. I majoriteten av de undersökta fallen framkom det att de flesta innehöll både stereotypiska och icke stereotypiska drag, vilket visar att polisen faktiskt frångår stereotyperna till viss del i processen att identifiera motivet. Därtill skulle mer utbildning vara mer fördelaktigt för att betona vikten av en mer detaljerad beskrivning av hatmotivet i brottsrapportens fritext - och hur detta avgör undersökningsprocessens framgång.

Bakgrund: Det som skiljer fotbollsbranschen från övriga företag är att framgång i inte enbart mäts i ökade marknadsandelar eller intäkter utan även utifrån sportsliga framgångar. Traditionell finansteori med utgångspunkt i ekonomisk rationalitet kontrasterar en känslobaserad beteendeekonomi för att förklara vad som driver fotbollsklubbars aktiepriser. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera och kartlägga vilka typer av nyheter som har drivit stora prisförändringar och analysera om det finns andra faktorer än ekonomiskt rationella som påverkar aktiepriserna. Avgränsningar: Uppsatsen undersöker alla upp- och nedgångar med en residual större än 7 % för tio av totalt 22 börsnoterade fotbollsklubbar i Europa som återfinns på STOXX Football Index. Tidsperioden är 2015-04-05 till och med 2016-04-04 och vald utifrån Thomson Reuters Eikons detaljerade nyhetsbevakning. Aktieurvalet är gjort utifrån de språk författarna behärskar väl. Metod: Historisk kvantitativ data kring aktiekursernas slutpriser har inhämtas från databasen Thomson Reuters Eikon i syfte att identifiera större procentuella upp- och nedgångarna. Därefter har en kartläggning av offentlig kvalitativ information som korrelerar med upp- respektive nedgångar systematiskt inhämtats från databasen samt kompletterats med offentlig information från fotbollsklubbarnas hemsidor, matchresultat och nyhetssidor. Resultat: Studien visar att aktieemissioner och sportsliga resultat är de vanligaste orsakerna till de största upp- respektive nedgångarna hos fotbollsaktier. Många upp- och nedgångar kan förklaras med traditionell finansteori men förekomst av ekonomiskt icke-rationellt beteende visar ett behov av en vidareutveckling av Gordons formel med hänsyn även till sportslig utdelning. / Background: What distinguishes the football industry from other companies is that success in football is not only measured in increased market share or higher revenues but also measured in sporting success. Traditional finance theory based on economic rationality contrasts with an emotionally-based behavioral economics to explain what drives football clubs share prices. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify and map the types of news that have driven large price movements and to analyze whether there are factors other than economically rational that affect share prices. Limitations: The paper examines all the day's gains and losses with a residual greater than 7% for ten of the total 22 listed football clubs in Europe that can be found on the STOXX Football Index. The time period is 2015-04-05 upto 2016-04-04 and selected according to Thomson Reuters Eikons detailed news. The stock selection is made on the basis of the language that the writers know well. Method: Historical quantitative data on shares end prices are obtained from the database Thomson Reuters Eikon in order to identify larger percentage of ups and downs. Subsequently, a survey of public quality information that correlates with the up and downs has been systematically collected from the database and supplemented with public information from the football clubs' websites, match results and additional news pages. Results: The study shows that share issues and the sporting results are the most common cause of major ups and downs of football shares. Many ups and downs can be explained by traditional financial theory, but the presence of economically non-rational behaviour shows a need for further development of Gordon’s formula with consideration of sporting dividend.

An analysis on Evelyn Waugh's novels: Brideshead Revisited, Decline and Fall, and Vile Bodies as well as their film and television adaptations. The paper relates all of these works to Waugh's idea that the true value and reason why students should attend university is not because their degree will earn them a massive salary, but because it allows for another four years of sequestered development away from adult society. Waugh stated that the true value of his time as an undergraduate at Oxford was because it provided him with the opportunity to drink, throw parties, discover art, etc...which therefore gave him an appropriate amount of time to grow up gradually. All of these novels, films, and television series provide substantial evidence as to why Waugh's point was correct and is still valid.

