Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung mesoporöser monolithischer Silica und deren Hybridmaterialien mit Ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ILs, ionic liquids). Zur Synthese der Silicaproben wurde ein Sol-Gel-Verfahren, ausgehend von einer Präkursorverbindung wie Tetramethylorthosilicat angewendet. Der Katalysator mit der geringsten Basizität führte zum Material mit der kleinsten Porengröße und der größten spezifischen Oberfläche. Eine Kombination von porösen Silica mit ILs führt zur Materialklasse der Silica-Ionogele. Diese Hybridmaterialien verbinden die Eigenschaften eines porösen Festkörpers mit denen einer IL (Leitfähigkeit, weites elektrochemisches Fenster, gute thermische Stabilität) und bieten vielfältige Einsatzmöglichkeiten z.B. in der Katalyse- Solar- und Sensortechnik. Um diese Materialien für ihren Verwendungszweck zu optimieren, bedarf es deren umfassenden Charakterisierung. Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das thermische Verhalten von Silica-Ionogelen unter Verwendung verschiedener 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [Emim]-basierter ILs untersucht. Interessanterweise zeigen die untersuchten ILs deutliche Änderungen in ihrem thermischen Verhalten, wenn diese in porösen Materialien eingeschlossen werden (Confinement). Während sich die untersuchten reinen ILs durch klar unterscheidbare Phasenübergänge auszeichnen, konnten für die entsprechenden Hybridmaterialien deutlich schwächer ausgeprägte Übergänge beobachtet werden. Einzelne Phasenübergänge wurden unterdrückt (Glas- und Kristallisationsübergänge), während z.B. Schmelzübergänge in verbreiterten Temperaturbereichen, zum Teil als einzeln getrennte Schmelzpeaks beobachtet wurden. Diese Untersuchungen belegen deutliche Eigenschaftsänderungen der ILs in eingeschränkten Geometrien. Über Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie konnte außerdem gezeigt werden, daß die ILs in den mesoporösen Silicamaterialien eine unerwartet hohe Mobilität aufweisen. Die ILs können als quasi-flüssig bezeichnet werden und zeigen die nach bestem Wissen höchste Mobilität, die bisher für vergleichbare Hybridmaterialien beobachtet wurde. Durch Verwendung von funktionalisierten Präkursoren, sowie der Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen, kann die Oberfläche der Silicamaterialien chemisch funktionalisiert werden und damit die Materialeigenschaften in der gewünschten Weise beeinflußt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß der Oberflächenfunktionalität auf das thermische Verhalten hin untersucht. Dazu wurden zwei verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Funktionalisierung angewendet und miteinander verglichen. Bei der in-situ-Funktionalisierung wird die chemische Funktionalität während der Sol-Gel-Synthese über ein entsprechend funktionalisiertes Silan mit in das Silicamaterial einkondensiert. Eine postsynthetische Funktionalisierung erfolgt durch Reaktion der Endgruppen eines Silicamaterials mit geeigneten Reaktionspartnern. Um den Einfluß der physikalischen Eigenschaften der Probe auf die Reaktion zu untersuchen, wurden pulverisierte und monolithische Silicamaterialien miteinander verglichen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Vielfältigkeit, mit der Silicamaterialien postsynthetisch funktionalisiert werden können demonstriert. Durch die Kenntnis von Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen können die Eigenschaften von Silica-Ionogelen durch die geeignete Kombination von fester und mobiler Phase in der gewünschten Weise verändert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Untersuchung dieser Beziehungen leisten, um das Potential dieser interessanten Materialien für Anwendungen nutzen zu können. / This work describes the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous monolithic silica and its hybrid materials with ionic liquids (ILs). For synthesis of the silica samples a sol-gel method was used. The catalyst with the weakest basicity leads to the material with the smallest pore size and the largest specific surface area. Combination of porous silica with ILs yields silica-ionogels. These hybrid materials combine the properties of porous solids with the properties of ILs (which is e.g. high conductivity, wide electrochemical stability window, and good thermal stability) and therefore offer a variety of possible applications like catalysis, solar and sensing. To optimize these materials for specific applications there is a need to understand their structure-composition-property relations. For this reason the thermal behavior of silica-ionogels was studied using different 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [Emim]-based ILs. Interestingly the ILs show a clear change in their thermal behavior upon confinement in porous silica. Whereas the pure ILs show distinct phase transitions, the hybrid materials exhibit considerably weaker phase transitions. Phase transitions are suppressed (glass- and crystallization phase transitions); melting transitions show multiple melting peaks. Furthermore solid-state NMR also shows that ILs in mesoporous silica exhibit unusual high mobility. The confined ILs can therefore be classified as quasi-liquid and represents to our best knowledge the highest mobility observed so far in ionogels. By using functionalized silane precursors and different reaction conditions the silica surface was chemically functionalized which further changes the material properties. In a final approach a post-synthetic functionalization was performed by reaction of the selected groups of a silica material with suitable reactants. To study the effect of the physical appearance on the characteristics of the final material, powdered and monolithic samples were studied. In the last part of the work the versatility of post-synthetic silica functionalization was demonstrated. The current work contributes to a better understanding of structure-property correlations, to improve the potential of these interesting materials for possible applications.

