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Semantic Analysis in Web Usage MiningNorguet, Jean-Pierre E 20 March 2006 (has links)
With the emergence of the Internet and of the World Wide Web, the Web site has become a key communication channel in organizations. To satisfy the objectives of the Web site and of its target audience, adapting the Web site content to the users' expectations has become a major concern. In this context, Web usage mining, a relatively new research area, and Web analytics, a part of Web usage mining that has most emerged in the corporate world, offer many Web communication analysis techniques. These techniques include prediction of the user's behaviour within the site, comparison between expected and actual Web site usage, adjustment of the Web site with respect to the users' interests, and mining and analyzing Web usage data to discover interesting metrics and usage patterns. However, Web usage mining and Web analytics suffer from significant drawbacks when it comes to support the decision-making process at the higher levels in the organization.
Indeed, according to organizations theory, the higher levels in the organizations need summarized and conceptual information to take fast, high-level, and effective decisions. For Web sites, these levels include the organization managers and the Web site chief editors. At these levels, the results produced by Web analytics tools are mostly useless. Indeed, most of these results target Web designers and Web developers. Summary reports like the number of visitors and the number of page views can be of some interest to the organization manager but these results are poor. Finally, page-group and directory hits give the Web site chief editor conceptual results, but these are limited by several problems like page synonymy (several pages contain the same topic), page polysemy (a page contains several topics), page temporality, and page volatility.
Web usage mining research projects on their part have mostly left aside Web analytics and its limitations and have focused on other research paths. Examples of these paths are usage pattern analysis, personalization, system improvement, site structure modification, marketing business intelligence, and usage characterization. A potential contribution to Web analytics can be found in research about reverse clustering analysis, a technique based on self-organizing feature maps. This technique integrates Web usage mining and Web content mining in order to rank the Web site pages according to an original popularity score. However, the algorithm is not scalable and does not answer the page-polysemy, page-synonymy, page-temporality, and page-volatility problems. As a consequence, these approaches fail at delivering summarized and conceptual results.
An interesting attempt to obtain such results has been the Information Scent algorithm, which produces a list of term vectors representing the visitors' needs. These vectors provide a semantic representation of the visitors' needs and can be easily interpreted. Unfortunately, the results suffer from term polysemy and term synonymy, are visit-centric rather than site-centric, and are not scalable to produce. Finally, according to a recent survey, no Web usage mining research project has proposed a satisfying solution to provide site-wide summarized and conceptual audience metrics.
In this dissertation, we present our solution to answer the need for summarized and conceptual audience metrics in Web analytics. We first described several methods for mining the Web pages output by Web servers. These methods include content journaling, script parsing, server monitoring, network monitoring, and client-side mining. These techniques can be used alone or in combination to mine the Web pages output by any Web site. Then, the occurrences of taxonomy terms in these pages can be aggregated to provide concept-based audience metrics. To evaluate the results, we implement a prototype and run a number of test cases with real Web sites.
According to the first experiments with our prototype and SQL Server OLAP Analysis Service, concept-based metrics prove extremely summarized and much more intuitive than page-based metrics. As a consequence, concept-based metrics can be exploited at higher levels in the organization. For example, organization managers can redefine the organization strategy according to the visitors' interests. Concept-based metrics also give an intuitive view of the messages delivered through the Web site and allow to adapt the Web site communication to the organization objectives. The Web site chief editor on his part can interpret the metrics to redefine the publishing orders and redefine the sub-editors' writing tasks. As decisions at higher levels in the organization should be more effective, concept-based metrics should significantly contribute to Web usage mining and Web analytics.
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A Semantic Web based search engine with X3D visualisation of queries and resultsGkoutzis, Konstantinos January 2013 (has links)
The Semantic Web project has introduced new techniques for managing information. Data can now be organised more efficiently and in such a way that computers can take advantage of the relationships that characterise the given input to present more relevant output. Semantic Web based search engines can quickly educe exactly what is needed to be found and retrieve it while avoiding information overload. Up until now, search engines have interacted with their users by asking them to look for words and phrases. We propose the creation of a new generation Semantic Web search engine that will offer a visual interface for queries and results. To create such an engine, information input must be viewed not merely as keywords, but as specific concepts and objects which are all part of the same universal system. To make the manipulation of the interconnected visual objects simpler and more natural, 3D graphics are utilised, based on the X3D Web standard, allowing users to semantically synthesise their queries faster and in a more logical way, both for them and the computer.
