The purpose of this thesis is to  examine the education level and its role on income distribution in the member states of the European Union (EU). The data are assembled given the period between 2005 and 2009 with a cross- country data analysis. Knight & Sabot argue that high schooling level narrows income distribution, due to "wage compression". Our analysis denotes that education is an important contributor to changes in income distribution. Higher educational levels usually refer to more equal distribution, and vice versa. Also, welfare regimes role on distribution of income is an important factor. The results indicate that higher education leads o narrower income distribution between the rich and poor. It is significant without taking into account the socialdemocratic welfare regimes. This can be explained by the benefits reccieved by the unemployed citizens, whicch increase the consumption of the quartile with lower average income level. Yet, education increases the income level of the poor and decreases the income level of the higher income quartile due to the availability of more specialized labor, the "wage compression" effecct.

Historically, data on wine consumption has been difficult to obtain. Wine consumption habits have traditionally been reported as a mean value for various age groups and genders. In light of recent studies that have investigated actual alcohol consumption, this thesis investigates the accuracy of applying mean values to sub-groups within a population.

This paper analyses the structure of the European income inequality by a decompo-sition in a within- and between-component. It illustrates a replication of the work of Beblo and Knaus (Rev Income Wealth 47(3):301-333, 2001) and decomposes the income inequality for the EU-28 in 2014 by using data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The Theil index is applied to additively decom-pose the sources of inequality into a within- and between-component by countries, country groups and demographic groups. This is done by using equivalised dispos-able household income and income before transfers and taxes. The results show that inequality, with regard to disposable income, is highest for households with house-hold heads older than 59 years and lowest for households with children. Moreover, high income countries have lower inequality, higher social expenditures and show a stronger relative reduction of income inequality after transfers and taxes than low income countries. On country group level, Social-Democratic countries have the lowest income inequality and redistribute most, while the opposite holds true for Baltic countries.

This research project examines variations in inequality in individual earned incomes across U.S. metropolitan areas. The main analysis includes thirteen explanatory variables from three major perspectives - the political economy perspective, the demand-side perspective and the labor force supply-side perspective. In addition, I applied path models to explain causalities between some independent variables and used the decomposition of the Theil index to show the between-group effects. The results indicate that most demand-side and supply-side factors significantly contribute to variances in metropolitan income inequalities, while the impact of political economic factors are very limited. The paper is organized in the following manner: Chapter I is the introduction; Chapter II reviews literature focusing on the level of earning inequality and its predictors; Chapter III describes data and measures of variables; Chapter IV introduces statistical methods (including OLS regression model, path analysis, and decomposition of the Theil index); Chapter V presents the results of OLS regression model and its explanations; Chapter VI explains path analysis and decomposition analysis and their results; and finally, Chapter VII discusses the current research project and its implications for future studies.

Series: INEQ Working Paper Series

nÃo hà / Esse trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a desigualdade de renda entre os municÃpios do estado do Piauà no perÃodo compreendido entre 1995 e 2007, no qual se testou, inicialmente, a validade da hipÃtese da curva de Kuznets e da convergÃncia da renda per capita. Em seguida fez-se uma anÃlise da desigualdade de renda a partir da decomposiÃÃo do Ãndice de Theil, considerando-se os fatores renda, gÃnero, raÃa, educaÃÃo e nÃvel de desenvolvimento. Concluiu-se que as condiÃÃes necessÃrias e suficientes de convergÃncia sÃo atendidas, bem como a hipÃtese do U-invertido da curva de Kuznets. Estima-se que o Piauà necessitaria de 27 anos para reduzir a desigualdade à metade entre seus municÃpios, a uma velocidade de convergÃncia de 0,2889. A desigualdade de gÃnero declinou ao longo do perÃodo e a educaÃÃo à a variÃvel que mais influencia a desigualdade no estado, seguida pela variÃvel inter-racial. O efeito da educaÃÃo sobre a desigualdade à significantemente realÃada quando a decomposiÃÃo distingue os municÃpios mais e menos desenvolvidos. / This dissertation aimed to analyze income inequality amongst the municipalities of the state of Piaui in the period 1995 â 2007 by testing, initially, the validity of the Kuznetsâ curve hypothesis and convergence of per capita income. Besides, it was analyzed a decomposition of Theil index based upon the factors: income, gender, race, education and development stage. It was concluded that the necessary and sufficient conditions of convergence are met, as well as the hypothesis of U-inverted of Kuznetsâ curve. It is estimated that the state of Piaui would need 27 years to reduce inequality in half between its municipalities, at a speed of convergence of 0.2889. Inequality due to gender declined along the period and education is the variable that most influences the income difference in the state, followed by the factor race. The effect of education on the inequality is significantly enhanced as municipalities are distinguished between those more and less developed.

This study provides ex ante estimates of multi factor productivity (MFP) growth in the Saskatchewan agricultural sector on a crop by crop basis, using a time series of partial budgets from representative crop planning Guide. The study considers six major crops in Saskatchewan: spring wheat, durum wheat, feed barley, feed peas, large green lentils and canola. MFP growth is compared across crops, soil zones and cropping systems. Over the 1993-2013 period all six crops MFP grew at rates of over 2.56% per year. Feed peas and canola showed the fastest growth rates of 4.68% and 4.01%, respectively. The MFP growth of crops seeded on summer-fallow was slower than crops seeded into stubble using conventional tillage and zero tillage. The best soil zone for durum wheat and lentils, in term of productivity growth, was the Brown Soil zone; while for peas and canola, it is the Dark Brown Soil zone. Spring wheat and barley grown in different soil zones had very similar productivity gains.