The objective of this work was to develop a novel enzyme immobilization scheme for supported lipase sol-gels and to evaluate the potential of the immobilized biocatalyst for the production of biodiesel in a packed bed reactor. Two sources of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol hydrolase) were used in this study and the transesterification of methanol and triolein to produce glycerol and methyl oleate was used as a model reaction of biodiesel production. A commercially available form of immobilized lipase, Novozym® 435, was used as a basis for comparison to the literature. Upon establishing a lipase sol-gel formulation technique, the experimental methodology for the transesterification reaction using Novozyme® 435 was developed. Subsequently, a series of inert materials were considered based on their suitability as supports for immobilized lipase sol-gels and the synthesis of methyl oleate. The value of a supported lipase sol-gel is to improve the activity and stability of the enzyme and develop an immobilized biocatalyst that is practical for use under packed bed reactor conditions. Of the six support materials considered (6-12 mesh silica gel, Celite® R633, Celite® R632, Celite® R647, anion exchange resin, and Quartzel® felt), the diatomaceous earth supports (Celite® R633, R632 and R647) exhibited high enzymatic activity, were thermally stable, and possessed high sol-gel adhesion. From the three types of diatomaceous earth considered, Celite® R632 supported lipase sol-gels were identified as the most promising supported lipase sol-gels for methyl oleate production via transesterification. Upon further evaluation, the Celite® R632 lipase sol-gels were found to achieve high methyl oleate percent conversions, glycerol-water absorption was only significant at glycerol levels higher than 75%, and the immobilized lipase had high stability upon storage at 4°C for 1.5 years. To determine the effects of methanol and glycerol inhibition as well as temperature on the reaction kinetics, a ping-pong bi-bi kinetic model was developed and validated over a range of methanol concentrations and temperatures. The optimal methanol concentration for the conditions tested was in the range of 1.3 M to 2.0 M, and increased with increasing temperature. The model developed was consistent with the experimental data and confirmed that glycerol inhibition and the presence of products had significant effects on the reaction kinetics. The methyl oleate production capabilities of the Celite® supported lipase sol-gel were investigated using a packed bed reactor and compared with Novozym® 435 under similar operating conditions. A kinetic and mass transfer based model was developed for the reactor system using a novel efficiency correlation to account for the effect of glycerol on the enzymatic activity. Increasing the flow rate (1.4 mL/min to 20 mL/min) increased the reaction rate, presumably due to the reduction of the glycerol inhibition effect on the immobilized biocatalyst. The Celite® supported lipase sol-gel was found to have superior performance over Novozym® 435 both under batch stirred tank reaction conditions and in a packed bed reactor (83% conversion for Celite® sol-gel vs. 59% conversion for Novozym® 435 at 20 mL/min in the packed bed reactor). Based on the results obtained, Celite® supported lipase sol-gels exhibited good performance for the transesterification of triolein with methanol to produce methyl oleate in both batch and packed bed reactors, and warrant further exploration for the enzymatic production of biodiesel.

