As reservas legais (RL) são uma categoria de área protegida brasileira que visa o uso econômico sustentável concomitante à proteção ambiental da biodiversidade e dos processos ecológicos. Entre as alternativas para concretização dessas funções, seja na restauração e/ou uso desses espaços, estão os sistemas agroflorestais (SAF). Tais sistemas são frequentemente apontados como sustentáveis, por proporcionarem simultaneamente benefícios biológicos e socioeconômicos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar, nos aspectos teórico e prático, a possibilidade de uso de SAF para recomposição e uso sustentável das RL. Os dois primeiros capítulos, baseados em revisão bibliográfica, discutem: a adequação, os potenciais, as limitações e as características de SAF para cumprimento de objetivos de conservação e para constituição das RL (capítulo 1); a viabilidade, os meios e as metas para conciliação da proteção ambiental ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico preconizado para as RL (capítulo 2). O capítulo 3 estabelece um conjunto de indicadores para avaliar e monitorar a sustentabilidade, na dimensão ecológica/ambiental, de SAF no contexto da restauração e uso das RL, em áreas de fisionomia florestal tropical. A metodologia adotada para o capítulo consistiu em pesquisas bibliográficas e consultas a especialistas. Do capítulo 1, destacam-se as seguintes conclusões: SAF podem constituir ótimas opções para reorientar os sistemas produtivos humanos, mas seu emprego em áreas protegidas é questionável e deve ser criterioso; os SAF complexos são a opção mais próxima de cumprir com objetivos de conservação e princípios da sustentabilidade; SAF são pobres substitutos para ecossistemas naturais, portanto, não devem ser promovidos em detrimento da vegetação natural remanescente, mas como ferramenta complementar aos esforços de conservação, restaurando ecossistemas e compondo uma matriz de melhor qualidade fora das áreas protegidas. Do capítulo 2, as principais conclusões são: a conciliação da proteção ambiental ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico permanece um desafio; a busca e aprimoramento de práticas sustentáveis de uso direto dos recursos naturais deveriam ocorrer predominantemente fora das áreas protegidas, que devem priorizar a proteção da biodiversidade; a legislação, que propõe diversas funções para as RL, não orienta como concretizá-las; é necessário definir critérios e metas para restauração e uso sustentável das RL, nas distintas dimensões da sustentabilidade, mantendo a flexibilidade para adequação aos distintos contextos. O capítulo 3 evidenciou a diversidade, e divergência, de visões e posicionamentos dos profissionais que trabalham com SAF e propôs o seguinte conjunto de indicadores, subdivididos em três categorias: (a) estrutura estrato (avaliação atemporal), distribuição em classes diamétricas, densidade e exposição do solo; (b) composição riqueza, abundância, ciclos de vida, função das exóticas; (c) função regenerantes e mudas, horizonte orgânico (serrapilheira ou turfa). São recomendadas adaptações em função do contexto de restauração ou uso sustentável e do diagnóstico da área. No caso da restauração sugere-se a adicional observação do nível de complexificação do ambiente demandado pelas espécies a serem implantadas. São também apresentadas considerações e sugestões acerca dos parâmetros para avaliação realizada por meio dos indicadores propostos. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua para futuras discussões em âmbito acadêmico e para aplicação prática subsidiando as ações do Estado na orientação da implantação e manejo, na fiscalização e monitoramento dos SAF que comporão as RL. / Legal Reserve (RL) is a Brazilian category of protected area that aims to provide sustainable economic uses in agreement to environmental protection of biodiversity and ecological processes. Among the alternatives to achieve these functions, either in the restoration or use of these areas, there are the agroforestry systems (SAF). These systems are considered sustainable by offering biological and socioeconomic benefits. This research addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of the possibility of using SAF for restoration and sustainable use of RL. The first two chapters, based on literature review, discuss: the suitability, the potential, the limitations and the characteristics of SAF for achieving conservation objectives and for constitution of RL (chapter 1); the viability, means and targets to conciliate environmental protection to the socioeconomic development advocated for RL (chapter 2). Chapter 3 provides a set of indicators to assess and monitor the ecological/environmental sustainability of SAF in the context of restoration and use of RL in tropical forest areas. The chapter was constructed based on literature review and consultations to specialists. From chapter 1, some important conclusions are: SAF can be a great option to refocusing the human productive systems, but its use in protected areas is questionable and must be careful; complex SAF are the best option to meet conservation objectives and principles of sustainability; SAF are poor substitutes for natural ecosystems, therefore, they should not be promoted at the expense of the remaining natural vegetation, but as a complementary tool to conservation efforts by restoring ecosystems and composing a best quality matrix outside protected areas. From chapter 2, the main conclusions are: reconciling environmental protection to socioeconomic development remains as a challenge; the research and improvement of sustainable development practices should occur outside protected areas, which should primarily be dedicated to the protection of biodiversity; the legislation proposes various functions to the RL but does not guide how to achieve them, it is necessary to define clear criteria and goals for restoration and sustainable use of the RL in the different sustainability dimensions, while maintaining the flexibility of adapting them to the different contexts. Chapter 3 highlighted the diverse and divergent viewpoints and attitudes of SAF professionals workers and proposed the following set of indicators, divided into three categories: (a) structure vertical structure (timeless evaluation), diameter classes distribution, density and soil exposure, (b) composition species richness and relative abundance, life cycles, exotic species function (c) function natural regeneration, organic horizon (litter or peat). Adaptations are recommended regarding the context of restoration and sustainable use, and the diagnosis of the area. For the restoration context, the environmental complexity level demanded by the species to be implanted should be observed. Suggestions about the parameters for evaluation carried out by the proposed indicators are presented. It is hoped that this study contribute to future scientific discussions and to support the government in guiding the implementation and management, supervision and monitoring of the SAF that will compose RL.

