Because of the Agreement on Agriculture’s (AoA) Article 13, dubbed the “Peace Clause,” the challengeability of agricultural subsidies has been limited; Article 13 had the power to prevent several types of legal challenges. The Peace Clause has expired, and now many agricultural subsidies can be challenged under substantive provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). However, there has been some uncertainty, because the new arrangement of agricultural subsidies’ challengeability is being defined by the interpretation and correlation of three different WTO agreements. This study verified, using a two-pronged method, that there is no conflict among the GATT 1994, the SCM Agreement and the AoA, and for this reason, they have to be applied together to regulate agricultural subsidies. This does not mean that all SCM Agreement provisions are automatically applied to agricultural subsidies, with a consequent free ride for challenges to agricultural subsidies. A successful challenge still has to overcome the SCM Agreement’s higher thresholds for challengeability compared with those of the GATT 1994 period. This condemnation became more difficult after the implementation of the WTO. Consequently, the goals established in the AoA of substantial and progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection still have to be accomplished.

Because of the Agreement on Agriculture’s (AoA) Article 13, dubbed the “Peace Clause,” the challengeability of agricultural subsidies has been limited; Article 13 had the power to prevent several types of legal challenges. The Peace Clause has expired, and now many agricultural subsidies can be challenged under substantive provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). However, there has been some uncertainty, because the new arrangement of agricultural subsidies’ challengeability is being defined by the interpretation and correlation of three different WTO agreements. This study verified, using a two-pronged method, that there is no conflict among the GATT 1994, the SCM Agreement and the AoA, and for this reason, they have to be applied together to regulate agricultural subsidies. This does not mean that all SCM Agreement provisions are automatically applied to agricultural subsidies, with a consequent free ride for challenges to agricultural subsidies. A successful challenge still has to overcome the SCM Agreement’s higher thresholds for challengeability compared with those of the GATT 1994 period. This condemnation became more difficult after the implementation of the WTO. Consequently, the goals established in the AoA of substantial and progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection still have to be accomplished.

This research is in terms of the multi-national corporation (MNCs) that is to understand the investment and the overall arrangement of the world, Hong Kong, and Taiwan¡¦s garment marketing in Mainland China. Furthermore, to go deep into how the transnational garment will impact on the China government. Due to the debut of China-US textiles trade war issue in 2005, now we are about to analyze the triangle relationships among the transnational garment and Sino-America governments in textile trade negotiation, so to the Chinese government¡¦s textile industrial policies and development goal under the competition and changing of the international garment marketing after entering WTO. At the mean time, this paper studies in quota system of garment, and also assess to the argument of abolishing quota system from WTO recently. Hence to analyze the internal and external factors such like the negotiation to the garment and textile¡¦s quota between China and US government in 2005. With those international and domestic factors eventually predicts the impact on transnational garment.

Taiwan became the 144th member of the WTO on Jan. 1, 2002 and as a result, the customs on agricultural products were reduced year by year, the agricultural market was open to the world and subsidies to local farmers were cancelled. A wild development in Taiwanese agriculture was anticipated. The study aims to understand the relation between rural villages and agriculture in the development process as well as the current transformation problems by analyzing data and a case study. It tries to determine the orientation and direction of the agricultural policy in the related development process. The target and strategy of the agricultural policy in various developing stages were compared and it is hoped that the available proposals for the trend in free trade will be used as a references for companies and governmental authorities. The present agricultural problems are classified into three factors: agriculture, rural villages, and farmers. Its influence on land, labor, capital, and management are implicative of each other. The population in rural villages has dropped largely due to migration and farmers¡¦ incomes are low and many are aging. Rural and urban development in regions cannot be balanced. A breakthrough in development has to be made. However, agricultural specialties have to be planned based on the regional features; products that possess high economic value have to be promoted; farm management techniques must move from functional to strategic. Products can be made based on the needs of consumers. Agricultural management has to be professionalized. Supply and demand can be adjusted by market access mechanisms. Sustainability management can help achieve long term profits. Managing efficiency and product image are both key to successful marketing. By analyzing the success of kiwis imported from New Zealand, we know that the agriculture problem in Taiwan is not due to production technique but marketing. A national managing organization was established by the government of New Zealand for promoting their agricultural products to the world. It integrates the industry and culture and lifts product quality to a refined level. The marketing not only emphasizes brand, but also research and development of new products as well as its accessory products so that more business opportunities can be made. Increased innovative value-added products are linked with the international competitiveness of Taiwanese agricultural products. The crises can only be a transition and it is the time that we should bring agriculture management into a new age.