The objective of this work was to develop a novel enzyme immobilization scheme for supported lipase sol-gels and to evaluate the potential of the immobilized biocatalyst for the production of biodiesel in a packed bed reactor. Two sources of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol hydrolase) were used in this study and the transesterification of methanol and triolein to produce glycerol and methyl oleate was used as a model reaction of biodiesel production. A commercially available form of immobilized lipase, Novozym® 435, was used as a basis for comparison to the literature. Upon establishing a lipase sol-gel formulation technique, the experimental methodology for the transesterification reaction using Novozyme® 435 was developed. Subsequently, a series of inert materials were considered based on their suitability as supports for immobilized lipase sol-gels and the synthesis of methyl oleate. The value of a supported lipase sol-gel is to improve the activity and stability of the enzyme and develop an immobilized biocatalyst that is practical for use under packed bed reactor conditions. Of the six support materials considered (6-12 mesh silica gel, Celite® R633, Celite® R632, Celite® R647, anion exchange resin, and Quartzel® felt), the diatomaceous earth supports (Celite® R633, R632 and R647) exhibited high enzymatic activity, were thermally stable, and possessed high sol-gel adhesion. From the three types of diatomaceous earth considered, Celite® R632 supported lipase sol-gels were identified as the most promising supported lipase sol-gels for methyl oleate production via transesterification. Upon further evaluation, the Celite® R632 lipase sol-gels were found to achieve high methyl oleate percent conversions, glycerol-water absorption was only significant at glycerol levels higher than 75%, and the immobilized lipase had high stability upon storage at 4°C for 1.5 years. To determine the effects of methanol and glycerol inhibition as well as temperature on the reaction kinetics, a ping-pong bi-bi kinetic model was developed and validated over a range of methanol concentrations and temperatures. The optimal methanol concentration for the conditions tested was in the range of 1.3 M to 2.0 M, and increased with increasing temperature. The model developed was consistent with the experimental data and confirmed that glycerol inhibition and the presence of products had significant effects on the reaction kinetics. The methyl oleate production capabilities of the Celite® supported lipase sol-gel were investigated using a packed bed reactor and compared with Novozym® 435 under similar operating conditions. A kinetic and mass transfer based model was developed for the reactor system using a novel efficiency correlation to account for the effect of glycerol on the enzymatic activity. Increasing the flow rate (1.4 mL/min to 20 mL/min) increased the reaction rate, presumably due to the reduction of the glycerol inhibition effect on the immobilized biocatalyst. The Celite® supported lipase sol-gel was found to have superior performance over Novozym® 435 both under batch stirred tank reaction conditions and in a packed bed reactor (83% conversion for Celite® sol-gel vs. 59% conversion for Novozym® 435 at 20 mL/min in the packed bed reactor). Based on the results obtained, Celite® supported lipase sol-gels exhibited good performance for the transesterification of triolein with methanol to produce methyl oleate in both batch and packed bed reactors, and warrant further exploration for the enzymatic production of biodiesel.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se a síntese por sol-gel da ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), variando-se a temperatura de tratamento térmico do xerogel. Nitrato de ferro e nitrato de cobalto foram utilizados como fonte de cátions e ácido cítrico como mineralizador. Os produtos obtidos, tratados a 750, 800 e 850°C, tiveram sua microestrutura e propriedades magnéticas investigadas no intuito de encontrar correlações entre as condições de síntese, as posições ocupadas pelos cátions dentro da estrutura espinélio do composto e as propriedades magnéticas medidas. Estudos de difratometria de raios X exibiram reflexões características da estrutura espinélio, o que sugere que o tratamento térmico não afetou significativamente a estrutura cristalina do material. Uma fração secundária de hematita também foi observada. As ferritas apresentaram