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nÃo hà / Em virtude da importÃncia atribuÃda à educaÃÃo como um dos maiores condutores do crescimento, e à grande variaÃÃo de impactos decorrentes das diferentes polÃticas educacionais, a educaÃÃo bÃsica mantem-se um tema ativo na agenda de pesquisadores, na busca do desenvolvimento de pesquisas teÃricas e empÃricas, em alternativas abordagens de tratamento. A CiÃncia EconÃmica tem contribuÃdo significativamente com novas abordagens metodolÃgicas na relaÃÃo entre as ideias e a implementaÃÃo de anÃlises empÃricas, atravÃs do uso intensivo de modelos matemÃticos explicativos. Inspirado nisso, este trabalho espera contribuir para o debate atravÃs da formulaÃÃo de um modelo matemÃtico que busca solucionar alguns impasses incorridos nas anÃlises empÃricas. Tal modelo foi desenvolvido com base em pesquisas especializadas, que identificaram novos fatores explicativos da qualidade da educaÃÃo, corroboradas por duas anÃlises empÃricas. Inicialmente, investigou-se os fatores escolares relacionados à diferenÃa de desempenho das escolas pÃblicas brasileiras, medida atravÃs do Ãndice de Theil-L, a partir dos resultados observados na Prova Brasil de 2011. Em seguida, realizou-se uma avaliaÃÃo de impacto de uma polÃtica educacional especÃfica, para a qual se utilizou o mÃtodo de Controle SintÃtico, constatando a efetividade da polÃtica. A partir disso, hà a expectativa de que o modelo desenvolvido auxilie na discussÃo dos mecanismos que possibilitam polÃticas de educaÃÃo de maior impacto. / Due to the worldwide recognition of the importance attached to education as a major engine of growth, and the wide range of impacts carried out by the different educational policies, investigating basic education has been kept active on the agenda of researchers in the pursuit of the development of theoretical and empirical research, as well as alternative treatment approaches. Economic Science has contributed significantly to new methodological approaches in the relationship between ideas and implementation of empirical analysis, through extensive use of mathematical explanatory models. Inspired by this, this paper hopes to contribute to the debate by formulating a mathematical model that seeks to solve some deadlocks incurred in several empirical analyzes. This model was empirically applied through two distinct approaches, which identified new factors explaining the quality of education. Firstly, it was investigated the schooling factors that dictate the differences in the scores of the âProva Brazil of 2011â for public schools based upon the Theil-L index. Secondly, an impact evaluation of a specific educational policy was performed through a Synthetic Control Method, which pointed for the effectiveness of such policy. It is expected that the developed model contributes to the debate about alternative impact mechanisms caused by education policies.

This research studies the relationships in Electric Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emission and Theil Index in Brazil. The period of analysis includes annual data from 1980 to 2011 in a total of 31 observations. The series presented order of integration equal one with the presence of cointegration thus to measure these influences we used a vector error correction model (VEC). By Function Impulse Response (FIR) and Variance Decomposition Analysis (ADV) we observed how each variable behaves to an abrupt change. To analyze the behavior of variables, methods of vector autoregressive (VAR) and residues control charts were used. The VAR modeling revealed that there is a significant interrelationship among the variables under study, thus showing that there is a short-term relationship between these variables. As for the residues control chart to individual measures, a problem in the original variables was avoided tha were the the autocorrelation, and showed that all variables had a period of instability and also enabled the identification of this period. The emission of carbon dioxide and Theil Index are determining factors in the explanation of environmental impacts as well as the development of the country. The variance decomposition indicates that the carbon dioxide emission is primarily responsible for mainly caused damage to the environment. / Esta pesquisa estudou as relações existentes no Consumo de Energia Elétrica, Emissão de Dióxido de Carbono e Índice de Theil no Brasil. O período de análise se refere a dados anuais de 1980 a 2011 perfazendo um total de 31 observações do Brasil. As séries apresentaram ordem de integração igual a um com a presença de cointegração, assim, para mensurar essas influências foi utilizado um modelo de Vetor de Correção de Erros (VEC). Por meio da Função Impulso Resposta (FIR) e Análise de Decomposição da Variância (ADV) foi possível verificar como cada variável se comporta a uma mudança abrupta. Para analisar o comportamento das variáveis, foram utilizadas as metodologias de vetores auto regressivos (VAR) e gráficos de controle de resíduos. Já a modelagem VAR revelou que há um inter-relacionamento significativo entre as variáveis em estudo, mostrando assim que há uma relação de curto prazo entre estas variáveis. Quanto aos gráficos de controle de medidas individuais aos resíduos, contornou-se um problema presente nas variáveis originais que era o de autocorrelação, e mostrou-se que todas as variáveis apresentaram um período de instabilidade o que também possibilitou a identificação deste período. A Emissão de Dióxido de Carbono e o Índice de Theil são fatores determinantes na explicação dos impactos ambientais, assim como no desenvolvimento do país. A decomposição da variância indica que a Emissão de Dióxido de Carbono é o principal responsável pelos danos causados principalmente ao meio ambiente.