O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar a produção de pós de titanato de alumínio - tialita - pelo processo sol-gel associado à aspersão térmica por plasma. Foram investigados 3 tipos de solventes (etilenoglicol, álcool etílico e água) para a obtenção de um pó com características adequadas para a aplicação por aspersão ténnica a plasma. Os pós foram preparados por co-precipitação de sais inorgânicos de titânio e alumínio através da desestabilização das soluções com uma base forte. Os produtos obtidos foram então secos, calcinados em diferentes temperaturas, observando a evolução das fases. Alternativamente, pós pré-calcinados foram submetidos à aspersão térmica a plasma contra um recipiente com água, e contra um substrato de aço baixo carbono, proporcionando um resfriamento rápido. Os pós obtidos foram caracterizados por análises terrnodiferenciais (ATD) e termogravimétricas (ATG), análise granulométrica por difração de laser, análise da evolução de fases em função da temperatura de calcinação (e após aspersão térmica) por difração de raios X, análise da homogeneidade química e morfologia das partículas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com o auxílio de espectrômetro de energia dispersiva (EDS). Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter, via sol-gel, matérias-primas adequadas para a formação da fase tialita após calcinação a temperaturas acima de 1300°C ou calcinando-se a cerca de 600°C e aspergindo em chama plásmica. Os diferentes solventes utilizados proporcionaram a produção de pós com diferentes morfologias e graus de homogeneidade química. Os pós apresentaram uma distribuição de titânio e alumínio na mesma partícula, sendo que a utilização de etilenoglicol corno solvente levou à maior homogeneidade. Com menores taxas de aquecimento nas calcinações (150Kfh), em temperaturas entre 800 e 1200°C, ocorre a segregação desses elementos com formação e crescimento de grãos de rutila e coríndon. Já com o rápido aquecimento e resfriamento, característicos da aspersão térmica por chama plásmica, a fase final preponderante é a tialita, tanto com resfriamento em água quanto no resfriamento sobre um substrato. / This work has the purpose of studying the production of a ceramic powder of aluminurn titanate - tialita - by sol-gel process associated with plasma spraying. Three kinds of solvents (ethyleneglicol, ethyl alcohol, and distillated water) were investigated in order to obtain a powder with adequate characteristics to be used as feedstock in plasma spray technique. The powders were made by co-prectpttation of inorganic salts of titanium and aluminurn through destabilization of the solutions using a strong base. The products obtained were dried, calcinated at different temperatures with attention to the phase evolution. Alternately, powders pré-calcinated were submitted to plasma thermal spraying in water and in a low-carbon steel substrate, providing an intense cooling rate. The powders obtained were characterized by differential thermal analysis (DT A) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size analysis by laser diffraction, phase evaluation in function of calcinations temperature by X ray diffraction, chemical homogeneity and particle morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that is possible obtain, by sol-gel, adequate feedstock to formation of tialita phase after calcinations at temperatures above 1300°C, or calcining at temperatures near 600°C followed by thermal spraying with plasma flame. The different kinds of solvents used, propitiated the production of powders with different morphologies and degrees of chemical homogeneity. With low heating rates in calcinations (150Kih), at temperatures between 800°C and 1200°C, occurs the segregation of aluminum and titaniurn with formation and growing of corundum and rutile phases. Since with fast heating and cooling propitiate by plasma spraying, the preponderant final phase is tialite in the substrate (water or metallic) aspersion.