área superficial específica (por BET) de aproximadamente 4 m².g-1. Imagens por MEV indicam que o material apresenta-se aglomerado. Quanto às propriedades magnéticas, um máximo de coercividade de 1405.2 Oersted foi encontrado para a amostra tratada a 800°C. Espectros Mößbauer indicaram um baixo grau de inversão nos espinélios formados, o que é incomum para a ferrita de cobalto. Subtraindo do espectro obtido por Mößbauer o excesso de ferro na forma de hematita, há um forte indicativo que a ferrita foi sintetizada de maneira sub-estequiométrica deficiente em ferro. / We herein report a study on the sol-gel synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and the effect of treatment temperature on the product outcome. Iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate were used as cation sources and citric acid as mineralizer. Products treated at 750, 800 and 850°C had their microstructure and magnetic properties assessed in order to correlate their synthesis conditions, the positions in which the cations are inserted in the spinel structure and the magnetic behavior displayed by the ferrites. X-ray diffractometry studies exhibit the characteristic reflections of spinel group materials, suggesting that the thermal treatment does not sensibly affect the crystalline structure of the material. A secondary fraction of hematite was also observed. The ferrites exhibit a specific surface area (from BET) of approximately 4 m².g-1. SEM images indicate the material forms agglomerates. As to the magnetic properties, a maximum of 1405.2 Oersted was achieved for the sample treated at 800°C. Mößbauer spectra indicate a fairly low inversion degree in the synthesized materials, which is rather unusual for cobalt ferrite. After deducting the iron fraction present in the form of hematite, there are strong indications that cobalt ferrite was synthesized as a substoichiometric iron-deficient spinel.

Ce travail de thèse porte la synthèse et la caractérisation d’un luminophore rouge inorganique sans terres rares de formulation Na2SiF6 : Mn4+. Un protocole de synthèse originale des matrices fluorures A2MF6 : Mn4+ (A = Na, K ; M = Si, Ti) par un procédé sol-gel a ainsi été mis au point. Cette synthèse brevetée et industrialisable permet d’obtenir des composés avec un rendement quantique absolu supérieur à 50% sous excitation LED bleue. Plusieurs analyses structurales, microstructurales, et à sondes locales ont permis de caractériser précisément les composés synthétisés. Le deuxième volet important de ce travail a été la construction d’une enceinte de vieillissement permettant de suivre l’évolution des propriétés de luminescence des luminophores en fonction du temps sous l’effet combiné d’un stress hydrique, thermique et photonique. Les mesures, entièrement automatisées, nous ont permis d’établir des lois cinétiques de dégradation du flux lumineux à partir desquels des facteurs de maintenance (L90, L70, L50, etc…) ont pu être déterminés. De plus, un mécanisme de dégradation de cette famille de luminophores a été proposé. Finalement, un prototype d’éclairage à base de LEDs bleues intégrant une couche de conversion constituée des luminophores Na2SiF6 : Mn4+ et YAG : Ce3+, Gd3+ a conduit à des caractéristiques très prometteuses. / This PhD work deals with the synthesis and characterization of a rare earth-free inorganic red phosphor of Na2SiF6: Mn4+ formulation. An original synthesis protocol of fluoride matrices A2MF6: Mn4+ (A = Na, K, M = Si, Ti) by a sol-gel process has been developed. This patented and industrializable synthesis allows to obtain compounds with an absolute quantum yield greater than 50% under blue LED excitation. Several structural, microstructural and local probe analyzes have made it possible to precisely characterize the synthesized compounds. The second important part of this work was the design of an aging chamber to follow the evolution of phosphor luminescence properties as a function of time under the combined effect of hydrous, thermal and photonic stress. Measurements, fully automated, allowed us to establish kinetic laws of luminous flux degradation from which maintenance factors (L90, L70, L50, etc. ...) could be determined. Moreover, a degradation mechanism of this family of phosphors has been proposed. Finally, a blue LED lighting prototype incorporating a conversion layer consisting of Na2SiF6: Mn4+ and YAG: Ce3+, Gd3+ phosphors led to very promising characteristics.

