My thesis is that Indigenous peoples, as distinct people, are entitled to the full affirmation and explicit recognition of the right to self-determination in the context of the draft U N Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and in international law generally. The international community, and in particular, the nation-state members of the United Nations must uphold their legally binding international obligations in this regard. My methodology has been to utilize the human rights framework and approach, as well as rights discourse to advance this thesis. In addition, I am relying upon my direct participation in this important standard setting process, as well as the writings of various publicists. The right of peoples to self-determination is considered by numerous international authorities to be jus cogens or a peremptory norm. Similarly, the prohibition of racial discrimination is considered by numerous authorities to be a peremptory norm. Throughout the draft Declaration debate, a number of states have proposed wording that would dramatically alter the scope and content of the right to selfdetermination, thereby limiting, qualifying or modifying this right in the context of indigenous peoples. Any state proposals to qualify, limit or modify the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination would be racially discriminatory. If Article 3 of the draft Declaration were to be altered - even to include the same or similar notions as might currently exist under international law - it would invite interpretations to be applied to indigenous peoples' right to self-determination that are different from those of other peoples. It might also have the effect of wrongfully freezing the interpretation of this indigenous human right, in such a manner as to prevent or otherwise stifle its natural evolution under international law. If there is no equality of application of the rule of law in the context of international law and states succeed in introducing discriminatory double standards in connection to indigenous peoples and their fundamental right to self-determination, then the failure of the human rights framework, the United Nations system and nation-states themselves will seriously erode the very concepts of democracy, human rights and the rule of law. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

In this thesis I explore the implications of the extension of 'spousal' status to samesex couples from the perspective of queer people who experience intersectional or complex oppression. This study is grounded in a rejection of the necessity or efficacy of attempting to understanding the oppressions facing queer people from only one perspective. I reject the notion that such a simplistic approach to understanding oppression is conceptually honest. Put simply, I argue that what is often characterised as a purely 'gay and lesbian' approach to reform—namely, the consideration of only oppression related to 'sexual orientation' or 'heterosexism'—is in reality the prioritisation of the limited perspective of those who only experience systemic disadvantage related to their race. These people are a small minority of queer people. Unlike many other academics and activists, I do not conclude with a 'yes' or 'no' response to the question of whether same-sex spousal status should be sought. The analysis presented in this thesis does not permit such a final conclusion for three reasons. First, I argue that the implications of the extension of spousal status vary depending on the institutional context; in other words, the extension of spousal status is very different in the context of social assistance law as compared to the provision of employment-related benefits. Secondly, I argue that the extension of spousal status also varies among queer people; for example, the implications of the extension of spousal status to poor queers are vastly different from those who are wealthy. Thirdly, I argue that the decision to support the extension of spousal status to same-sex couples is inherently political; this decision cannot be immunised from political challenge on the basis that it is derived from some allegedly objective legal or socio-scientific calculus. Although I have endeavoured adopt a inter-disciplinary approach, this thesis does focus on legal rights discourse. To my mind, this focus is appropriate given the emphasis on 'rights talk' and the assumed benefits of formal equality within the community of academics and activists working on queer issues. In various parts of this thesis, I focus on the approaches of activists, academics, judges and legislators to the issue of the rights of queer people and the nature of equality. Ultimately, I conclude that until we begin to appreciate the complexity of the oppressions facing queer people, and avoid the false prioritisation of a 'purely gay and lesbian oppression' perspective, we will be unable to work in coalition or to effect progressive social change. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Orientadores: Marcos Nogueira Eberlin, Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland Sawaya / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T16:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schmidt_EduardoMorgado_D.pdf: 4816547 bytes, checksum: a63a426882376e7714bd6aea39b9f5ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A espectrometria de massas é uma técnica analítica que atualmente permite desde a análise de um único íon molecular até um perfil da distribuição de íons em amostras complexas. Isso vem sendo possível por meio da análise direta com diferentes fontes de ionização e também ao desenvolvimento de analisadores de massas de altíssima resolução tais como o FT-ICR e Orbitrap. Para amostras complexas como o petróleo a fonte de ionização mais adequada para análise dos compostos polares é o Eletrospray (ESI) devido a sua estabilidade e consequentemente reprodutibilidade. Uma alternativa foi testada com a fonte ionização V-EASI, no entanto, as respostas obtidas não foram satisfatórias. O analisador de massas FT-ICR foi utilizado para análise direta de petróleo bruto e permitiu monitorar e investigar o petróleo e seus derivados adicionando novas informações desde a exploração até o refino e, ainda, em um aspecto forense como em derrame de petróleo bruto e investigação de diferentes óleos de motor. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se pela primeira vez o analisador MegaOrbitrap (ainda em fase experimental) para análise de petróleo bruto, que se mostrou tão eficiente senão melhor que o já consagrado FT-ICR. Deixando a parte amostras complexas e retornando para a análise de um único íon, em uma abordagem forense, essa técnica permite a caracterização da composição de corantes utilizados na impressão de notas de Real genuínas e falsas, e ainda, de corantes utilizados para marcar notas de real furtadas de caixas eletrônicos quando estes são violados. Sendo assim, esta tese mostra resultados obtidos da análise de petróleo bruto por ambos os analisadores de massa citados, fato esse inédito na literatura, e também resultados de análises forenses de petróleo, notas de Real falsificadas e também com indicio de furto por meio de corantes e resíduos de explosivos / Abstract: Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that currently allows from the analysis of a single molecular ion to a profile of the distribution of ions in complex samples. This has been possible through direct analysis with different sources of ionization and also the development of ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as the FT-ICR and Orbitrap. For complex samples such as oil, the most appropriate source of ionization is the electrospray (ESI) due to its stability and consequently reproducibility. Even though an alternative has been tested with the EASI-V ionization source, the responses obtained were not satisfactory. The analyzer FT-ICR mass is already being used for direct analysis of crude oil and allows monitoring and investigating of the crude oil and its derivatives. This new data about polar compounds may be useful to add new information starting from the oil crude exploration until refining. Additionally, it may also be useful in forensic analysis such as in crude oil spills and in the investigation of the compliance of different motor oils (mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic) with their labels. In this study we have evaluated for the first time the MegaOrbitrap analyzer (still experimental) for crude oil analysis, which has proved to be as effective, if not better than, the widely used FT-ICR. Dealing with the analysis of a single ion in a forensic aspect, this technique allows the characterization of the dye composition used in the actual printing of genuine and counterfeit banknotes, and further, the dyes used to mark Real banknotes stolen from ATMs after they have exploded. Thus, this thesis shows results obtained from crude oil analysis performed by both mass analyzers mentioned, a fact unprecedented in the literature, and also forensic analysis results of oil, derivatives, Brazilian fake banknotes and also banknotes with theft indicators applied by explosives / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-22T14:19:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA.pdf: 1175952 bytes, checksum: a828e1732995b6bfc8de572793aba76d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T14:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA.pdf: 1175952 bytes, checksum: a828e1732995b6bfc8de572793aba76d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / CAPES / O problema da definição do conceito do direito ou ao menos da caracterização do fenômeno jurídico apresenta variações quanto às implicações de sua solução e às preocupações em torno dele. As variedades do problema que interessam a este trabalho estão ligadas à ontologia e à epistemologia na filosofia do direito: ‘O que é o direito?’ enquanto (1) uma pergunta sobre a definição da essência do direito e (2) sobre a definição de um objeto de investigação específico para ciências sobre o suposto fenômeno jurídico – a filosofia do direito, a teoria do direito, a e a ciência do direito, por exemplo. Desafiando suas premissas e buscando evitar tanto o problema ontológico quanto o epistemológico, proponho uma mudança de perspectiva a partir de preocupações pragmáticas que chamo de “ponto de vista do gestor”: a visão de quem deve administrar os recursos econômicos finitos destinados a financiar a atividade científica na área de direito. Defendo que, partindo daí, o problema da definição do conceito do direito enquanto um problema ontológico e enquanto um problema epistemológico é desnecessário, cuja solução é inútil para fazer avançar as pesquisas na área de direito. Proponho uma reorientação da controvérsia que tem implicações sobre como ver a pesquisa e a educação nesse campo. / The problem of definition of the concept of law or at least the description of features of legal phenomenon presents variation about the implications of its solution and about the worries around it. The forms of this problem I am interested in are related to ontology and epistemology in legal philosophy: ‘What is the law?’ as (1) a question about the definition of the essence of law and (2) about the definition of a specific object of investigation for sciences about the supposed legal phenomenon – philosophy of law, legal theory, and science of law, for instance. Challenging its premises and trying to avoid both the ontological problem and epistemological problem, I propose a change of perspective from pragmatic concerns what I call the “manager's point of view”: a vision of who should manage the finite economic resources to finance scientific activity in the area of law. I argue that, starting from there, the problem of defining the concept of law as an ontological problem and as a epistemological problem is an unnecessary problem whose solution is useless to advance research in the field of law. I propose a reorientation of the controversy that has implications on how to see the researches and the education in this field.

