This thesis deals with the topic of sequential and parallel grammars. Both of these groups cover a large number of grammar families, most of which, however, are not widely used because of the difficulties related to their processing. The thesis examines some of these grammar types, such as scattered-context grammars, multigenerative systems, and interactive L-systems, with focus on their normal forms. Subsequently, it introduces a set of algorithms utilising properties of the discussed grammar types as well as their normal forms. These algorithms are based on the Cocke-Younger-Kasami algorithm for context-free grammars, and are capable of parsing any grammar in the corresponding normal form. Finally, a program implementing the proposed algorithms is presented.

The presence of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 in Arctic marine sediments has been used in previous studies as a proxy for past spring sea ice occurrence and as an indicator of wider palaeoenvironmental conditions for different regions of the Arctic over various timescales. The current study describes a number of analytical and palaeoceanographic developments of the IP25 sea ice biomarker. First, IP25 was extracted and purified from Arctic marine sediments. This enabled the structure of IP25 to be confirmed and enabled instrumental (GC-MS) calibrations to be carried out so that quantitative measurements could be performed with greater accuracy. Second, palaeo sea ice reconstructions based on IP25 and other biomarkers were carried out for a suite of sub-Arctic areas within the Greenland, Norwegian and Barents Seas, each of which represent contrasting oceanographic and environmental settings. Further, an evaluation of some combined biomarker approaches (e.g. the PIP25 and DIP25 indices) for quantifying and/or refining definitions of sea ice conditions was carried out. Temporally, particular emphasis was placed on the characterisation of sea ice conditions during the Younger Dryas and the Holocene. Some comparisons with other proxies (e.g. foraminifera, IRD) were also made. A study of a sediment core from Andfjorden (69.16˚N, 16.25˚E), northern Norway, provided unequivocal evidence for the occurrence of seasonal sea ice conditions during the Younger Dryas. The onset (ca. 12.9 cal. kyr BP) and end (ca. 11.5 cal. kyr BP) of this stadial were especially clear in this location, while in a study from the Kveithola Trough (74.52˚N, 16.29˚E), western Barents Sea, these transitions were less apparent. This was attributed to the presence of colder surface waters and the occurrence of seasonal sea ice both before and after this stadial at higher latitudes. Some regional differences regarding the severity of the sea ice conditions were also observed, although an overall general picture was proposed, with more severe sea ice conditions during the early-mid Younger Dryas and less sea ice observed during the late Younger Dryas. A shift in the climate towards ice-free conditions was recorded in northern Norway during the early Holocene (ca. 11.5 – 7.2 cal. kyr BP). Milder conditions were also observed during the Holocene in the western Barents Sea, with three main climate periods observed. During the early Holocene (ca. 11.7 – 9.5 cal. kyr BP), the position of the spring ice edge was close to the study area which resulted in high productivity during summers. During the mid-late Holocene (ca. 9.5 – 1.6 cal. kyr BP), sea ice was mainly absent due to an increased influence of Atlantic waters and northward movement of the Polar Front. During the last ca. 1.6 cal. kyr BP, sea ice conditions were similar to those of the present day. In addition to the outcomes obtained from the Norwegian-Barents Sea region, comparison of biomarker and other proxy data from 3 short cores from Kangerdlugssuaq Trough (Denmark Strait/SE Greenland) with historical climate observations allowed the development of a model of sea ice conditions which was then tested for longer time-scales. It is suggested that the IP25 in sediments from this region is likely derived from drift ice carried from the Arctic Ocean via the East Greenland Current and that two main sea surface scenarios have existed over the last ca. 150 yr. From ca. AD 1850 – 1910, near perennial sea ice conditions resulted in very low primary productivity, while from ca. AD 1910 – 1986, local sea ice conditions were less severe with increased drift ice and enhanced primary productivity. This two-component model was subsequently developed to accommodate different sea surface conditions that existed during the retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the deglaciation (ca. 16.3 – 10.9 cal. kyr BP).

This thesis deals with the development of defense mechanisms of children in younger school age. The theoretical part discusses the history and development of the concept of defense mechanisms, provides an overview of the diagnostic methods, which are useful to identify defense mechanisms in children and reports on the current state of research of defense mechanisms and their development in children and adolescents. At the end of the theoretical part, the concepts of "defense" based mostly on gestalt psychotherapy perspective are discussed. In the practical part, the children of the research group in younger school age were tested with The Fairy Tale Test and The Thematic Apperception Test. The results are discussed with regard to age, sex, inteligence and also considering the results of other research methods. Data based on psychoanalytical concepts are compared with results of the questionnaire based on gestalt psychoterapy theories of contact cycle and contact styles. Two parents (or the closest adults) evaluated their children by the questionnaire and inventory of typical contact styles. The results suggest the existence of certain connections, these research methods also complement each other and serves together as more comprehensive view of the child's personality, a way of its interacting...

Anotation: This thesis deals with leisure activities of children of preschool age and children of school age and it is trying to discover their favorite activities and interests, regularly visited leisure and quantity of it. The theoretical part deals with terms as free time, family, child of preschool age and child of school age, education in free time. It also deals with overloaded children and with problems associated with overloading. The aim of this thesis is the evaluation and analysis how children of preschool age and children of school age spending their free time. Through research questions we were trying to find out how children spend their free time and how many aktivities do they have in their free time. The empirical part contains the analysis of used methods , research investigation in the kindergarten and primary school in Martin. It also includes treatment of results - Its processed in tables, graphs and written comments.