Com o objetivo de desenvolver novos revestimentos mais protetores e quantificar a resistência à corrosão resultante, estudou-se a adição de caulinita em novos revestimentos híbridos a base de silanos sobre a liga de alumínio AA7075. Os revestimentos com silanos aqui estudados diferem dos relatados anteriormente na literatura, os quais usualmente contém cargas minerais apenas para a liberação de inibidores de corrosão, enquanto que os revestimentos desenvolvidos no presente estudo contém caulinita lamelar com a finalidade de barreira de difusão para espécies corrosivas. Para tanto, estudou-se primeiramente a esfoliação da caulinita e produção de filmes finos (2-3μm) por diferentes rotas de preparação pelo processo sol-gel, obtendo-se os melhores resultados com o processo envolvendo acidificação final. Os revestimentos e as partículas de caulinita processada foram caracterizados por microscopia ótica, microscopia de varredura eletrônica e difração de raios-X. A resistência à corrosão foi estudada por voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria, em potencial aplicado entre o potencial de pite e o de repassivação. A maior resitência à corrosão por pites foi obtida para os revestimentos contendo 3% em massa de caulinita, seguido dos com 33% em massa. Estudou-se também preliminarmente a permeação de H2O no revestimento por medidas rápidas de capacitância, após exposição cíclica em soluções contendo cloreto seguidas de secagem, sendo esta metodologia empregada até o momento apenas para tintas bem mais espessas (≈ 300μm). Observou-se que o método é aplicável para medidas no primeiro ciclo de absorção de H2O, concluindo-se que após a primeira exposição, o cloreto continua difundindo, diminuindo o tempo de resistência ao pite. / Aiming to develop more protective new coatings and to quantify the resulting corrosion resistance, new hybrid coatings based on silanes with the addition of kaolinite were produced and applied on the AA7075 aluminum alloy. The studied silane coatings differ from those reported previously in the literature that usually contain mineral fillers to release corrosion inhibitors, since we here developed silane coatings contain lamellar kaolinite as a barrier against the diffusion of corrosive species. For this, we first studied the exfoliation of kaolinite, and production of thin coating (2-3μm) by different preparation routes of the sol-gel process, obtaining the best results with the process of final acidification. Coatings and processed kaolinite particles were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at potentials between that of the repassivation and of the pitting of the substrate alloy. The greatest pitting resistance was obtained for coatings with 3% kaolinite addition, followed by the ones with 33%. The permeation of H2O into the coating was also preliminarily studied by fast capacitance measurements after cyclic exposure to solutions containing chloride followed by drying, a methodology that up to date was only used for much thicker paints (≈ 300μm). It was concluded that in chloride media this method is only applicable for measurements in the first cycle, as after the first exposure, chloride ions continuously permeate into the coating during the drying phase, greatly reducing the time to pit nucleation.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se a síntese por sol-gel da ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), variando-se a temperatura de tratamento térmico do xerogel. Nitrato de ferro e nitrato de cobalto foram utilizados como fonte de cátions e ácido cítrico como mineralizador. Os produtos obtidos, tratados a 750, 800 e 850°C, tiveram sua microestrutura e propriedades magnéticas investigadas no intuito de encontrar correlações entre as condições de síntese, as posições ocupadas pelos cátions dentro da estrutura espinélio do composto e as propriedades magnéticas medidas. Estudos de difratometria de raios X exibiram reflexões características da estrutura espinélio, o que sugere que o tratamento térmico não afetou significativamente a estrutura cristalina do material. Uma fração secundária de hematita também foi observada. As ferritas apresentaram área superficial específica (por BET) de aproximadamente 4 m².g-1. Imagens por MEV indicam que o material apresenta-se aglomerado. Quanto às propriedades magnéticas, um máximo de coercividade de 1405.2 Oersted foi encontrado para a amostra tratada a 800°C. Espectros Mößbauer indicaram um baixo grau de inversão nos espinélios formados, o que é incomum para a ferrita de cobalto. Subtraindo do espectro obtido por Mößbauer o excesso de ferro na forma de hematita, há um forte indicativo que a ferrita foi sintetizada de maneira sub-estequiométrica deficiente em ferro. / We herein report a study on the sol-gel synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and the effect of treatment temperature on the product outcome. Iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate were used as cation sources and citric acid as mineralizer. Products treated at 750, 800 and 850°C had their microstructure and magnetic properties assessed in order to correlate their synthesis conditions, the positions in which the cations are inserted in the spinel structure and the magnetic behavior displayed by the ferrites. X-ray diffractometry studies exhibit the characteristic reflections of spinel group materials, suggesting that the thermal treatment does not sensibly affect the crystalline structure of the material. A secondary fraction of hematite was also observed. The ferrites exhibit a specific surface area (from BET) of approximately 4 m².g-1. SEM images indicate the material forms agglomerates. As to the magnetic properties, a maximum of 1405.2 Oersted was achieved for the sample treated at 800°C. Mößbauer spectra indicate a fairly low inversion degree in the synthesized materials, which is rather unusual for cobalt ferrite. After deducting the iron fraction present in the form of hematite, there are strong indications that cobalt ferrite was synthesized as a substoichiometric iron-deficient spinel.