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Context-based supply of documents in a healthcare processIsmail, Muhammad, Jan, Attuallah January 2012 (has links)
The more enhanced and reliable healthcare facilities, depend partly on accumulated organizational knowledge. Ontology and semantic web are the key factors in long-term sustainability towards the improvement of patient treatment process. Generally, researchers have the common consensus that knowledge is hard to capture due to its implicit nature, making it hard to manage. Medical professionals spend more time on getting the right information at the right moment, which is already available on intranet/internet. Evaluating the literature is controversial but interesting debates on ontology and semantic web encouraged us to propose a method and 4-Tier Architecture for retrieving context-based document according to user’s information in healthcare organization. Medical professionals are facing problems to access relevant information and documents for performing different tasks in the patient-treatment process. We have focused to provide context-based retrieval of documents for medical professionals by developing a semantic web solution. We also developed different OWL ontology models, which are mainly used for semantic tagging in web pages and generating context to retrieve the relevant web page documents. In addition, we developed a prototype to testify our findings in health care sector with the goal of retrieving relevant documents in a practical manner. / E-Health
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Inteligência cibernética e uso de recursos semânticos na detecção de perfis falsos no contexto do Big Data /Oliveira, José Antonio Maurilio Milagre de. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: José Eduardo Santarem Segundo / Banca: Ricardo César Gonçalves Sant'Ana / Banca: Mário Furlaneto Neto / Resumo: O desenvolvimento da Internet transformou o mundo virtual em um repositório infindável de informações. Diariamente, na sociedade da informação, pessoas interagem, capturam e despejam dados nas mais diversas ferramentas de redes sociais e ambientes da Web. Estamos diante do Big Data, uma quantidade inacabável de dados com valor inestimável, porém de difícil tratamento. Não se tem dimensão da quantidade de informação capaz de ser extraída destes grandes repositórios de dados na Web. Um dos grandes desafios atuais na Internet do "Big Data" é lidar com falsidades e perfis falsos em ferramentas sociais, que causam alardes, comoções e danos financeiros significativos em todo o mundo. A inteligência cibernética e computação forense objetivam investigar eventos e constatar informações extraindo dados da rede. Por sua vez, a Ciência da Informação, preocupada com as questões envolvendo a recuperação, tratamento, interpretação e apresentação da informação, dispõe de elementos que quando aplicados neste contexto podem aprimorar processos de coleta e tratamento de grandes volumes de dados, na detecção de perfis falsos. Assim, por meio da presente pesquisa de revisão de literatura, documental e exploratória, buscou-se revisar os estudos internacionais envolvendo a detecção de perfis falsos em redes sociais, investigando técnicas e tecnologias aplicadas e principalmente, suas limitações. Igualmente, apresenta-se no presente trabalho contribuições de áreas da Ciência da Informação e critério... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The development of the Internet changed the virtual world in an endless repository of information. Every single day, in an information-society, people change, catch and turn out files in different tools of social network and Web surrounding. We are in front of "The Big Data", an endless amount of data with invaluable, but hard treating. It doesn't have some dimension of measure information to be able of extracting from these big Web data repositories. One of the most challenges nowadays on the Internet from the "Big Data" is to identify feelings, anticipating sceneries dealing with falsehood and false profiles social tools, which cause fanfare, upheavals and significant financial losses worldwide in front of our true scene. The cyber intelligence has by objective to look for events and finding information, subtracting dates from the Web. On the other hand, the Information Science, worried with the questions involving recovery, processing, interpretation and presentation of information that has important areas of study capable of being applied in this context hone the collection and treatment processes of large volumes of information (datas). Thus, through this research literature review, documentary and exploratory, the researcher aimed to review the International studies implicating the analysis of large volumes of data on social networking tools in falsehoods detection, investigating applied techniques and technologies and especially their limitations. Based on the identifi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
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IntegraWeb: uma proposta de arquitetura baseada em mapeamentos semânticos e técnicas de mineração de dados / IntegraWeb: an architectural proposal based on semantic mappings and data mining techniquesPierin, Felipe Lombardi 05 December 2017 (has links)