A disseminação e a popularização da Internet a partir dos anos 90 têm determinado alterações substanciais na dinâmica das interações sociais, contribuindo para a formação de uma cultura globalizada, na qual o trânsito de informações e conhecimentos se processa através de novos paradigmas de comunicação. A instituição desses novos modelos de comunicação afeta sobremaneira o campo da educação, pois o processo formativo se estrutura às expensas das relações entre os diversos atores do processo educativo, não se atendo somente à mera transmissão de conteúdos. Diante desse quadro, o impacto da Internet e das NTIC (Novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação) na formação profissional têm sido amplamente discutido em diversas áreas do conhecimento, com o intuito de se instituir diretrizes e protocolos que possam fornecer o arcabouço necessário para a elaboração de projetos de Educação On-Line eficientes. No entanto, a despeito da relevância do tema, existem poucos trabalhos citados na literatura referentes à aplicação da Internet na aprendizagem de conteúdos específicos de Odontologia. No campo da odontologia forense, os mecanismos de consulta científica utilizados não indicaram nenhuma referência nacional ou internacional. O escopo deste estudo foi analisar a viabilidade de utilização da Internet como instrumento de apoio a aulas presenciais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Disciplina de Odontologia Legal. Com essa finalidade, procedeu-se à aplicação de um questionário versando sobre o manejo do computador e da Internet nos 2º e 8º semestres, período diurno, da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP). Setenta (70) alunos do 2º semestre e quarenta e três (43) alunos do 8º semestre responderam ao questionário. As respostas obtidas, juntamente com a análise da bibliografia consultada e a pesquisa dos principais sites de Odontologia Legal disponíveis na rede, constituíram a base para a formulação de um site orientado primordialmente para o ensino de conteúdos da disciplina de Odontologia Legal. / The propagation and the popularization of Internet starting from the nineties have been determining substantial changes in social interaction dynamics, contributing to the formation of a global culture, in which the traffic of information and knowledge are processed through new communication paradigms. The institution of those new communication models affects the field of education excessively, because the formative process is structured through the relationships among the several actors of the educational process – it doesn’t only assist to the mere transmission of contents. With this in mind, the impact of Internet and of NTIC (New Technologies of Information and Communication) in the professional formation have been discussed thoroughly in several areas of the knowledge, with the intention of instituting guidelines and protocols that can supply the necessary basis for the elaboration of projects of efficient On-Line Education. However, in spite of the relevance of the theme, little work exist has been referred to in the literature to the application of Internet in the learning of specific contents of Dentistry. In the field of forensic dentistry, the mechanisms of scientific consultation here applied didn't indicate any national or international reference. The objective of this study was to analyze the viability of the use of Internet as a support instrument to practical classes in the process of teaching-learning of the Discipline of Legal Dentistry. With that purpose, a questionnaire was distributed regarding the handling of the computer and of Internet among students of the 2nd and 8th semesters, day period, of University of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (FOUSP). Seventy (70) students of the 2nd semester and forty three (43) students of the 8th semester answered to the questionnaire. The obtained answers, together with the analysis of the consulted bibliography and the research of the mains sites of Legal Dentistry available in the net, constituted the base for the formulation of a site guided for the teaching of contents of the discipline of Legal Dentistry.