Com o objetivo de desenvolver novos revestimentos mais protetores e quantificar a resistência à corrosão resultante, estudou-se a adição de caulinita em novos revestimentos híbridos a base de silanos sobre a liga de alumínio AA7075. Os revestimentos com silanos aqui estudados diferem dos relatados anteriormente na literatura, os quais usualmente contém cargas minerais apenas para a liberação de inibidores de corrosão, enquanto que os revestimentos desenvolvidos no presente estudo contém caulinita lamelar com a finalidade de barreira de difusão para espécies corrosivas. Para tanto, estudou-se primeiramente a esfoliação da caulinita e produção de filmes finos (2-3μm) por diferentes rotas de preparação pelo processo sol-gel, obtendo-se os melhores resultados com o processo envolvendo acidificação final. Os revestimentos e as partículas de caulinita processada foram caracterizados por microscopia ótica, microscopia de varredura eletrônica e difração de raios-X. A resistência à corrosão foi estudada por voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria, em potencial aplicado entre o potencial de pite e o de repassivação. A maior resitência à corrosão por pites foi obtida para os revestimentos contendo 3% em massa de caulinita, seguido dos com 33% em massa. Estudou-se também preliminarmente a permeação de H2O no revestimento por medidas rápidas de capacitância, após exposição cíclica em soluções contendo cloreto seguidas de secagem, sendo esta metodologia empregada até o momento apenas para tintas bem mais espessas (≈ 300μm). Observou-se que o método é aplicável para medidas no primeiro ciclo de absorção de H2O, concluindo-se que após a primeira exposição, o cloreto continua difundindo, diminuindo o tempo de resistência ao pite. / Aiming to develop more protective new coatings and to quantify the resulting corrosion resistance, new hybrid coatings based on silanes with the addition of kaolinite were produced and applied on the AA7075 aluminum alloy. The studied silane coatings differ from those reported previously in the literature that usually contain mineral fillers to release corrosion inhibitors, since we here developed silane coatings contain lamellar kaolinite as a barrier against the diffusion of corrosive species. For this, we first studied the exfoliation of kaolinite, and production of thin coating (2-3μm) by different preparation routes of the sol-gel process, obtaining the best results with the process of final acidification. Coatings and processed kaolinite particles were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at potentials between that of the repassivation and of the pitting of the substrate alloy. The greatest pitting resistance was obtained for coatings with 3% kaolinite addition, followed by the ones with 33%. The permeation of H2O into the coating was also preliminarily studied by fast capacitance measurements after cyclic exposure to solutions containing chloride followed by drying, a methodology that up to date was only used for much thicker paints (≈ 300μm). It was concluded that in chloride media this method is only applicable for measurements in the first cycle, as after the first exposure, chloride ions continuously permeate into the coating during the drying phase, greatly reducing the time to pit nucleation.

O material SiO2/Nb2O5 (SiNb) foi preparado pelo método sol-gel e empregado como adsorvente para remoção do corante Violeta Cristal. O material foi caracterizado utilizando isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de nitrogênio, espectroscopia FTIR, pHpzc, e SEM-EDS. A análise isotérmica de N2 revelou a presença de micro e mesoporos na amostra de SiNb com área superficial específica de 747 m2g−1. No processo de adsorção do corante foram avaliados parâmetros como pH, temperatura, tempo de contato, e concentração do corante no processo. O valor de pH inicial da solução do corante que levou a uma máxima adsorção foi 7. A cinética de adsorção e equilíbrio para a adsorção do corante foram representadas por ordem-geral e Liu, respectivamente. A capacidade máxima de adsorção do corante com o adsorvente SiNb, na temperatura de 303K, foi de 116mg g-1. Dois efluentes de corantes foram simulados e usados para verificar a aplicabilidade do material SiNb para tratamento de efluentes, sendo que o adsorvente se mostrou muito eficiente na descoloração desses efluentes. / In this dissertation, SiO2/Nb2O5 (SiNb) material was prepared using sol–gel method and employed as adsorbent for removal of crystal violet dye (CV). The material was characterized using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, FTIR spectroscopy, pHpzc, and SEM-EDS. The analysis of N2 isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores in the SiNb sample with specific surface area 747 m2 g−1. For the dye adsorption process, variations of parameters such as of pH, temperature, contact time, and concentration of dye of the process were evaluated. The optimum initial pH of the CV dye solution was 7.0. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data for CV adsorption were suitably represented by the general-order and Liu models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CV dye by SiNb was achieved at 303 K, which attained 116 mg g−1at this temperaure. Dye effluents were simulated and used to check the applicability of the SiNb material for treatment of effluents – the material showed very good efficiency for decolorization of dye effluents.