Esse trabalho aborda a Administração Legal como uma ferramenta capaz de orientar e conduzir as organizações prestadoras de serviços jurídicos rumo à inovação e à competitividade, em conjunto com a aplicação da metodologia Business Process Management (BPM) como opção alternativa na busca pela vantagem competitiva sustentável. Alinhando essas duas abordagens, a Administração Legal e o BPM, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os principais processos de negócio que compõem a estrutura de um escritório de advocacia. Uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativo-exploratória e quantitativo-descritiva foi realizada, sendo as estratégias metodológicas desenvolvidas em três fases. A primeira fase de coleta de dados envolve a identificação dos critérios e fundamentos terminológicos do contexto analisado, por meio da aplicação de três entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas. Após a identificação do mapa das dimensões terminológicas, parte-se para a segunda fase da coleta de dados, a aplicação de um questionário estruturado, o qual foi aplicado nos escritórios certificados com a norma ISO 9001 no Brasil. Por meio da estatística descritiva foram identificados os principais processos de negócio que compõem a estrutura dos escritórios de advocacia, bem como seus processos de apoio. Os processos foram agrupados em quatro categorias para os processos principais e em seis categorias para os processos de apoio. / This work uses the Legal Administration, as a tool to guide and lead the legal services organizations toward to innovation and competitiveness, along with Business Process Management (BPM) methodology as an option for sustainable competitive advantage. Based on the application of both approaches together, i.e. Legal Administration and BPM, the aim of this research is to identify main business processes that make up the structure of a law firm. A qualitative-exploratory and quantitative-descriptive nature research was realized based on three main phases. The first phase involves identifying criteria and terminological basis within the context analyzed based on the application of three individual semi-structured interviews. After the identification of the terminology dimensions map, the second phase was the application of a structured questionnaire, which was applied on nine Law Firms, certified on ISO 9001, in Brazil. Based on descriptive statistics the main business processes that define the organizational structure of law firms, as well as their supporting processes were identified. The main business process were grouped in four categories and the support business processes were grouped in six categories.

Orientador: Arlete Maria dos Santos Fernandes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:06:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Godoy_CarolinaLemeMachadode_D.pdf: 1344037 bytes, checksum: de6250ecc41f8c6382e03867a48830be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: a lei brasileira garante interrupção legal de gestação (IL) para os casos de violência sexual (VS) desde 1940. A consequência do aborto na vida emocional das mulheres tem motivado estudos em diferentes países com resultados controversos. Objetivos: conhecer as vivências das mulheres que sofreram VS e solicitaram IL de gestação em serviço de referência em São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo exploratório e qualitativo baseado em entrevistas diretas semiestruturadas com amostra proposital, utilizando critério de saturação de informação. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e inseridas no programa The Ethnograph V6.0, e definidas categorias que serviram para análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: Dez mulheres que realizaram IL e outras três com solicitações negadas ou que desistiram do procedimento participaram da pesquisa. Todas com idade entre 18 e 38 anos e escolaridade 'maior ou igual' 8 anos, entrevistadas após 1 a 5 anos do procedimento de IL. As mulheres sentiram a VS como vergonhosa, mantiveram segredo e não procuraram atendimento imediato; relatando sentimentos de choque, medo, choro constante e desespero. O diagnóstico da gravidez foi desesperador, provocou angústia e o desejo imediato de interrupção. As mulheres desconheciam o direito à IL e onde deveriam buscar ajuda. Para as que procuraram primeiramente o setor privado de saúde as orientações foram precárias, diferentemente daquelas que procuraram atendimento público. Encontrar o serviço de referência foi motivo de alívio; a espera pela resposta à solicitação da IL foi marcada por ansiedade e medo de recusa. Após o procedimento, as variáveis ter religião católica, visualizar o feto no momento da expulsão e perceber reações negativas por parte de membros da equipe de atendimento foram aspectos apontados como dificultadores do processo de elaboração da experiência da IL. Após a IL foram relatados sentimentos de alívio, vazio e tristeza. Em longo prazo não houve arrependimento; apesar disso, as mulheres precisaram lidar com sentimentos de culpa e dificuldades para retomar suas práticas religiosas. O estudo não alcançou saturação de informação para avaliar vivências após negação da IL, realizou-se, então, estudo de casos. A única mulher entrevistada para a qual a IL foi negada pelo serviço evoluiu com aborto espontâneo e as vivências relatadas foram semelhantes àquelas das que haviam realizado IL. Para as duas mulheres que desistiram da IL e assumiram a gestação, a decisão delas próprias e o apoio familiar consistente mostraram-se relevantes para o bom desenvolvimento do vínculo com o bebê; ambas negaram arrependimento por suas decisões. Conclusão: foi evidente a complexidade das vivências das mulheres que sofreram VS e precisaram recorrer à IL, sendo esta realizada ou não. Além do impacto da agressão sofrida, as mulheres também revelaram o impacto das sanções morais e religiosas. Na realidade brasileira, há necessidade da criação de serviços de apoio que não estejam ligados diretamente aos serviços de referência para IL, a fim de dar suporte às demandas emocionais das mulheres e oferecer possibilidade de reestruturação; além da promoção de reflexões no campo da saúde, dos direitos humanos e da proteção social / Abstract: Introduction: Brazilian law ensures legal abortion (LA) for cases of sexual violence (SV) since 1940. The emotional consequences of abortion for women's life has motivated studies in different countries with controversial results. Objectives: to know the experiences of women who have suffered SV and requested LA in referral service in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Exploratory qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews conducted with women selected through purposeful sampling. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematic analysis of content was performed with the aid of The Ethnograph V6.0 program, and defined categories that served to thematic content analysis. Results: Ten women who underwent LA and three with requests denied or dropped out of the procedure were interviewed after 1-5 years of IL, all aged between 18-38 years and schooling "higher or equal" 8 years. The women felt the SV as shameful, kept secret and did not seek immediate care; reporting feelings of shock, fear, constant crying and despair. The diagnosis of pregnancy was despairing, caused anguish and immediate abortion desire. The women were unaware of the right to LA and where they should seek for help. For those who first sought the private health sector orientation were poor, unlike those who sought public service. Find the referral service was reliefing; waiting for a response to the LA request was marked by anxiety and fear of refusal. After the procedure, the variables having catholic religion, seeing the fetus during the procedure and negative reactions from members of the care team were pointed as hindering elements of this experience. After the LA feelings of relief, emptiness and sadness were reported. In the long term, there was no regret regarding the decision, however, feelings of guilt and difficulties in resuming their religious practices appeared. The study did not reach saturation information to evaluate to assess the women¿s experiences who did not have the legal abortion, so case studies were done. The only woman interviewed for which the LA was denied by the service, had a spontaneous abortion and reported similar experiences to those who underwent LA. For the two women who dropped out of the LA and carried the pregnancy to term, the decision made by themselves and consistent family support were relevant to promote link with the pregnancy and the baby; both of them reported no regret regarding their decision. Conclusion: it was evident the complexity of the experiences of women who have suffered SV and had to underwent LA. Besides the impact of aggression, women also revealed the impact of moral and religious sanctions. In Brazil, there is need for the creation of support services that are not directly linked to referral services for LA in order to support women¿s emotional demands and offer possibility of restructuring; in addition to promoting reflections in the field of health, human rights and social protection / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Doutora em Tocoginecologia

A propriedade intelectual tem merecido destaque nas discussões atuais, trazendo à reflexão as considerações sobre o que efetivamente pode-se considerar propriedade intelectual e científica, pelo destacado valor que se dá ao texto como registro de idéias e de organização do pensamento, bem como meio de difusão dos saberes produzido. O que aqui se propõe é refletir, com base na legislação brasileira, sobre o que efetivamente pode-se considerar como resultado do esforço intelectual de um pesquisador ou produtor, na área da ciência, mais precisamente no âmbito da Odontologia e o que constitui dados do paciente. O prontuário odontológico tem o domínio pertencente ao paciente, como estabelece o Código de Ética Odontológica (2013). No entanto, por expressar o conhecimento do profissional, suas conclusões, e meio de prova em eventuais demandas judiciais, esse registro é fundamental para a construção de um diálogo entre os diversos produtores do conhecimento e seus destinatários. Por ter uma função social, como preconizado pela Constituição Federal do Brasil, é preciso que a Sociedade tenha acesso às descobertas científicas e à produção dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas, sem que suas idéias permaneçam trancadas em arquivos. Exige-se, na atualidade, que seja destacada a parte que compõe o registro de dados pessoais do paciente, e aquilo que é registro do profissional e construção intelectual deste, evitando-se assim que a criação e produção intelectiva do profissional estejam na propriedade de outrem e não do seu criador. / Intellectual property has been featured in the current discussions, bringing to reflection about what considerations effectively can be considered scientific and intellectual property, by the highlighted value that gives the text as a record of ideas and organization of thought as well as a means of disseminating the knowledge produced. What is proposed here is to reflect, on the basis of the Brazilian legislation, about what actually can be considered as a result of intellectual effort of a researcher or producer, in the area of science, more precisely in the context of dentistry and what constitutes patient data. However, by expressing the professional knowledge, their conclusions and evidence in any litigation, this record is fundamental to the construction of a dialogue between the various producers of knowledge and their recipients. To have a social function, as advocated by the Federal Constitution of Brazil, the society has access to scientific discoveries and the production of dentists, without which his ideas remain locked in archives. If required, at the present time, which highlighted the part that composes the personal data of the patient record, and that record of professional and intellectual construction of this to avoid that the creation and production of intellective property of others are professional and not its creator.