Thesis (MCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Joint Commission International Accreditation (JCIA) has included a patient safety goal as part of the standards for the accreditation of hospitals. Goal number six states the need to “reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls”. An acute care hospital setting in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates had implemented a multifaceted, multidisciplinary fall prevention programme (FPP) in preparation for accreditation by the JCIA. The achievement of the above goal is dependent on compliance with JCIA standard requirements and the hospital’s FPP. This study was undertaken to identify the factors preventing the successful implementation of the existing FPP in an acute care setting. The FPP is recognised to be in its development stages and therefore has opportunities for improvement for better patient safety outcomes, more so by reducing the incidence of falls and the severity of injuries from falls. Literature studies by Gowdy and Godfrey (2003:365) and Hathaway, Walsh, Lacey and Saenger (2001:172) suggests that the most successful approach to reducing falls and the severity of injuries from falls among patients in an acute care setting is that of a multifaceted, multidisciplinary approach. The nurses, who were primarily responsible for completing the initial fall risk assessment, expressed feelings of being overwhelmed by more safety standards being required for the JCIA. Patients with a high risk for falls were not referred to the physicians and physical therapists, nor were they referred to the clinical pharmacists for the review of high-risk medications. In addition, fall risk assessments were sometimes not done in the afternoon and during the night shift. The existing programme also did not consider bedbound, long-term patients, who require less frequent assessment. There furthermore was observer evidence to suggest that the existing FPP was not being implemented correctly. The aim of this study was to describe factors preventing the successful implementation of the existing FPP. The objectives were to identify areas being implemented successfully, to identify any barriers to successful implementation and to identify aspects of the existing FPP that may need revision. A quantitative descriptive approach was applied. The population was healthcare providers (HCPs), including both registered and practical nurses, physicians, physical therapists and pharmacists, working in an acute care setting in the United Arab Emirates. The respondents were 118 (86%) from a stratified sample of n = 137 (20%) from 684 HCPs. A specifically developed structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Reliability and validity were assured through the use of experts in questionnaire design and statistical consulting, in addition to pre-testing of the questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Stellenbosch Committee for Human Research and the Ethics Committee of the hospital where the study was undertaken. The respondents’ completion of the questionnaire served as voluntary consent to participate. The data were analysed and are presented in frequency tables. The mean and standard deviation were used for the statistical analysis. Correlational analyses were not done because of the descriptive approach to the study. It was considered most practical to focus on the professional groups and not on the variables, as the initial analysis indicated weak correlations. The results show those aspects of the FPP that were successfully implemented and those areas that need improvement if the JCIA requirements are to be met. Policy revision to include a clearly defined referral process for the high-risk patients, in addition to consistency of the environmental safety rounds and greater involvement and support of the unit managers/supervisors, will contribute to the greater success of the FPP. The hallmark of a successful FPP is staff education, which should be the key step in addressing the identified barriers. The human need for safety and the patient’s right to safe care and a safe environment must be integrated into staff orientation, and education and safety training programmes for all HCPs. Increased compliance may occur when HCPs are more aware of the hospital’s commitment to the patient’s right to safety. Compliance with JCIA standards and the FPP will contribute in the achievement of the accreditation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Joint Commission International Accreditation (JCIA) het ’n pasiëntveiligheidsdoelwit as deel van die standaarde vir die akkreditasie