The focus of this investigation is on the effects that content and layout forms of newspaper advertising have on consumer attitudes toward the legal profession. A second major purpose of the study was to determine the differences which exist between certain socio-demographic categories with respect to attitude towards the advertised lawyer and the legal advertisements. Thirteen variations of a legal advertisement for the newspaper medium were developed and shown to consumers and then tested by measuring consumers' attitudes toward twelve lawyer-related attributes and ten advertisement-related attributes.

Embracing a spatial and historical lens and the insights of critical legal theory, this dissertation maps the patterns of protest and the law in modern British Columbia―the social relations of adjudication—the changing ways in which conflict between private property rights and customary rights invoked by social movement actors has been contested and adjudicated in public spaces and legal arenas. From labour strikes in the Vancouver Island coal mines a century ago, to more recent protests by First Nations, environmentalists, pro- and anti-abortion activists, and urban “poor peoples’” movements, social movement actors have asserted customary rights to property through the control or appropriation of space. Owners and managers of property have responded by enlisting an array of legal remedies and an army of legal actors—lawyers, judges, police, parliaments, and soldiers—to restore control over space and assert private property rights. For most of the past century, conventional private property claims trumped the customary claims of social movements in the legal arena, provoking crises of legal legitimacy where social movement actors questioned the impartiality of judges and the fairness of adjudicative procedures. Remedies and legal technologies asserted by company lawyers, awarded by judges, and enforced by police and soldiers were often severe―from Criminal Code proscriptions against riotous assembly and deployment of military force, to the equitable remedy of the injunction and lengthy prison sentences following criminal contempt proceedings. But this pattern shows signs of change in recent years, driven by three major trends in British Columbia and Canadian law: (1) the effective assertion of indigenous customary rights; (2) growing recognition of the importance of human rights in democratic societies, particularly in the context of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; and (3) changes in the composition of the legal profession and judiciary. This changing legal landscape has created a new and evolving legal space, where property claims are increasingly treated as contingent rather than absolute and where the rights of one party are increasingly balanced by customary rights, interests, and aspirations of others. Consequently, we are seeing a trend toward the dilution of legal remedies traditionally available to the powerful, creating space for the assertion of non-conventional property claims and the emergence of new patterns of power relations. / Graduate