Jugé excessivement protecteur à l’égard des investisseurs étrangers au cours des deux dernières décennies, le droit international des investissements fait face aujourd’hui à une crise de légitimité́. L’industrie extractive est particulièrement touchée par ces critiques par les différentes allégations d’atteintes aux droits de l’homme et droit de l’environnement, et dont le traitement par les tribunaux d’investissement reste limité. En outre, le système juridique des pays en développement étant d’une part, fragmenté par l’articulation entre un droit local, national et international, voire transnationale par les nouveaux modes de régulation transnationale privée, et d’autre part, gangrené́ par des dérives corruptives, les populations locales ont un accès limité à la justice en cas de litiges avec les multinationales. En effet, la pratique consiste à̀ délocaliser le droit applicable au contrat d’investissement par les différentes techniques développées par le droit international, et singulièrement par les clauses contractuelles et l’arbitrage transnational. Cette étude propose donc de développer la notion « d’enclavement juridique» pour décrire ce phénomène auquel font face les pays en développement, et comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles l’investissement étranger, pourtant au centre de la concurrence des systèmes juridiques, a des impacts limités et localisés sur le développement de l’État hôte. / Considered as offering overprotection, international investment law faced a crisis of legitimacy. The extractive industry is particularly affected by criticisms of various allegations of human rights violations and environmental law, and their treatment by investment courts remains limited. Furthermore, the legal system of developing countries are fragmented by the articulation among local, national and international law, even transnational law with private regulations, and affected by corruptive drifts, the local populations have limited access to justice when disputes with multinationals occur. As a matter of fact, the practice consists of relocating the law applicable to the investment contract by the various techniques developed by international law, and particularly contractual clauses and transnational arbitration. This thesis develops the concept of "legal enclosure" to describe this phenomenon, and to explain the limited and localized impacts of foreign investments on the development of the host State.

Cette thèse traite de l'état de la pensée juridique française pendant la période de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il s'agit d'abord d'expliquer quelles sont les formes d'engagement, aussi bien militaires qu'idéologiques, des enseignants juristes pendant le conflit. Il s'agit ensuite de rendre compte des enjeux juridiques que posent le conflit. Enfin, il s'agit de montrer l'influence de ce contexte particulier sur les débats doctrinaux qui ont lieu pendant et après le conflit. Ces recherches ont ainsi pour but de déterminer quelles sont les conséquences de la Grande Guerre sur la pensée juridique française. / This research focuses on the state of French legal thought during the First World War. The first step is to explain the forms of engagement, both military and ideological, of the legal doctrine during the conflict. The next step is to account for the legal challenges posed by the conflict. Finally, it is necessary to show the influence of this particular context on the doctrinal debates that take place during and after the conflict. The purpose of this research is to determine the consequences of the Great War on French legal thought.

1 Identity and Universality of Legal Cultures in Eastern Europe Abstract Submitted thesis explores the topic of possible approximation among East European legal culture and common law legal culture. As an indicator supporting or dismissing the trend in question serves a qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the comparative argumentation in the case law of constitutional courts of five East European countries: Russia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic. Firstly, the thesis explains the concept of legal culture, underlines its critique and introduces it as a fitting theoretical framework for a detailed study of constitutional comparative argumentation. The comparative argumentation and its theoretical outline are in the center of the subsequent part of the thesis which also tries to describe effects of socialist legal culture on legal argumentation before courts in the region of Eastern Europe. The comparative argumentation is then introduced as a relatively important but also an overlooked method of legal argumentation, at least in the region in question. Following these findings, the occurrence and methodological quality of comparative analysis in the case law of constitutional courts is established as a suitable indicator of potential approximation of examined legal cultures. The...