Atualmente uma grande quantidade de conteúdo é produzida e publicada todos os dias na Internet. São documentos publicados por diferentes pessoas, por diversas organizações e em inúmeros formatos sem qualquer tipo de padronização. Por esse motivo, a informação relevante sobre um mesmo domínio de interesse acaba espalhada pela Web nos diversos portais, o que dificulta uma visão ampla, centralizada e objetiva sobre esta informação. Nesse contexto, a integração dos dados espalhados na rede torna-se um problema de pesquisa relevante, para permitir a realização de consultas mais inteligentes, de modo a obter resultados mais ricos de significado e mais próximos do interesse do usuário. No entanto, tal integração não é trivial, sendo por muitas vezes custosa devido à dependência do desenvolvimento de sistemas e mão de obra especializados, visto que são poucos os modelos reaproveitáveis e facilmente integráveis entre si. Assim, a existência de um modelo padronizado para a integração dos dados e para o acesso à informação produzida por essas diferentes entidades reduz o esforço na construção de sistemas específicos. Neste trabalho é proposta uma arquitetura baseada em ontologias para a integração de dados publicados na Internet. O seu uso é ilustrado através de casos de uso reais para a integração da informação na Internet, evidenciando como o uso de ontologias pode trazer resultados mais relevantes. / A lot of content is produced and published every day on the Internet. Those documents are published by different people, organizations and in many formats without any type of established standards. For this reason, relevant information about a domain of interest is spread through the Web in various portals, which hinders a broad, centralized and objective view of this information. In this context, the integration of the data scattered in the network becomes a relevant research problem, to enable smarter queries, in order to obtain richer results of meaning and closer to the user\'s interest. However, such integration is not trivial, and is often costly because of the reliance on the development of specialized systems by professionals, since there are few reusable and easily integrable models. Thus, the existence of a standardized model for data integration and access to the information produced by these different entities reduces the effort in the construction of specific systems. In this work we propose an architecture based on ontologies for the integration of data published on the Internet. Its use is illustrated through experimental cases for the integration of information on the Internet, showing how the use of ontologies can bring more relevant results.
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Ativação de componentes de software com a utilização de uma ontologia de componentes / Component loading with utilization of a components ontologyLorza, Augusto Carbol 16 July 2007 (has links)
Atualmente, existem muitos estudos para agregar mais valor às informações disponíveis na Web visando melhorar os resultados da interação dos usuários com a Web; uma das linhas de estudo é a Web Semântica, que propõe a adição de informação semântica à Web atual por meio de ontologias. A organização internacional que define os padrões para a Web (W3C) já propôs vários padrões para tornar a Web Semântica viável, porém, além de padrões, também é preciso criar ou adaptar ferramentas que explorem as suas potencialidades. Uma ferramenta que dá um suporte significativo para a Web atual e que pode ser adaptada para trabalhar com a Web Semântica é o Servidor de Aplicações. Com adição de informações semânticas, na forma de ontologias, tem-se um Servidor de Aplicações Baseado em Ontologias (OBAS). Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema protótipo para oferecer as características mínimas de um OBAS, e desta forma, foram investigadas as tecnologias para a Web Semântica que viabilizassem uma solução de acordo com os padrões recomendados pela W3C. Os componentes de software de um OBAS têm suas propriedades e comportamentos relacionados de forma semântica usando-se ontologias. Como uma ontologia é um modelo conceitual explícito, suas descrições dos componentes podem ser consultadas e inferidas, melhorando o desempenho do servidor através da combinação dos componentes mais apropriados a uma tarefa, da simplificação da programação, pois não é mais necessário saber todos os detalhes de um componente para ativá-lo / Many studies have been carried out to add more value to the available information in the Web with a view to improving the results of the users\' interaction with the Web. Semantic Web is one line of research with focus on this issue and proposes the insertion of semantic information to the current Web through ontologies. Several patterns have been proposed by W3C, the international organization that defines patterns to the Web as an attempt to make the Semantic Web viable. However, besides patterns, it is also necessary to create or adapt tools to explore their potentialities. Application Server is a tool which gives significant support to the