The new Forest Code brings expressed the imposition of the maintenance - or even rebuilding - the original vegetation cover, with a view to compliance with the provisions for the purpose of legal reserve, created in order to preserve biodiversity and how efetivador through the social function of property. Such imposition is a translation of the article 225 of the Federal Constitution, which adds that it is all right to a Healthy and balanced environment. The Legal Reserve mind limitation of rural private property, which led to negative impacts, since it is treated as idle area, resulting in financial losses to the owners. Still, it is challenging the constitutionality of this imposing legal reserve, having to justify such questioning the fact attributed to landowners the duty to preserve nature, where the constitutional law provides that it is the duty of the government and of the entire community, not fitting to a small group represented by landowners. Given this limitation of the property by the Legal Reserve, the question arises: is there a conflict between the constitutional principles of private property and environmental function? In the center of this discussion, highlights the issue concerning the objectives of the institute, namely, the need for preservation / restoration of these areas with "forests" or "native vegetation" in order to preserve biodiversity, which is essential for maintenance a balanced environment, the right of present and future generations, as constitutional law. The methodology follows the hypothetical-deductive method, which appears consistent with the proposed work, for the desired conclusion is reached from the assumptions presented, starting from the constitutional provisions and analyzing directly to infra-constitutional legislation. The communication from different areas of knowledge such as law and sustainability are applied to resolve issues. It is observed that in the discussion of the establishment of the Legal Reserve as a generator of conflict between constitutional principles, it is necessary to evaluate the ecological setting (environmental issues) in order to enable the construction of strategies to prevent and combat the causes that led to this administrative limitation of the property. The proposal, therefore, is to analyze the Institute of Legal Reserve in the perspective of socio-biodiversity. It is therefore crucial that the discussion is in a multidimensional way, passing by various systems such as economic, legal, political, social and cultural, which intertwine with environmental issues. Thus, considering that the issue be seamlessly (interdisciplinary), in facing up to challenges, with the filing of appropriate (and effective) solutions, and the urgent protection of the environment. / O novo Código Florestal traz expressa a imposição da manutenção ou mesmo recomposição da cobertura vegetal original, com vistas ao cumprimento do disposto para fins de Reserva Legal, criada com o fim de preservar a biodiversidade e como meio efetivador da função social da propriedade. Tal imposição é uma tradução do artigo 225 da Constituição Federal, o qual aduz que é direito de todos um meio ambiente sadio e equilibrado. A Reserva Legal importa em limitação da propriedade privada rural, o que ocasionou impactos negativos, uma vez que é tratada como área ociosa, resultando em prejuízos financeiros aos proprietários. Ainda, foi questionada a constitucionalidade dessa imposição de Reserva Legal, tendo como justificativa tal questionamento o fato de atribuir aos proprietários de terra o dever de preservar a natureza, onde o mandamento constitucional prevê que é dever do poder público e de toda coletividade, não cabendo a um pequeno grupo representado pelos proprietários rurais. Diante dessa limitação da propriedade pela Reserva Legal, surge o questionamento: existe um conflito entre os princípios constitucionais da propriedade privada e da função socioambiental? No centro de toda essa discussão, evidencia-se a questão atinente aos objetivos do instituto, qual seja, a necessidade de preservação/recomposição de referidas áreas com florestas ou vegetação nativa , a fim de preservar a biodiversidade, essencial para manutenção de um meio ambiente equilibrado, direito da presente e futuras gerações, conforme mandamento constitucional. A metodologia obedece ao método hipotético-dedutivo, que se mostra coerente com a proposta do trabalho, pois a conclusão pretendida será alcançada a partir das premissas apresentadas, partindo-se das previsões constitucionais e analisando diretamente a legislação infraconstitucional. A comunicação de diversas áreas do saber como direito e sustentabilidade são aplicadas para a resolução de questões. Observa-se que, na discussão sobre a instituição da Reserva Legal como geradora de conflito entre princípios constitucionais, é necessário avaliar o cenário ecológico (problemática ambiental), a fim de possibilitar a construção de estratégias de prevenção e combate das causas que levaram a essa limitação administrativa da propriedade. A proposta, portanto, é analisar o instituto da Reserva Legal na perspectiva da sociobiodiversidade. Assim, é fundamental que a discussão seja de forma multidimensional, perpassando por diversos sistemas, tais como econômico, jurídico, político, social e cultural, os quais se entrelaçam com a questão ambiental. Assim, pondera-se que a discussão seja de forma integrada (interdisciplinar), com o enfrentamento dos desafios, com a propositura de soluções adequadas (e eficazes), e com a urgente proteção do meio ambiente.

