The World Trade Organization has its own binding dispute settlement system. To ensure compliance with the outcome of the dispute settlement procedures, the claimant Member is authorized to retaliate in case the respondent Member fails to comply within a certain period of time. However, the rules and procedures regarding retaliation and determination of compliance are ambiguous and have caused an interpretational problem called the sequencing problem. To address the problem, the parties to any dispute generally conclude bilateral ad hoc procedural agreements. However, by examining the procedural agreements concluded to date and by analyzing the potential problems of these agreements, this thesis concludes that due to the dependence on the will of the parties and the uncertain legal status of the agreements, the procedural agreements do not constitute a satisfactory method for addressing the sequencing problem. Alternatives such as amendments to the dispute settlement rules, an authoritative interpretation of them or ― if consensus cannot be reached soon ― clarification by means of a precedent from the Appellate Body, should be considered and attempted.

This project explores the impact of international and domestic institutions on the decisions of political leaders. A theory of two-level institutional incentives is developed that seeks to explain how institutional context at the domestic and international levels affects the incentives, and thus the behavior of political leaders when making decisions related to trade policy. This theory argues that the institutional context in which political leaders make policy decisions has a significant effect on their decision-making. Further, the institutional context must include both domestic and international institutions. Building on previous work on the impact of institutions at both the domestic and international levels, this project seeks to test the theory of institutional incentives in the context of trade disputes under the GATT and WTO.A series of empirical tests are conducted using a dataset of GATT disputes combined with a new dataset of disputes under the WTO. These tests demonstrate strong support for the theories set forth in this project that domestic and international institutions combine to affect the behavior of political leaders. Domestic institutions affect the impact of international institutions and vice versa. This project extends previous work in two-level institutional incentives by demonstrating that institutional change at both levels has significant effects on the behavior of political leaders.

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無 / The focus of this dissertation maintains three parts. The first contribution is mainly to improve and modify the approach to measuring the financial liberalization index based on the financial services commitments which have submitted to the WTO. These improvements include further scoring for partial commitments, covering four modes of supply on trade in services and all activities listed in the Annex on Financial Services, and assigning weights to four modes of supply. The second purpose of this dissertation attempts to investigate the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth by employing our newly constructed financial liberalization index under the WTO. The third aim is concerned with the examination of what determines a country’s level of commitments in financial services under the WTO. Our newly calculated financial liberalization index displays that the degree of financial liberalization is positively correlated with income level under modes 1, mode 2, and mode 3, but not mode 4. We also detect that East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries are inclined to accept more liberal commitments on mode 3 compared to other modes, whereas European and Central Asian, and North American countries tend to approve a smaller degree of liberalization on mode 3 as compared with mode 1 and mode 2. In addition, the liberalization in relation to market access and national treatment is highly correlated. Furthermore, a member country with a high degree of liberalization in one of the two financial subsectors, insurance and banking, tends to also have a high degree of liberalization in the other subsector. There are two main empirical results. First, we find that there is a positive relationship between banking sector competition and our new measure of liberalization index of banking services, and between economic growth and banking industry competition. The commitment of a country to a more liberal banking sector does serve to increase its growth rate. This positive effect of banking liberalization on growth is reinforced when a government has more supervisory power and is more effective. This positive effect, however, is alleviated when there are more stringent requirements regarding capital regulations and higher level of institutional environment quality. In addition, the positive effects are assuaged when the liberalization is implemented in East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries. Furthermore, we detect that the relationship between economic growth and overall liberalization of financial services trade is better described as the form of a U-shaped curve. Our second empirical result is that European and Central Asian countries, high-income countries, higher per capita GDP, higher financial trade size, greater control of corruption, lower degree of corruption, more power of the legal system, higher quality of bureaucracy, lower level of perceived corruption, and more liberal trade and financial policy altogether contribute to the explanation of greater degree of liberalization in banking services commitments, whereas Latin American and Caribbean countries, countries with membership in either Cairns Group or so-called MFA group, higher volatility of inflation rate, and more restriction on bank’s activities in securities, insurance, real estate, and nonfinancial firms entirely play a role in the determination of lower level of banking services commitments.