L’alumine est un support important en catalyse hétérogène. Le contrôle de ses propriétés physiques et texturales permet d’en améliorer les performances comme support pour des applications en catalyse. Les catalyseurs à base de cobalt sont connus pour présenter d’excellentes performances pour la réaction de reformage de l’éthanol (RRE) du fait de leur grande affinité à cliver les liaisons C-H et C-C.De nombreuses études ont visé à corréler les propriétés de l’alumine avec celles des catalyseurs. L’alumine présente une chimie de surface plutôt complexe qui peut être contrôlée par le mode de préparation. Dans ce travail,des alumines possédant des méso- et macropores ont été obtenues par voie sol-gel dans un mode de préparation « one-pot » accompagnée par une séparation de phases. Dans cette stratégie intégrative, les deux procédés,gélification et séparation de phases, surviennent spontanément dans les systèmes contenant un inducteur de séparation de phase.Les différentes alumines ont été synthétisées à partir d’isopropoxyde oude chlorure d’aluminium et de polyethylène oxyde ou polypropylène oxydeutilisés comme inducteur de séparation de phases. Le choix approprié des compositions des réactifs permet le contrôle de la taille et volume des pores. La formation des macropores résulte du processus de séparation de phase après décomposition par calcination de l’inducteur alors que l’espace entre particules formant le squelette du xerogel constitue la structure mésoporeuse.Les différentes alumines poreuses ainsi préparées et une alumine commerciale ont été utilisées comme supports de catalyseurs de cobalt par imprégnation par voie humide. Les précurseurs oxydes du catalyseur obtenu après calcination sont composés de phases de type Co ₃ O ₄ et CoAl₂O ₄ , cette dernière étant en quantité plus importante dans les alumines synthétiques.Comme les alumines sol-gel sont caractérisées par une plus grande proportion d’aluminium en site octaédrique et de groupement hydroxyles de surface que l’alumine commerciale, nous avons proposé que ces caractéristiques facilitent la migration du Cobalt dans le réseau alumine et explique la formation plus importante de phase de type CoAl₂O ₄ .Les catalyseurs ont été caractérisés pendant l’activation et en conditions réelles de fonctionnement RRE par EXAFS rapide pour suivre l’évolution de l’ordre local du cobalt et par spectroscopie Raman et spectrométrie de masse résolues dans le temps pour l’analyse des produits de réaction. Si l’espèce active est indiscutablement Co0, nous avons montré que les performances catalytiques dépendent aussi du rapport Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ obtenu après activation, dans le sens où de faibles rapports Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ ne permettront pas de nettoyer la surface du catalyseur par oxydation du coke formé lorsque la réaction de reformage de l’éthanol opère. Une conclusion importante de ce travail est la mise en évidence du rôle joué par l’oxyde cobalt (CoO) dans la stabilité du catalyseur à travers la promotion de l’oxydation des espèces carbonées déposées en surface. Ainsi le contrôle du rapport Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ apparaît comme un élément capital pour la conception de catalyseurs performants à base de cobalt pour la réaction de reformage de l’éthanol, le choix du support étant essentiel / Alumina is an important support for heterogeneous catalysts. Thematching of appropriate alumina physical properties and controlled texturalproperties can improve its performance as support in catalysis applications.Cobalt based catalysts have been reported to have a good ethanol steamreforming (ESR) performance due to their high activity for the cleavage of C-Hand C-C bonds.Many studies have been conducted about the effects of aluminaproperties on the cobalt catalysts properties. Alumina exhibits a rather complexsurface chemistry which can be controlled by the preparation procedure. In thiswork alumina samples with macro and mesoporous structure were obtainedusing the one-pot sol-gel synthesis accompanied by phase separation. In thisintegrative strategy both processes, gelation and phase separation,spontaneously occur in system containing the presence of the phase separationinducer.The different aluminas were produced by using as aluminum reactants,aluminum isopropoxide and chloride and PolyEthylene Oxide or PolyPropyleneOXide as phase separation inducer. Appropriate choice of the startingcomposition allows the control the pore size and volume. Macroporous areformed as a result of phase separation after burning the phase separationinducer, while voids between particles of the xerogel skeletons form amesoporous structures.The different alumina porous alumina and commercial alumina wereused as supports for preparing by wetness impregnation cobalt-based catalyst.The oxidic catalyst precursors obtained after calcination are composed of Co ₃ O ₄ and CoAl₂O ₄ -like phases, the latter being in higher proportions in the sol-gelalumina than in the commercial one. As the sol-gel alumina presents a largeramount of octahedral AlVI sites and surface hydroxyl groups than thecommercial alumina, it was assumed that these features can facilitate themigration of Co ions into the alumina network leading to formation of thegreatest amount of CoAl₂O ₄ .The catalysts were characterized under realistic activation and reactionconditions by the combination of Quick-XAS (X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy)for monitoring the change of the local order around Co with time-resolvedRaman and Mass spectroscopy for monitoring reaction products. If the Co(0)species is undoubtedly the active species for ESR, the catalytic performancehas been clearly shown to be affected by the Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ ratio obtained afteractivation, getting lower Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ ratios will not allow to clean the surface of thecatalyst by oxidation of C* as ESR is running. As an important conclusion of thework reported herein, we have evidenced that the cobalt oxide (CoO) plays akey role in the stability over time of the catalyst through oxidation of adsorbedand reactive carbon atoms. Then the control of the Co ²⁺ /Co ⁰ ratio appears to beone of the key issues in the design of efficient cobalt alumina-supported ethanolsteam reforming catalysts and the choice of the support is essential forcontrolling this ratio of active cobalt species.