1 Summary Topic of this Master's thesis are sanctions for breaches of obligations of participants of labor law relationships. The first and the second chapter focus on the introduction into researched issue of legal sanctions. The author defines basic concepts which are relevant for the thesis. Then the author deals with the definition of the legal sanction and analyzes the relationship between the legal sanction and the legal liability. The author furthermore explains the basic behavior of the legal sanction and its significance. The third chapter follows on term definition from the first part of the thesis. It consists of brief interpretation of chosen private law sanctions in the labour law. It presents sanctions as nullity of legal act, relative inefficacy of legal act, limitation of actions and preclusion and liability. The main part of this thesis focuses on liability of employee for damage. The fourth chapter describes the division of labour law liability into different kinds. It also introduces the issue of liability for damage. In the fifth chapter the author introduces the employee liability in context of legal sanctions and a detailed explanation of the valid legal regulation of employee liability for damage. It focuses on the General Liability, Liability for Non-Fulfilment of the Duty to Prevent...

1 Abstract Issues of Criminal Liability of Legal Entities The aim of the thesis is to analyse and evaluate the current legal regulation of criminal liability of legal entities regarding the most problematic institutions of law contained in the Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings against Them, which came into effect on 1 January 2012. The subject of the thesis is current and still developing, based on the increasing amount of convicted legal entities. The regulation is affected by numerous amendments. Despite the lawmaker's effort, the act contains many problematic provisions criticized by experts. Therefore, new amendments can be expected in the near future. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter One deals with the general issues regarding the criminal liability of legal entities, its progress in the Czech Republic, the process of passing the Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and the arguments in favour of and against the enactment of the regulation. Chapter Two focuses on the substantive criminal law incorporated in the Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and examines institutions of law contained in the aforementioned act, mainly its problematic parts. Chapter Three concentrates on sanctioning of legal entities, because the Act on...

in English A Comparison of the Legal Status of Professional Football Players in Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic The thesis is, above all, a response to the still largely unresolved situation regarding the Czech legal regulation of the activities performed by professional sportspeople practising the so-called team sports. According to many opinions, it appears highly likely that professional sporting activity fully meets the legal definition of "dependent labour" which should be performed solely within labour relationships in accordance with the labour code; however, the contemporary practice is vastly different. The overwhelming majority of professional sportspeople and their clubs enter into so-called innominate contracts governed by the civil code; this approach has been explicitly found permissible by the Supreme Administrative Court within its stable case-law. On the one hand, such practice provides the flexibility that is much needed in professional sports and is also financially beneficial for both sides. On the other hand, however, it denies sportspeople of the legal protection they would enjoy as employees. This is why there have recently been gradually intensifying calls suggesting that the status quo is unsatisfactory and unsustainable; this conclusion seems to...

South African taxpayers currently consult either accountants (i.e., non-legal tax practitioners) or attorneys (i.e., legal tax practitioners) in order to acquire tax advice. The qualitative approach adopted in carrying out this study entails the examination of the differing rights applicable to a taxpayer depending on which adviser he decides to approach for tax advice. The concept of legal professional privilege is a common law right which has only ever been applicable to members of the legal profession. However, due to the recent regulation of tax practitioners and the modernisation of the way taxpayers conduct their financial affairs in approaching both attorneys and accountants for tax advice it seems appropriate that this privilege should be extended beyond the legal profession. Upon consideration of the history and requirements of this privilege it is determined that this privilege is amenable to extension. Constitutional principles, with regard to the right to privacy and the right to equality in relation to the taxpayer obtaining the tax advice, are infringed as a result of the limitation imposed whereby only tax advice obtained from an attorney is protected. Lastly, the current legislative stances adopted by foreign jurisdictions, that currently permit or are considering permitting legal professional privilege to apply to tax advice obtained from non-legal tax practitioners illustrate that there is a global movement toward removing the current restrictions on this principle. This has been accomplished by countries such as the United States of America and New Zealand by way of introduction of statutory provisions that allow for tax advice issued by non-legal tax practitioners to be protected from disclosure to the revenue authorities in the respective countries. Based on the research conducted it is concluded that South Africa should therefore follow suit and create a separate statutory provision to protect tax advice obtained from non-legal tax practitioners. / Dissertation (Mcom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Taxation / unrestricted

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Private Law / unrestricted