van hospitale ingesluit. Doelwit nommer ses lui: “verminder die risiko vir leed aan die pasiënt as gevolg van val”. ’n Akute sorg hospitaal in die Verenigde Arabiese Emirate het ’n veelvuldig gefasetteerde, multidissiplinêre program vir die voorkoming van val (fall prevention programme (FPP)) geïmplementeer ter voorbereiding vir akkreditasie deur die JCIA. Die bereiking van bogenoemde doelwit is afhanklik van nakoming van die standaardvereistes van die JCIA en die hospitaal se FPP. Hierdie studie is onderneem om die faktore wat die suksesvolle implementering van die bestaande FPP in die akute sorg omgewing verhinder, te identifiseer. Daar word erken dat die FPP nog in die ontwikkelingstadium is en dat daar dus geleenthede vir beter pasiëntveiligheidsuitkomstes is, veral deur die aantal valvoorvalle en die erns van beserings as gevolg van val te verminder. Literatuurstudies deur Gowdy en Godfrey (2003:365) en Hathaway, Walsh, Lacey en Saenger (2001:172) stel voor dat die suksesvolste benadering tot die vermindering van val en die erns van die gevolglike beserings onder pasiënte in ’n akute sorg omgewing ’n veelvuldig gefasetteerde, multidissiplinêre benadering behels. Verpleërs, wat die primêre verantwoordelikheid vir die voltooiing van die aanvanklike assessering van die risiko vir val het, het daarop gewys dat hulle oorweldig voel deur bykomende veiligheidstandaarde wat vir die JCIA vereis word. Pasiënte met ’n hoë risiko vir val is nie na die geneeshere en fisiese terapeute verwys nie, en ook nie na die kliniese aptekers vir die beoordeling van hoë-risiko medikasie nie. Assessering van die risiko vir val is soms ook nie in die middag en tydens die nagskof gedoen nie. Die bestaande program het ook nie bedlêende, langtermyn pasiënte wat minder gereelde assessering benodig, oorweeg nie. Daar is verder ook waargeneem dat die bestaande FPP nie korrek geïmplementeer word nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die faktore te beskryf wat die suksesvolle implementering van die bestaande FPP verhoed. Die doelwitte was om areas wat suksesvol geïmplementeer word, te identifiseer, sowel as hindernisse tot suksesvolle implementering en aspekte van die bestaande FPP wat hersiening benodig. ’n Kwantitatiewe beskrywende benadering is gebruik. Die populasie was gesondheidsorgverskaffers, insluitend beide geregistreerde en praktiese verpleërs, geneeshere, fisiese terapeute en aptekers wat in ’n akute sorg omgewing in die Verenigde Arabiese Emirate werk. Daar war 118 (86%) respondente uit ’n gestratifiseerde steekproef van n = 137 (20%) uit 684 gesondheidsorgverskaffers. ’n Spesiaal ontwikkelde, gestruktureerde vraelys is vir dataversameling gebruik. Betroubaarheid en geldigheid is verseker deur die gebruik van kundiges in vraelysontwerp en statistiese raadgewing, sowel as die vooraftoetsing van die vraelys. Etiese goedkeuring is van die Universiteit Stellenbosch se Komitee vir Menslike Navorsing, en die Etiekkomitee van die hospitaal waar die studie onderneem is, verkry. Die voltooiing van die vraelys deur die respondente het gedien as vrywillige toestemming om deel te neem. Die data is geanaliseer en in frekwensietabelle voorgesit. Die gemiddelde en standaardafwyking is vir die statistiese analises gebruik. Korrelasie-analises is as gevolg van die beskrywende benadering nie onderneem nie. Daar is besluit dat die mees praktiese benadering sou wees om op die professionele groeperinge te fokus en nie op die veranderlikes nie, aangesien die aanvanklike analise swak korrelasies aangedui het. Die resultate identifiseer daardie aspekte van die FPP wat die suksesvolste geïmplementeer is, sowel as dié gebiede wat verbetering benodig om aan die JCIA-vereistes te voldoen. Faktore wat sal bydra tot die groter sukses van die FPP is beleidshersiening wat ’n duidelik bepaalde verwysingsproses vir hoë-risiko pasiënte insluit, sowel as konsekwentheid in die omgewingsveiligheidsrondtes, en meer betrokkenheid en ondersteuning deur die eenheidsbestuurders/toesighouers Die waarmerk van ’n suksesvolle FPP is personeelopvoeding, wat die belangrikste stap in die aanspreek van die geïdentifiseerde hindernisse moet wees. Die menslike behoefte aan veiligheid en die pasiënt se reg op veilige sorg en ’n veilige omgewing moet in personeeloriëntering, personeelopvoeding- en veiligheidsopleidingsprogramme vir alle gesondheidsorgverskaffers ingesluit word. Verhoogde nakoming sou moontlik plaasvind indien gesondheidsorgverskaffers meer bewus was van die hospitaal se verbintenis tot die pasiënt se reg op veiligheid. Nakoming van JCIA-standaarde en die FPP sal bydra tot die verkryging van die akkreditasie.