La fin des temps glaciaires est une période d’importants changements. La transition Tardiglaciaire-Holocène est marquée par de nombreuses variations climatiques qui rythment la recomposition de la faune et de la flore. Entre le XIIIe et le Xe millénaire avant notre ère, les sociétés humaines d’Europe occidentale connaissent elles aussi d’importantes mutations techno-économiques et sociales. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution des sociétés contemporaines du Dryas récent et, plus particulièrement, aux transformations des industries lithiques et à la signification paléohistorique de ces changements.L’assemblage lithique du niveau A4 de l’abri de Rochedane (Villars-sous-Dampjoux, Doubs) constitue le point de départ de notre réflexion. L’étude de ce corpus, à travers une approche typologique et techno-économique, a permis de confirmer et d’affiner le modèle d’organisation chrono-culturel proposé ces dernières années par A. Thévenin. Ainsi peut-on confirmer l’existence d’un faciès de type Rochedane et en préciser les caractéristiques. L’insertion de ces données dans un cadre chronologique et géographique plus large révèle que l’identité des industries de type Rochedane est double puisque ces industries appartiennent à la fois au monde épigravettien et au techno-complexe des Straight Blades and Bladelets Industries. / The end of glacial time is a period of change. The succession of different vegetations and faunas from the end of Lateglacial period to the beginning of the Holocene is marked by the large range and sometimes short time climatic fluctuations. Between the XIIIth and Xth millenniums BC, human societies of Western Europe experienced also significant techno-economic and social changes. This study focuses on the evolution of Younger Dryas societies and more specifically on the transformation of lithic industries and on the palaeohistoric meaning of these changes.The lithic material of the A4 level of Rochedane rock shelter (Villars-sous-Dampjoux, Doubs, France) constitutes a first rate corpus to reflect on this issue. The study of this corpus, which integrates the technological, typological and economical aspects of lithic industry, has allowed us to confirm and refine the chrono-cultural organizational model proposed those last years by A. Thévenin. Confronting results obtained from Rochedane to those groups located in bordering regions, this work has allowed the definition of “industries de type Rochedane”. The inclusion of these data within the European context has led to the understanding of population dynamics of the area and to the development of a reflection on the cultural and technical exchanges in Western Europe during the Late Glacial. Identity of “industries de type Rochedane” is double: those industries are part of epigravettian world and of Straight Blades and Bladelets Industries.

Thesis focuses on self conception of primary school children impaired by specific learning disabilities. Based on case histories of nine children it states factors influencing the building of a self concept, and also follows a development of monitored children. The theoretic section defines a conceptual framework based on characteristics of a preadlolescent child with specific regard to her/his sensoric, cognitive and emotional development, with regard to development of child's self concept and to specific learnind disabilities in general. It describes the stage of children's development and learning disorders they are afflicted by. The practical section of the thesis describes case histories of nine pupils (and their development), which the author of the thesis followed for two years. The group consists of 9 pupils (2 girls and 7 boys). The thesis gives a thorough view on self conception of monitored children, their positionin the school group and areas of succes, it shows the individuality of each child's personality and his/her life story.

Title: Analysis of selected moving skills of girls in Prague volleyball preparation Objectives: The aim of this work is based on repeated testing to analyze the level of selected moving skills of girls in Prague volleyball preparation. Methods: There was carried out two outdoor measurements of six moving skills of girls in Prague volleyball preparation. The results were summarized in tables and graphs and compared with each other using the average method. Results: It was found, that the optimal composition of volleyball preparation are girls aged 6- 9 years. This age range is identical to the sensitive period, that is most suitable for the development of moving skills and abilities. Key words: volleyball, moving ability, moving skills, children of younger school age, sports training, trainer, versatile physical training, motor tests

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of the school ski training course on the physical, mental and social aspects of the development of younger and older pupils. It seeks to interpret the gained experience, the degree of pupil development in the given areas, the observations and feelings of the students who have recently completed the course. part we deal with the history of skiing, regularities in individual age categories, suitable ski equipment for children, ski training and the school ski course itself. We also dealt with current environmental problems as well as hippokinesis and its consequences. For the research part we used the questionnaire as a research method. We work with pupils in grammar school in the the Czech Republic. Key words downhill skiing, ski training course, elementary school, pupil development, younger school age, older school age

The diploma thesis deals with the communication skills of children of the younger school- age in a common primary school. In this thesis, expressive and receptive components of speech are monitored and the progress in both of them written down. The theoretical part focuses on "communication" in general and on the definition of related terms as well. An "impaired communication ability" is also described and its individual types are elaborated in detail. For each type, the thesis states description of symptoms, diagnosis and prevention. Last but not least, the theoretical part deals with the education of children with special educational needs. The diploma thesis also covers and explains terms that are connected to this topic as well as explains support measures or aids. The research part, using mixed research (qualitative and quantitative), focuses on children of the younger school-age attending a common primary school. The specifics that occur in the communication skills of these children are observed as well as their progress in particular exercises. The survey is carried out in two phases with a time gap of 4 months in order to enable monitoring of prospective progress. The results of a survey are presented both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative form records how many pupils have...

The diploma thesis is focused on educator's function in development of nonspeech areas of children with communicative disability. The thesis consists of two main parts. The theoretical part is divided into four chapters which gradually introduce the development of the child at a younger school age, communicative disability, nonspeech areas of comunication and education of children with communicative disability. This information provides a basic insight into issues of work and makes it easier to be well informed about topic. The empirical part presents the qualitative research in which four pupils with communicative disability are involved. The aim of the research is to find out the difficulties in nonspeech areas and what influence the educator of the after-school club can have on their development. Sensory perception, cognitive processes and motor skills are analyzed in accoradance with these goals. Changes between investigations are also observed. The chapter contains case studies of pupils that include personal and family history, individual children's abilities, social interaction and information about speech therapy. Furthermore, the results of the entry and control examination are presented in detail. Based on evaluation of results, answers to research questions are formulated. The chapter...