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Taiwan became a member of the WTO in November last year. This helped push Taiwan to the International business circle successfully; also it helped all the Taiwanese businesses to grow positively, but Taiwan would face strong international competition as well. This essay is about how Taiwan¡¦s rice policy will react and adjust to the strong international competition after joining the WTO. Also we will talk about how the rice policy of Taiwan revolves into what it is today since WWII. We will look at the good and the bad from previous policies, so we can create better agricultural policies for now, and better the economy of Taiwan¡¦s rice business for the future. The problem that Taiwan is facing now is the policy of limited quota. We have to follow the rule of ¡¥minimum access¡¦ once we join the WTO. The import number of brown rice in 2002 is 8% of the total amount consumed in Taiwan from 1990 to 1992. According to the statistics from the Food Bureau of Taiwan, The total consumption of brown rice in Taiwan in 1990, 1991, and 1992 are; 1,834 thousand tons, 1,897 thousand tons, and 1,694 tons. If we count the grain it would be approximately 2,260 thousand tons. If we use the minimum access policy, 8% of it would be 180 thousand tons of grain. If we do not have the proper ¡¥Tie-in sales¡¦, the price of local rice sales and the amount the farmers earn would fall drastically. Tie-in sale is actually a short-term solution. In the long term, Taiwan¡¦s rice policy will lead to results with tariff. At this moment, the price of Taiwanese rice would not be under any protection, so the most important thing is to raise the ability to compete internationally for Taiwan¡¦s rice. The result, after a careful examination, is that Taiwan is no competition with the U.S., Thailand, and China on the price aspect. Besides from that, the personnel and the space of land cost much higher than the other countries make Taiwan hard to compete. The only way is to raise the quality above the other competition then we can actually have a place to compete with the rest of them. At the same time, if we can create a large-scale center for tie-in sales, it should help lowering the base cost of grain rice. As for the government, it should change the policies to assist with the rice farmers. Transform the current guaranteed purchasing policy for guaranteed price , to direct payment , which should help Taiwan¡¦s rice market to market suitable diversion and reduction ,would minimize the impact actually. . In the future, the rice farmers will grow rice for consumers, not for the needs of the government. The agriculture of rice will go back to the natural market rule; the rice farmers will work with the government to develop higher quality rice. Joining the WTO brings both good and bad to the grain rice industry, so if we can take chances at the right times and avoid risks, we can be in the business for a long time.

In Taiwan, residential businesses is one of the most important supports for the city economy, and that¡¦s why it has gained the reputation of the leader of the industry. Its rises and falls will influence the living quality of the people as well as the general economy of the city. Hence, residential businesses is the key factor for economic rebuilding. The government has adopted various measures to promote ¡§City Vitalization¡¨. However, these policies were invalid due to the change of the industrial types, the migration of the traditional industry, and the increase of the unemployment, which have led to the price drop in real estate. According to the 2002 residential survey, there are 499,429 houses in Kaohsiung with a 16% vacancy rate. In other words, there are 82,275 vacant dwellings. This research was conducted because China and Taiwan have become the members of the World Trade Organization¡]WTO¡^ in 2001 and 2002 respectively, which would substantially liberalize the so-called ¡§three-links¡¨ policy. In practice, it will increase the international trade opportunities for both sides of Taiwan Straits. Direct flights are a virtual certainty. The negotiations on air ties will set a brand-new situation. When it comes to direct flights, Taiwan government holds ¡§Kaohsiung is before Taipei¡¨ policy. Therefore, The Kaohsiung International Airport will be the top priority. Consequently magnificent commercial opportunities will be brought and undoubtedly benefit the residential property. Nominal Group Technique¡]NGT¡^ is a way of organizing a meeting to enhance its productivity. Its purpose is to balance and increase participation, to use different processes for different phrase of creative problems solving and to reduce errors in aggregating individual judgments into group decisions. It is especially useful for problem identification, problem-solving and program planning. For gathering various opinions, researchers have attended NGT meetings twice, conducted a questionnaire, and interviewed experts and the conclusions are described as follows:Kaohsiung, located in the southern part of Taiwan, is not only the biggest commercial harbor and the second largest city in Taiwan, but also the chief center of the heavy industry. If the government could improve its image and investment environment to attract foreign businessmen and capital, its real estate would boom again. As the reason mentioned above, Kaohsiung government should actively participate in talks on the issue of ¡§three links¡¨ and request Beijing to put forth concrete strategies to promote collaboration between both sides of the Taiwan Straits for a win-win relationship.

Business travel is the most important part of tourism in the world. International business travel market is growing quickly now, especially in China. Since China first opened its door to international tourism in 1978, incoming visits have risen sharply. In 2002, China became the member of WTO. Then, rapid economic growth continues to fuel the business market. The World Tourism Organization forecasts that China will become the leading tourist destination in the world by 2020. This thesis firstly make a research of the expending course of business travel in the world from a globalization perspective. Second, I focus on the development of China¡¦s business travel market and industry. Finally, I analyze the case of American Express in China¡¦s business travel market. Wish this could be a referable resource for the investors in China¡¦s business travel market.

China¡¦s IPR problem has been an important issue since 1979, and particularly so when competition between China and U.S for power and interest. The Chinese government directed several IPR policies which have had low efficiency. This research analyses the policy-making, the implementation, the feedback, and the adaptation of China¡¦s IPR policies by using system theory and public policy theory. Another focus of this research is to demonstrate China¡¦s problems in effect of internal and external influences. The research found that the formulation of China¡¦s IPR policies is deeply affected by internal and external factors, and the effect factor of implementation process in China is almostly the most important one, among the factors.

The World Trade Organization was created to promote free trade and govern multilateral trade agreements as a fair and non-discriminating body. Literature on participation challenges this assumption of partiality and suggests the presence of a bias within the organization’s dispute settlement system. Previous studies have proven that the fear of retaliation is the most decisive factor when considering litigation. Other studies have suggested that sizeable expected benefits from dispute settlement have a greater impact on participation. Given the emergence of new members such as China, Ukraine and Taiwan these results are subject to change. In order to test the suggested hypotheses, a new dataset ranging from 2001-2010 was build to account for some of the changing trends in participation. While the results from the sector specific analysis failed to provide significant support for fear of retaliation, they showed evidence that expected returns motivate the initiation of litigations. Findings also suggest that members, heavily dependent on agriculture, are more likely to join agri-food cases as third parties. This study will provide, through the analysis of agri-food cases, valuable insights on the changes in the behavior of participants over the last decade.