Ces travaux de thèse ont pour but d’analyser les outils de photolithographies permettant d’inscrire des réseaux des diffractions et d’identifier ceux qui sont suffisamment flexibles pour être adapté à des substrats non conventionnels tel que des cylindres ou des tubes. Les outils de photolithographies développés ont aussi été ajustés afin d’inscrire directement un réseau de diffraction dans une couche fonctionnelle de TiO2, apporté par la voie sol-gel. Cette thèse est une étude prospective car la périodicité ou le motif des structures diffractantes inscrites n’ont pas été définis pour une application spécifique. Deux outils de photolithographies ont été adaptés avec succès aux substrats cylindriques. Ils seront présentés ici et s’accompagneront d’une perspective en vue d’une application particulière. Enfin, le dernier chapitre se distincte des précédents car il ne porte pas sur le développement d’un outil de photolithographie mais sur la transformation chimique du TiO2 (diélectrique) en TiN (métal), il reste néanmoins dans la continuité de ses travaux de thèse car cette transformation est adaptée à tous types de substrats / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the photolithography tools used to print diffraction gratings and to identify those that are sufficiently flexible to be adapted to unconventional substrates such as cylinders or tubes. The photolithography tools developed have also been adjusted in order to write directly a diffraction grating in a functional layer of TiO2, supplied by the sol-gel pathway. This thesis is a prospective study because the periodicity or the pattern of the registered diffracting structures has not been defined for a specific application. Two photolithography tools have been successfully adapted to cylindrical substrates. They will be presented here and will be accompanied with a perspective for a specific application. Finally, the last chapter is distinct from the previous ones because it does not concern the development of a photolithography tool but on the chemical transformation of TiO2 (dielectric) into TiN (metal), it nevertheless remains in the continuity of its thesis because this transformation is adapted to all types of substrates

Ces travaux de thèse ont pour but l'élaboration de matrices poreuses sol-gel pour une applications de détections des composés organiques microbiens, ce-ci a des fins d'identifications bactériennes.Les travaux se sont articulés autour des la synthèse et l'optimisation du matériaux d'une part puis de l'analyse des composés organiques volatiles (COV) microbiens d'autre part. Cette analyse a été envisagé selon deux voies. La première était une approche globale des profils olfactifs microbiens. La seconde était une approche ciblée des COV cibles d’importance majeur.La synthèse du matériau a été mené par voie sol-gel, les études caractéristiques ont été effectué par manométrie d'azote et diffraction des rayons X aux petits angles.La détection microbienne, via notre matériaux sol-gel, s'effectue par transduction optique. Les spectrométries d'Absorbance ou de Fluorescence ont été envisagées en mode directe (sans molécules sondes) ou en mode indirect (avec molécules sondes). / 989/5000The purpose of this thesis is to develop sol-gel porous matrices for microbial detection of microbial organic compounds for bacterial identification.The work revolved around the synthesis and optimization of materials on the one hand and then the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the other hand. This analysis was considered in two ways. The first was a global approach to microbial olfactory profiles. The second was a targeted approach to target VOCs of major importance.The synthesis of the material was carried out by sol-gel, the characteristic studies were carried out by nitrogen manometry and X-ray diffraction at small angles.Microbial detection, via our sol-gel material, is carried out by optical transduction. The Absorbance or Fluorescence spectrometries were considered in direct mode (without probe molecules) or in indirect mode (with probe molecules)