O material SiO2/Nb2O5 (SiNb) foi preparado pelo método sol-gel e empregado como adsorvente para remoção do corante Violeta Cristal. O material foi caracterizado utilizando isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de nitrogênio, espectroscopia FTIR, pHpzc, e SEM-EDS. A análise isotérmica de N2 revelou a presença de micro e mesoporos na amostra de SiNb com área superficial específica de 747 m2g−1. No processo de adsorção do corante foram avaliados parâmetros como pH, temperatura, tempo de contato, e concentração do corante no processo. O valor de pH inicial da solução do corante que levou a uma máxima adsorção foi 7. A cinética de adsorção e equilíbrio para a adsorção do corante foram representadas por ordem-geral e Liu, respectivamente. A capacidade máxima de adsorção do corante com o adsorvente SiNb, na temperatura de 303K, foi de 116mg g-1. Dois efluentes de corantes foram simulados e usados para verificar a aplicabilidade do material SiNb para tratamento de efluentes, sendo que o adsorvente se mostrou muito eficiente na descoloração desses efluentes. / In this dissertation, SiO2/Nb2O5 (SiNb) material was prepared using sol–gel method and employed as adsorbent for removal of crystal violet dye (CV). The material was characterized using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, FTIR spectroscopy, pHpzc, and SEM-EDS. The analysis of N2 isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores in the SiNb sample with specific surface area 747 m2 g−1. For the dye adsorption process, variations of parameters such as of pH, temperature, contact time, and concentration of dye of the process were evaluated. The optimum initial pH of the CV dye solution was 7.0. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data for CV adsorption were suitably represented by the general-order and Liu models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CV dye by SiNb was achieved at 303 K, which attained 116 mg g−1at this temperaure. Dye effluents were simulated and used to check the applicability of the SiNb material for treatment of effluents – the material showed very good efficiency for decolorization of dye effluents.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar a produção de pós de titanato de alumínio - tialita - pelo processo sol-gel associado à aspersão térmica por plasma. Foram investigados 3 tipos de solventes (etilenoglicol, álcool etílico e água) para a obtenção de um pó com características adequadas para a aplicação por aspersão ténnica a plasma. Os pós foram preparados por co-precipitação de sais inorgânicos de titânio e alumínio através da desestabilização das soluções com uma base forte. Os produtos obtidos foram então secos, calcinados em diferentes temperaturas, observando a evolução das fases. Alternativamente, pós pré-calcinados foram submetidos à aspersão térmica a plasma contra um recipiente com água, e contra um substrato de aço baixo carbono, proporcionando um resfriamento rápido. Os pós obtidos foram caracterizados por análises terrnodiferenciais (ATD) e termogravimétricas (ATG), análise granulométrica por difração de laser, análise da evolução de fases em função da temperatura de calcinação (e após aspersão térmica) por difração de raios X, análise da homogeneidade química e morfologia das partículas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com o auxílio de espectrômetro de energia dispersiva (EDS). Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter, via sol-gel, matérias-primas adequadas para a formação da fase tialita após calcinação a temperaturas acima de 1300°C ou calcinando-se a cerca de 600°C e aspergindo em chama plásmica. Os diferentes solventes utilizados proporcionaram a produção de pós com diferentes morfologias e graus de homogeneidade química. Os pós apresentaram uma distribuição de titânio e alumínio na mesma partícula, sendo que a utilização de etilenoglicol corno solvente levou à maior homogeneidade. Com menores taxas de aquecimento nas calcinações (150Kfh), em temperaturas entre 800 e 1200°C, ocorre a segregação desses elementos com formação e crescimento de grãos de rutila e coríndon. Já com o rápido aquecimento e resfriamento, característicos da aspersão térmica por chama plásmica, a fase final preponderante é a tialita, tanto com resfriamento em água quanto no resfriamento sobre um substrato. / This