This research mainly probes foreign banking entry strategy in China market after Mainland China economic reform. It is analyzed what business strategy HSBC adopts by the HSBC case study. First, the study is to analyze HSBC-Chinese government relationship by the case study of HSBC and Chinese government communicating evidences. Second, it is to analyze Chinese government how to execute the State-owned Commercial Banks in reform after RMB market will open in 2007. According to HSBC case study findings, the key factor is government-business relationship that combines closely on Hong Kong and China financial innovation.

This thesis is to study the connection between agriculture policy and nation through the influence caused by whole international circumstance, political economics, and social factors during the transferring process of agricultural policy after 1949. It also intends to explore the changes of various agricultural strategies and actions through Taiwan political circumstance. This would analyze the relationship between the agricultural policy and political economic developing. I hope to provide some reflections and attentions about Taiwan agricultural policy transforming by those related research papers.

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The research mainly probes entry modes of foreign banks into the China market after China joined the WTO. First, the study uses the literature and case study to analyze why the China government allows foreign banks directly invest in the ownership of the China banks, and why the mode becomes the primary way for foreign banks to enter the China market. Second, the study is to analyze whether acquiring Hong Kong banks is a better way for small-middle size foreign banks to enter the China market by observing the utilizing situation of CEPA from Hong Kong banks, and the case study of Fubongroup purchasing the Hong Kong bank. This study therefore finds that the cost of acquiring shares from China banks is so high that small-middle size foreign banks can¡¦t afford. Thus, acquiring Hong Kong banks to benefit from CEPA could be better one of the small-middle banks¡¦ choices to enter the China market.

Abstract The theme of this thesis is ¡§A study of the related service market opening of PRC due to the admission application to the WTO¡¨. The focus of this thesis is to discuss: during the process of PRC¡¦s admission to the WTO, PRC has made a great deal of commitment about opening its service trade market, and the potential market benefit for those related entrepreneurs brought by the result of PRC¡¦s admission to the WTO. In this thesis, we discover that, for the sake of wealth maximizing in the market of China, those governments of the members of WTO had fully deprived of the opportunity to bargain with PRC to scramble for the best advantages for themselves in the market of mainland China. As service trade making a more and more important proportion in the world trade as a whole, foreign investors will flock into the market of mainland China once PRC has admitted into the WTO successfully, therefore this study has tried to discuss, from the point of opening the market of service trading, the potential benefit that the foreign investors will enjoy as a result of PRC¡¦s admission to the WTO. Besides, this study also pays attention to the foreign investors who are going to benefit from the areas of telecommunication, insurance, financial services, retailing and wholesaling, and transportation, however they will be obstructed by the restrictions set up by the PRC in these areas as well.

Farmers¡¦ association in Taiwan has four important characters¡FThat is¡GEconomical¡AEduction¡ASocial And Political¡AWhich is said a non-profitable Farmers¡¦ Organization of public welfare and they are federated system of multi-purpose Farmers¡¦ cooperative organization in Taiwan . Farmers¡¦ association in Taiwan provides an integrated services and activities¡Anamely¡GEconomic¡ACredit¡AAgricultural extension and Insurance. Corporate identity system¡]CIS¡^is a total communication system.Which contains Mind identity¡]MI¡^¡ABehavior identity¡]BI¡^¡Aand Visual identity¡]VI¡^¡FMeanwhile¡ACIS has become a powerful strategy for enterprise successfully¡AIn order to alter former conservative corporation image and to establish a new image .The farmers¡¦ association conducts CIS to change image and to reinforce the marketing effect . Therefore¡Amany farmers¡¦ association pay more attention to marketing competition and new image .The purpose of this study are as follows¡G 1.Why Farmers¡¦ association in Taiwan conduction CIS¡H 2.To introduce the CIS theories . 3.To evaluate the perceived impacts of CIS for Farmers¡¦ association in Taiwan . 4.Non-conducts and conducts Farmers¡¦ association different in identity item.