Dans le secteur aéronautique en pleine expansion, les préoccupations environnementales prennent une place de plus en plus importante. Les motoristes recherchent des solutions innovantes pour augmenter les rendements tout en diminuant les coûts. Dans cette perspective, de nouveaux systèmes de barrières thermiques synthétisés par la voie sol-gel à partir de poudres commerciales, de céramiques avec différents facteurs de forme et d'agents porogènes ont été mis en œuvre et évalués. Certains systèmes présentent une durée de vie de plus de 1000 cycles en oxydation cyclique. Malgré tout, cet accroissement des températures de fonctionnement des moteurs, induit une élévation des températures de surfaces des barrières thermiques et peut générer de nouvelles dégradations du système complet : la corrosion à hautes températures par les CMAS. Pour pallier ces inconvénients, il est possible de développer des revêtements anti-CMAS, susceptibles de réagir avec les composés CMAS avant qu'ils n'aient un effet néfaste sur l'intégrité de la barrière thermique. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés particulièrement aux revêtements sacrificiels anti-CMAS à base d'yttrine et de systèmes pyrochlore, qui ont été testés sur des barrières thermiques industrielles de type EBPVD. Par ailleurs, les procédés que nous avons développés, basés sur la voie sol-gel, nous permettent, de par leur facilité de mise en œuvre, d'envisager des perspectives prometteuses en termes de réparabilité des barrières thermiques endommagées. En effet, compte tenu du coût élevé de fabrication des pièces, les aubes devraient être réparées plusieurs fois avant d'être mises au rebut. Dans ce travail, un procédé de mise en forme a été évalué dans ce sens. Il s'agit de l'électrophorèse qui est une technique bien adaptée au dépôt sur pièces complexes. L'objectif de ces investigations a donc été double : tout d'abord créer de nouveaux systèmes de barrières thermiques avec des propriétés anti-CMAS par électrophorèse puis réparer les barrières thermiques EBPVD endommagées et leur déposer une couche protectrice anti-CMAS par ce même procédé. Cet aspect " procédé " sera abordé en dernière partie de ces travaux. / In the aeronautics sector, environmental concerns are becoming increasingly important. Engine manufacturers are looking for innovative solutions to increase efficiency while lowering costs. The objective is to optimize thermal conductivity and durability with the cyclic oxidation resistance. In this perspective, new thermal barrier systems synthesized by the sol-gel route from commercial powders, ceramics with various form factors and pore-forming agents have been implemented and evaluated. Some systems are a lifetime higher than 1000 cycles in cyclic oxidation. However, this increase in the operating temperatures of the engines induces an increase in the temperature of the surfaces of the thermal barriers and can generate further degradations of the complete system: the corrosion by CMAS. To overcome these disadvantages, it is possible to develop anti-CMAS coatings capable of reacting with CMAS compounds before they have a detrimental effect on the integrity of the thermal barrier. In this study, we were particularly interested in anti-CMAS protective coatings based on yttria and pyrochlore systems, which were tested on industrial thermal barriers realized by EBPVD. Moreover, the processes we have developed, based on the sol-gel path, allow us, because of their ease of implementation, to envisage promising prospects in terms of repair of damaged thermal barriers. Indeed, given the high cost of manufacturing parts, the blades should be repaired several times before being discarded. In this work, a shaping process has been evaluated in this direction. This is electrophoretic deposition which is a technique allowing to deposit on complex parts. The objective of these investigations was therefore twofold: firstly to create new thermal barrier systems with anti-CMAS properties by electrophoretic deposition and then to repair the damaged EBPVD thermal barriers and to deposit an anti-CMAS protective layer by this same process. This "process" aspect will be discussed at the end of this work.