current Web and could be adapted to work with the Semantic Web. By adding semantic information, in the ontology form, we have an Ontology-Based Application Server (OBAS). This study develops a protoptype system which aims to offer the minimum characteristics of an OBAS. We have therefore investigated the semantic web which could provide a solution according to the patterns recommended by W3C. Properties and behaviors of software components of OBAS are semantically related by means of ontologies. Given that ontology is an explicit conceptual model, its component descriptions can be consulted and inferred, and hence improve the performance of the server. This is done by applying the most appropriate components to a given task and simplifying programming since components can be activated with no need to know all their details
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Desenvolvimento de um portal de conhecimento para a tuberculose baseado em web semântica / Development of a knowledge portal for tuberculosis based on semantic webLima, Ricardo Roberto de 26 October 2018 (has links)
Segundo o relatório de 2017 da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a tuberculose é a nona causa de mortes no mundo e a primeira causa de mortes entre as doenças infectocontagiosas. O Brasil está entre os 20 países com maior número da doença, quando somados, esses países totalizam 84% dos casos de tuberculose no mundo. O grande volume de pesquisas e trabalhos realizados sobre a tuberculose possui um conhecimento consolidado que poderia ser extraído e aproveitado com o uso da tecnologia da informação para o provimento de informações auxiliando no trabalho de profissionais da saúde, bem como apoiando a criação de políticas e estratégias para o controle da tuberculose. Este estudo propõe o desenvolvimento de um portal web com marcação semântica para reunir e disponibilizar conhecimento, bem como indicadores públicos sobre a tuberculose. O software Drupal foi utilizado para a criação do portal com parte de seu conteúdo marcado semanticamente utilizando ontologias hospedadas em repositórios públicos na web, e por um repositório virtual de ontologias configurado na nuvem com o auxílio da plataforma D2RQ para padronização de indicadores da tuberculose. Um conjunto de nove indicadores utilizados no tratamento e prevenção da tuberculose foi selecionado para o estudo. A base de dados definida para testes foi a do Sistema de Gerenciamento de Pacientes da Tuberculose utilizado no município de Ribeirão Preto. Como resultado foi gerado um portal web de conhecimento reunindo informações e indicadores sobre a tuberculose marcada semanticamente. Também foi criado um servidor virtual de ontologias baseado na base de dados relacional do Sistema de Gerenciamento de Pacientes da Tuberculose. O estudo apresentou a utilização da Web Semântica na criação de portais de conteúdo com conhecimento para a tuberculose, objetivando uma experiência de uso enriquecedora aos usuários por meio de um portal inteligente capaz de entregar informações de maneira mais aderente às necessidades dos usuários e também a computadores que por meio de softwares inteligentes possam interpretar e entender seu conteúdo conforme preconizado pela Web Semântica. / According to the World Health Organization report of 2017, tuberculosis is the ninth leading cause of death in the world and the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. Brazil is among the 20 countries with the highest number of the disease, when added, these countries account for 84% of tuberculosis cases in the world. The large volume of research and work carried out on tuberculosis has a consolidated knowledge that could be extracted and harnessed with the use of information technology to provide information to assist the work of health professionals, as well as supporting the creation of policies and strategies for tuberculosis control. This study proposes the development of a web portal with semantic markup to gather and make available knowledge, as well as public indicators on tuberculosis. Drupal software was used to create the portal with part of its content marked semantically using ontologies hosted in public repositories on the web, and by a virtual repository of ontologies configured in the cloud using D2RQ platform for standardization of tuberculosis indicators. A set of nine indicators used in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis were selected for the study. The database defined for testing was the Tuberculosis Patient Management System used in the city of Ribeirão Preto. As a result a web portal of knowledge was generated, gathering information and indicators about tuberculosis marked semantically. A virtual ontology server was also created based on the Tuberculosis Patient Management System relational database. The study presented the use of Semantic Web in the creation of content portals with knowledge for tuberculosis, aiming at an experience of enriching use to users through a smart portal capable of delivering information more closely to the needs of users and also to computers which through intelligent software can interpret and understand its content as recommended by the Semantic Web.