work has the purpose of studying the production of a ceramic powder of aluminurn titanate - tialita - by sol-gel process associated with plasma spraying. Three kinds of solvents (ethyleneglicol, ethyl alcohol, and distillated water) were investigated in order to obtain a powder with adequate characteristics to be used as feedstock in plasma spray technique. The powders were made by co-prectpttation of inorganic salts of titanium and aluminurn through destabilization of the solutions using a strong base. The products obtained were dried, calcinated at different temperatures with attention to the phase evolution. Alternately, powders pré-calcinated were submitted to plasma thermal spraying in water and in a low-carbon steel substrate, providing an intense cooling rate. The powders obtained were characterized by differential thermal analysis (DT A) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size analysis by laser diffraction, phase evaluation in function of calcinations temperature by X ray diffraction, chemical homogeneity and particle morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that is possible obtain, by sol-gel, adequate feedstock to formation of tialita phase after calcinations at temperatures above 1300°C, or calcining at temperatures near 600°C followed by thermal spraying with plasma flame. The different kinds of solvents used, propitiated the production of powders with different morphologies and degrees of chemical homogeneity. With low heating rates in calcinations (150Kih), at temperatures between 800°C and 1200°C, occurs the segregation of aluminum and titaniurn with formation and growing of corundum and rutile phases. Since with fast heating and cooling propitiate by plasma spraying, the preponderant final phase is tialite in the substrate (water or metallic) aspersion.

Des revêtements sol-gel nanocomposites TiO2-SiO2 ont été réalisés à partir de mélanges d'une suspension nanocristalline de TiO2 anatase et de sols polymériques de silice. Ces revêtements présentent une superhydrophilie naturelle, persistante et photo-régénérable. La présence de charges localisées aux interfaces granulaires TiO2-SiO2 est une des hypothèses permettant d'expliquer cette superhydrophilie naturelle. Toutefois des effets de morphologie (rugosité, porosité de surface) sont également connus pour influencer le mouillage. Des études ont été menées pour mettre directement en évidence l'effet intrinsèque des interfaces granulaires. Les études se sont recentrées sur l'effet extrinsèque de paramètres morphologiques susceptibles d'influencer la mouillabilité des revêtements nanocomposites selon des modèles thermodynamiques des surfaces connus. De nouveaux protocoles de synthèse par voie sol-gel ont été mis au point afin d'analyser i/ en quoi la superhydrophilie naturelle et photo-induite des revêtements TiO2-SiO2 pouvait être influencée par des effets de morphologie et de composition, et ii/ en quoi une exacerbation de ces effets via des structurations artificielles pouvaient encore accroître la superhydrophile de surface. Une extrapolation de ces protocoles a également permis d'étudier des revêtements superhydrophobes. / Sol-gel TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposites coatings have been deposited from a suspension of anatase TiO2 nanocristallites mixed with different polymeric silica sols. These coatings show a natural and persistent superhydrophilicity, which can also be photo-regenerated. This outstanding property can probably be explained by electrical charges localized at TiO2-SiO2 granular interfaces. Yet, some morphological features (roughness, surface porosity) may also influence wetting properties. Studies have firstly been carried out to directly evidence the intrinsic effect of those electrical charges. The studies have then been focused on the extrinsic effect of morphological parameters than can influence the composite wettability, according to thermodynamic models. New sol-gel protocols were carried out to better understand in which extent i/ the natural and photo-induced wetting properties of composite coatings may be influenced by composition and morphological features, and ii/ artificial structuration of the coating surface may enhance their superhydrophilicity. Those structuration protocols have been extrapolated to the study of superhydrophobic coatings.