Tratamentos de metais contra a corrosão usando formulações contendo derivados de cromo hexavalente (Cr6+) tem sido padrão na indústria de tratamento de superfície durante muitas décadas. Esses tratamentos oferecem excelente proteção contra a corrosão, fornecem boa base para pinturas, são baratos e relativamente fáceis de aplicar. Além do mais oferecem proteção ativa ao substrato devido à capacidade de autorregeneração. Porém, restrições ambientais e de saúde, tornadas mais severas a partir das últimas décadas, requerem a substituição destes tratamentos por processos que sejam ambientalmente corretos e não agressivos à saúde humana. Neste contexto, a indústria aeroespacial, amplamente dependente de ligas de alumínio com elevada resistência mecânica para a construção das aeronaves, é uma das mais atingidas, visto que várias das etapas do tratamento superficial e dos processos de proteção contra a corrosão destas ligas utilizam compostos de Cr6+. Dentro dessa nova realidade, a utilização de revestimentos híbridos derivados de silanos, obtidos pelo processo sol-gel, tem se apresentado como uma das alternativas mais investigadas para a substituição dos pré-tratamentos à base de cromato. Estes revestimentos formam uma cadeia polimérica compacta sobre a superfície do metal constituindo uma barreira efetiva contra espécies agressivas, podendo também ser funcionalizados para apresentarem compatibilidade com revestimentos orgânicos. Entretanto os mesmos não exibem proteção ativa contra a corrosão. Nesse trabalho o comportamento anticorrosivo, em solução de NaCl 0,1 M, de um revestimento híbrido produzido pela hidrólise e condensação do 3-glicidóxipropiltrimetóxisilano (GPTMS) e do tetraetil ortosilicato (TEOS) aplicado sobre a liga AA2024-T3 foi investigado por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) e analisado por SEM/EDX. Com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho dos revestimentos, as soluções de hidrólise foram modificadas pela introdução de 0,005 M de inibidores de corrosão derivados de triazol (benzotriazol (BTAH) e toliltriazol (TTA)) ou de organofosfonatos (ácido trimetileno fosfônico (ATMP) e ácido 1-hidróxietileno 1,1-difosfônico (HEDP)). Os resultados dos ensaios eletroquímicos mostraram que, apesar de eficientes para a proteção contra a corrosão da liga, o BTAH e o TTA interferem negativamente nas propriedades anticorrosivas do revestimento híbrido. Por sua vez, a modificação do híbrido com o ATMP ou HEDP melhorou a resposta de impedância do revestimento e aumentou sua estabilidade, se mostrando como um enfoque promissor para aumentar o desempenho do revestimento. A espectroscopia por emissão de fotoelétrons (XPS) e a espectroscopia Raman foram utilizadas para caracterizar o híbrido modificado com os organofosfonatos. Através da primeira técnica foi possível evidenciar a interação das moléculas de inibidor com a superfície metálica. Já os resultados de espectroscopia Raman indicaram a incorporação dos inibidores no revestimento, tendo sido mais eficaz para esta finalidade que as análises por XPS. Entretanto, para evidenciar esse processo, foi necessário aumentar a concentração dos inibidores em 10 vezes com relação à quantidade empregada nos ensaios eletroquímicos. / Anticorrosion metals treatments using formulations containing derivatives of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) have been standard in the surface treatment industry for many decades. These treatments afford excellent corrosion protection, offer good base for paintings, are inexpensive and relatively easy to apply. Besides, they provide active protection to the substrate due to their selfhealing abilities. However, environmental and health restrictions, made more severe from the end of the eighties, require replacement of these treatments by processes that are environmentally friendly and not aggressive to human health. In this context, the aerospace industry, which is strongly dependent on high strength aluminium alloys, is one of the most heavily affected, as (Cr6+) compounds are used in several steps of the surface treatment and corrosion protection processes. Within this new reality, the use of hybrid coatings derived from silanes and obtained by the sol-gel process, has emerged as one of the most investigated alternatives to replace the chromate based pre-treatments. These coatings form a compact polymer network on the metal surface providing an effective barrier against aggressive species, they may also be tailored to present compatibility with organic coatings. However they do not exhibit active corrosion protection. In this study the corrosion behavior, in 0.1 M NaCl, of a hybrid coating produced by hydrolysis and condensation of 3glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) applied on AA2024-T3 alloy was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and analysed by SEM/EDX. Aiming to improve the coatings performances, the hydrolysis solutions were modified by the addition of 0.005 M of triazoles (benzotriazole (BTAH) and tolyltriazole (TTA)) or organophosphates (trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) and 1hydroxyethylidene-1 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP)) based corrosion inhibitors. The results of the electrochemical tests showed that, although effective for corrosion protection of the alloy, BTAH and TTA adversely impacted the anticorrosive properties of the hybrid coating. In turn, the modification of the hybrid with ATMP or HEDP improved the impedance response of the coating and increased its stability, proving to be a promising approach to enhance the coating performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the hybrid modified with organophosphates. With the first technique it was possible to demonstrate the interaction of the inhibitor molecules with the metal surface. Raman spectroscopy results indicated the incorporation of the inhibitors in the coating, being more effective for this purpose than the XPS analysis. However, to demonstrate this process, it was necessary use the concentration of the inhibitors 10 times more than the amount employed in the electrochemical tests.