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Modélisation des ports de Brest (France), Rosario et Mar del Plata (Argentine) en tant que macro systèmes technologiques complexes : application à la modélisation des connaissances pour l'histoire des sciences et des techniques / Modelling of the ports of Brest (France), Rosario and Mar del Plata (Argentina) as Large Technical systems : application to knowledge modeling for the history of science and technologyRohou, Bruno 13 December 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse s'insère dans le programme du Centre F. Viète "Histoire comparée des paysages culturels portuaires" et porte sur la compréhension de l’évolution scientifique et technologique des ports de Brest (France), Mar del Plata et Rosario en Argentine à l’époque contemporaine. L’hypothèse de recherche est de considérer un port comme un macro-système technologique complexe dont l’évolution spatiotemporelle en tant qu'artefact s’inscrit dans une histoire des sciences et des techniques. Ces artefacts sont considérés comme indicateurs signifiants de cette évolution. L'objectif de cette thèse est de bâtir une histoire comparée des ports, de proposer et de valider de nouvelles méthodes de travail en humanités numériques. Pour satisfaire à ces objectifs, nous avons produit une histoire comparée des ports considérés. Puis, nous avons développé un modèle d'évolution de ces ports, appelé HST-PORT, à partir du métamodèle SHS, ANY-ARTEFACT. A partir du modèle HST-PORT, nous avons conçu une ontologie de référence, appelée PHO (Port History Ontology). Cette dernière est fondée sur l’ontologie CIDOC-CRM et en reprend donc le modèle évènementiel. Cette ontologie a été évaluée avec succès en reproduisant l’histoire comparée des ports considérés faites par des historiens. A terme, il s'agit de concevoir de nouveaux systèmes d'information fondés sur ces ontologies et le web sémantique pour indexer, publier et d'interroger des sources historiques afin de produire une histoire comparée. / This thesis is part of the F. Viète Centre's "Comparative History of Port Cultural Landscapes" programme and focuses on understanding the scientific and technological evolution of the ports of Brest (France), Mar del Plata and Rosario in Argentina in contemporary times. The research hypothesis is to consider a port as a complex technological macro-system whose spatial and temporal evolution as an artifact is part of the history of science and technology. These artifacts are considered as significant indicators of this evolution.The objective of this thesis is to build a comparative history of ports, to propose and validate new research methods in digital humanities. To meet these objectives, we have produced a comparative history of the considered ports.Then, we have developed a model for the evolution of these ports, called HST-PORT, based on the SHS meta-model ANY-ARTEFACT. Based on the HSTPORT model, we have developed a reference ontology, called PHO (Port History Ontology). The latter is based on the CIDOC-CRM ontology and therefore uses the corresponding event model. This ontology has been successfully evaluated by reproducing the comparative history of the considered ports made by historians. In the long term, it will be necessary to design new information systems based on these ontologies and the semantic web to index, publish and query historical sources to produce a comparative history.
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Avaliação e implementação de propostas de melhoria para o protocolo IRIS baseadas em tecnologias de web semântica. / Evaluation and implementation of improvement proposals for the IRIS protocol based on semantic web technologies.Caires, Milena Constantino 12 July 2007 (has links)
O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar se as tecnologias de Web Semântica podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do protocolo Internet Registry Information Service Protocol (IRIS). IRIS é um novo protocolo para o serviço de informação sobre registros da Internet. Ele ainda encontra-se em fase de desenvolvimento por um grupo de trabalho do Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). O objetivo do grupo de trabalho é desenvolver e padronizar um novo protocolo para substituir o protocolo Whois. Whois é o protocolo padrão utilizado atualmente para serviços de informação sobre registros da Internet, por exemplo nomes de domínios, endereços Internet Protocol (IP), sistemas autônomos, dentre outros. A principal motivação para o desenvolvimento do novo protocolo foi a crescente preocupação com a segurança dos dados armazenados na base de dados Whois pois o protocolo Whois não provê nenhum mecanismo de segurança. Outro motivo foi a ausência de suporte a base de dados distribuída porque o protocolo Whois foi desenvolvido para uma base de dados centralizada e, consequentemente, não atende aos requisitos padrões para protocolos da Internet. Até agora, o grupo de trabalho abordou e solucionou dois dos principais problemas do protocolo Whois: (1) segurança e (2) suporte à base de dados distribuída. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de um novo padrão envolve um grande investimento da comunidade, em particular com respeito a políticas baseadas em consenso. Além disso, existe uma grande barreira a ser vencida para a adoção do novo protocolo: a adoção pelos usuários. O novo protocolo deve ter longevidade sem necessidade de atualização ou substituição por outro protocolo. Para atingir esse objetivo, é preciso não apenas satisfazer necessidades imediatas, como segurança, mas prever necessidades futuras. Este estudo envolveu as seguintes atividades de pesquisa: (1) análise comparativa dos atuais protocolos de busca de informação sobre registros da Internet, (2) o estudo aprofundado do protocolo IRIS e (3) a avaliação de novas tecnologias que pudessem ser incorporadas ao novo protocolo, em particular tecnologias de Web Semântica. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que as tecnologias de Web Semântica garantiriam a flexibilidade e extensibilidade necessárias para que o protocolo possa se adaptar às necessidades atuais e futuras. Para validar os resultados teóricos do estudo foi implementado um protótipo baseado na especificação do protocolo IRIS utilizando tecnologias de Web semântica. Dois tipos de experimentos foram conduzidos: (1) experimentos comparando os desempenhos do protótipo e do cliente Whois e (2) avaliação de desempenho do protótipo baseada em testes de carga. Finalmente, a implementação do protótipo e subsequentes experimentos serviram como prova de conceito de que as tecnologias de Web Semântica podem contribuir para o sucesso do protocolo IRIS. / The aim of this thesis is to evaluate whether Semantic Web technologies can contribute to Internet Registry Information Service Protocol (IRIS) protocol development. IRIS is a new protocol for providing an information service for Internet resources. It is currently still under development by an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group. The objective of the working group is to develop and standardize a new protocol to replace the Whois protocol. Whois is the standard protocol used today by information services for Internet resources, i.e. domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, autonomous systems, amongst others. The motivation to develop a new protocol was based on increasing concerns regarding the security of data stored in the Whois database as the Whois protocol does not provide any security mechanism. Another motivation was the absence of support for distributed databases as the Whois protocol was developed for a centralized database, hence it no longer meets the standard requirements for Internet protocols. So far, the working group has tackled and solved two main issues concerning the Whois protocol: (1) security and (2) support for distributed databases. However, the development of a new standard demands a great investment from the community, in particular with respect to consensus-based policies. Additionally, there is one major barrier against adopting the new protocol: the users adoption. The new protocol must have longevity without being updated or replaced by another protocol. To reach this goal, it is necessary to meet not only the current requirements, such as security issues, but to cater also for future requirements. This thesis is concerned with the following research activities: (1) comparative analysis of the current protocols used to provide information services on Internet resources, (2) the IRIS protocol analysis and (3) the evaluation of new technologies that could be incorporated in the new protocol, in particular Semantic technologies. The results demonstrate that Semantic Web technologies could provide the necessary flexibility and extensibility to meet the current and future requirements of IRIS. To validate the theoretical results a prototype based on the IRIS specification was implemented using Semantic Web technologies. Two types of experiments were conducted: (1) experiments comparing the Whois and the prototype performance and (2) performance evaluation of the prototype based on load tests. Finally, the prototype implementation and subsequent experiment results serve as a proof-of-concept that Semantic Web technologies could contribute towards the IRIS protocol success.
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Uma abordagem para promover reuso e processamento de inferências em ontologias de metadados educacionais / An approach to improve reuse and inference processing in educational metadata ontologiesBehr, André Rolim January 2016 (has links)
Metadados vêm sendo utilizados amplamente para descrever objetos de aprendizagem na Web. Contudo, mesmo que a adoção de um único padrão de metadados pudesse assegurar a reusabilidade de recursos e interoperabilidade entre aplicações, ainda não existe um esquema de metadados que seja apropriado para preencher todos os requisitos de cada aplicação. Com isso, a criação de novos padrões de metadados e perfis de aplicação torna-se constante com o passar dos anos. Atualmente, a Web está sendo estendida pela Web Semântica de forma sistemática. A integração dos seus dados vem sendo obtida em grande parte pela adoção de ontologias. A presente dissertação propõe uma abordagem de representação de conhecimento em três camadas baseada em ontologias para metadados educacionais. Esta abordagem é composta de ontologias modulares com intuito de aumentar o reuso e otimizar o processamento de inferências dos metadados. Além disto, é proposto um método de interoperabilidade entre metadados descritos em XML e OWL para a proposta de ontologias modulares. Os resultados apresentaram ganhos quanto ao uso de ontologias modulares e verificações de cardinalidades em mundo fechado. As ontologias propostas apresentam uma representação de conhecimento de forma unificada e são compatíveis com as tecnologias atuais da Web Semântica. / Metadata has been broadly employed to describe learning objects on the Web. However, even with the adoption of a unique metadata standard could secure reusability of resources and interoperability among applications, there is no metadata schema that would be enough to comply with all requirements of each application yet. Therewith, the creation of new metadata standards and profile applications are regularly over the years. Nowadays, the Semantic Web is extending the Web systematically. The integration of data has been activated mostly by the adoption of ontologies. This dissertation proposes an approach to knowledge representation in three layers based on ontologies for educational metadata. This approach is composed of modular ontologies that aim improve reuse and optimize the inference processing of metadata. Beyond that, an interoperability method is proposed to metadata described in XML and OWL to the modularized ontologies. The results show some optimization in using modular ontologies and cardinality verification in a closed world. The proposed ontologies unify the knowledge representation and they are compatible with the current Semantic Web technologies.
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