The Mapleton-Fall Creek neighborhood was and early twentieth century street suburb in Indianapolis, Indiana. As the city grew, the neighborhood became surrounded by development, leading many residents to move further into the suburbs. The result was a distressed inner city community plagued by blight and crime. A subsection of the neighborhood known as Meridian Park became a National Register Historic District in 1990 after renewed interest in the distinctive architectural character of the area. While Meridian Park has thrived, the surrounding neighborhood has continued to struggle. The goal of my thesis is explore the federal loan insurance programs, integration challenges at Shortridge High School and in the city of Indianapolis, and differences in housing stock as the three major causes for the race and class stratification that has occurred in the Mapleton-Fall Creek neighborhood. / Introduction : community neglect and disinvestment -- The development of Mapleton-Fall Creek : the town of Mapleton through the 1930s -- History of racial tension in Indiana and Indianapolis -- Federal loan insurance programs and suburbanization -- Integration challenges at Shortridge High School -- Desegregation in Indianapolis public schools -- After the desegregation order : the 1980s to today. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only / Department of Architecture

Wearable wireless sensor devices, which are implemented by deploying sensor nodes on objects, are widely utilized in a broad field of applica-tions, especially in the healthcare system for improving the quality of life or monitoring different types of physical data from the observed objects. The aim of this study is to design an in-home, small-size and long-term wearable fall detection system in wireless network by using barometric pressure sensing for elderly or patient who needs healthcare monitoring. This threshold-based fall detection system is to measure the altitude of different positions on the human body, and detect the fall event from that altitude information. As a surveillance system, it would trigger an alert when the fall event occurs so that to protect people from the potential life risk by immediate rescue and treatment. After all the performances evaluation, the measurement result shows that standing, sitting and fall state was detected with 100% accuracy and lying on bed state was detected with 93.3% accuracy by using this wireless fall detection system. Furthermore, this system with low power consumption on battery-node can operate continuously up to 150 days.

La manipulation est présente au cœur de l’œuvre d’Albert Camus. Elle s’exerce tant au niveau des personnages qu’au niveau du lecteur. Jean-Baptiste Clamence, dans La Chute, est un personnage extrêmement manipulateur. A la fin de son discours, il énonce ce que furent ses techniques de manipulation. A la lumière de La Chute, on découvre une nouvelle facette de l’œuvre d’Albert Camus, celle de la manipulation.Il existe différents manipulateurs. Il y a ceux qui le font avec un immense plaisir ou ceux qui manipulent pour le bien d’autrui. La manipulation s’exerce parfois au service d’un autre manipulateur. Des événements historiques peuvent être générateurs de manipulation en mettant ces personnages en action.Les personnages manipulés réagissent aussi de différentes manières. On peut dissocier les inconscients des conscients non consentants qui se battent pour s’en libérer. Il existe aussi des personnages conscients de leur manipulation et consentants de l’être.A l’adresse du lecteur, Albert Camus utilise différentes techniques comme le jeu sur les duos, les références à la Bible ou à ses différents écrits. Albert Camus met en place un processus nécessaire de compréhension qui rend le jugement impossible. La Chute apparaît comme le mode d’emploi de la manipulation. A travers les techniques de Jean-Baptiste Clamence, on découvre donc celles d’Albert Camus. Le premier Homme est d’ailleurs la seule œuvre exempte de manipulation et marque un tournant dans l’œuvre d’Albert Camus. / Manipulation is present in Albert Camus’s work. It acts at the level of both the characters and the reader. Jean-Baptiste Clamence, from The Fall, is an extremely manipulative character. At the end of his speech, he lists and describes his manipulation techniques. The Fall reveals a new aspect of Albert Camus’s work : manipulation.There are several kinds of manipulator: those who find personal pleasure in such behaviours, and those who act for the good of others. Manipulation may sometimes benefit another manipulator. Historical events may generate manipulation; they activate Camus’s characters.Manipulated characters also react in different ways. Some are unaware, others may be aware but are non-consenting and fight to free themselves, and other characters are aware of being manipulated and accept it.At the reader’s level, Albert Camus uses different techniques such as the play between duos, references to the Holy Bible or tho his own writings. Albert Camus creates an understanding which makes judgement impossible. The Fall almost resembles an instruction manual for manipulation. Through Jean-Baptiste Clamence’s techniques, we discover those of Camus himself. The First Man is the only one of Camus’s books that is free of manipulation, and in this respect represents a turning-point in his work.