Les composés à base du plomb sont très utilisés dans l'industrie microélectronique en raison de leurs propriétés ferroélectriques et piézoélectriques. Cependant, en raison de la toxicité du plomb, la recherche est dirigée vers le développement des matériaux piézoélectriques « écologiques » (sans plomb). L’objectif de ce travail consiste donc à synthétiser par procédé sol-gel un matériau piézoélectrique écologique : le Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT). Les films minces ont été déposés à l’aide d’une tournette sur des substrats de Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si. Une étape de séchage sur plaque est appliquée à 100ºC après chaque dépôt. L’utilisation du procédé thermique rapide (RTP) permet la densification et la cristallisation de BNT. Ainsi une pyrolyse est appliquée après le séchage pour densifier le film ; la température a été fixée à 200ºC. Enfin un recuit à 700ºC a permis la cristallisation des films dans la structure pérovskite. Les résultats de caractérisations électriques macroscopiques ainsi que les caractérisations à l’échelle locale ont mis en évidence des performances diélectrique, ferroélectrique et piézoélectrique encourageantes. / Lead based materials are widely used in microelectronic industry due to their ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. However, due to lead toxicity, it has recently desired to develop lead-free piezoelectric materials for environmental protection. The aim of this work is to synthesize a lead-free piezoelectric material by sol-gel method: Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3. BNT films were deposited by spin coating on Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrate. The films were dried at 100ºC on a hot-plate after each layer deposition. Rapid thermal process (RTP) was used for the densification and crystallization of BNT films. Thus a pyrolysis step is applied to densify the dried film; the temperature was set at 200ºC. The film annealed at 700ºC is well crystallized in the perovskite phase. Macroscopic and local electrical characterizations showed promising dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties.

Materiais biocerâmicos são constituídos por elementos encontrados normalmente no organismo e por esse motivo são empregados na área médica, principalmente para a fabricação de implantes dentários e aplicação ortopédica. A partir do tipo de ligação realizada com o organismo, o biocerâmico é classificado em inerte, reabsorvível e bioativo, sendo esse último dividido em vidro bioativo, hidroxiapatita e vitrocerâmico. O material vitrocerâmico exibe propriedades únicas devido a sua microestrutura específica, variedade de composições e propriedades mecânicas adequadas. Entre as possíveis composições, o sistema CaO-MgO-SiO2 exibe bioatividade devido a concentração de cálcio e silício que podem estimular os genes responsáveis pela proliferação de osteoblastos. A presença de magnésio eleva as propriedades mecânicas e a osteointegração devido a interações na superfície da cerâmica com os osteoblastos, possibilitando a formação de hidroxiapatita (HA) e consequentemente ligações diretas com o tecido vivo. Para este trabalho foram realizadas sínteses empregando sol-gel combinado com coprecipitação e sol-gel convencional, para comparação dos produtos obtidos. Os pós cerâmicos sintetizados foram caracterizados por DRX, MEV, BET e as cerâmicas foram testadas para determinação de bioatividade e citotoxicidade in vitro. A formação de HA na superfície das cerâmicas confirmou a bioatividade e observou-se que as amostras não são citotóxicas. Portanto, pôde-se concluir que a partir das metodologias aplicadas foi possível sintetizar pós cerâmicos que exibiram propriedades semelhantes, com potencial aplicação na área médica. / Bioceramic materials are constituted by elements normally found in the body and are therefore used in the medical field, mainly for the manufacture of dental implants and orthopedic application. From the type of binding performed with the organism, the bioceramic is classified as inert, resorbable and bioactive, the latter being divided into bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite and glass-ceramic. The glassceramic material exhibits unique properties due to its specific microstructure, variety of compositions and suitable mechanical properties. Among the possible compositions, the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system exhibits bioactivity due to the concentration of calcium and silicon that can stimulate the genes responsible for the proliferation of osteoblasts. The presence of magnesium increases the mechanical properties and the osseointegration due to interactions on the surface of the ceramic with the osteoblasts, allowing the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) and consequently direct connections with the living tissue. In this work, syntheses were performed using sol-gel combined with coprecipitation and conventional sol-gel methods for comparison of the obtained products. The synthesized ceramic powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET, and the ceramics were submitted for tests of in vitro bioactivity and cytotoxicity. The formation of HA on the surface of the ceramics confirmed the bioactivity and no cytotoxicity was observed in the samples. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that using proposed methodologies it was possible to synthesize ceramic powders that exhibited similar properties, with potential application in the medical area.