TITLE: Influence of swimming on increasing flexibility as a component of the desterity of primary school pupils in the Louny region. AUTHOR: Bc. Veronika Benková DEPARTMENT: Department of physical education SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Irena Svobodová ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to find out how basic swimming training taking place in Louny region affects joint mobility in children of younger school age and at the same time, compare the results of the measured group with similar, already conducted research from 2015 and 2018. In order to get results, proven joint mobility tests are used. Testing will take place twice in total; before the beginning and at the end of the swimming training, e. g. after the end of the ten two-hour lessons period. This research will be conducted for about ten weeks. Testing will take place at two primary schools. The test persons were divided according to gender into boys and girls, as well as whether they are non-swimmers and swimmers. The theoretical part deals with the characteristics of younger school age, motor skills - especially joint mobility, swimming training and swimming. In the practical part, I describe individual flexibility tests and the results gained from these tests. The work showed that swimming helps to develop flexibility, but in comparison with previous...

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to find out how swimming training affects the development of selected coordination skills in children of younger school age. Selected motor tests were used for this finding. The study group was a group of girls and boys of younger school age. Testing was performed twice for each student. The first testing took place at the beginning of the school year at the beginning of the school training. The second testing took place after completing five swimming lessons. The theoretical part of the work is focused on swimming, motor skills, coordination skills and characteristics of younger school age. In the practical part there are processed, compared and evaluated the results of coordination tests. In the processing of results were used methods of testing, observation, statistical method of data processing, arithmetic averaging, mode and median methods. The summary results showed that swimming training has a positive effect on the coordination skills of children of younger school age, as an improvement was found in all tested individuals. KEYWORDS swimming training, coordination skills, swimming methods, tests, swimmer, younger school age

The Windy Ridge mega-landslide in Wayne and Sevier Counties originated in Lates tPleistocene time as established by 14C ages on basal organic-rich clay and peat sediment from bogs that developed on the slide. The contact depth between bog and landslide was estimated using high-resolution seismic reflection to find the thickest sediment. Four bogs were cored at their depocenters, and organic material at the slide contact was used for age determinations. The oldest bog sediments ages are 10,600 ± 46, 10,556 ± 34, 12,511 ± 134, and 12,886 ± 91 calibrated years BP. Ages represent two sliding events. First, at the transition from interglacial to younger Dryas glaciation, coeval with the transgression of the Gilbert stand of Lake Bonneville. Younger ages suggest a second slide at ~10,550 cal ka BP. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, and pollen contain a detailed sedimentary record of climate changes since the younger Dryas Chronozone (YDC). The Windy Ridge Mega-Landslide, together with other proxies in the region, provide strong support for a wet period during the transition from late interglacial to glacial conditions at the onset of YDC. Pollen records of this time span are rare in Utah, where local climate variation is complex and illustrates the strength of using landslide bogs as paleoclimate proxies.

The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, a list of references (82 sources) and an annex including the blank forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master`s thesis is 169 pages. The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen research problem, the level of development of the problematics; the objective and the tasks of the study are set, the subject matter and the scope of the research are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the research topic. Discusses the influence of the cartoon, as the product of the mass media on children, special attention is paid to the influence of gender images and aggressive scenes of violence in cartoons on children of preschool and younger school age. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It includes a description of the organization and methods of the study, as well as the results obtained due to the applied methods. Тhe chapter presents the results of a study of preference of cartoons carried out on a sample of 250 children aged 7 to 10 years. For empirical research were used to develop a questionnaire and a modified drawing methods "My favorite hero of the cartoon". The assumption that children at younger school age prefer the cartoons which aren't corresponding to their age is confirmed. The assumption about the preferences of the cartoons in the Junior school age is concretized. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In the conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described. / Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (82 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 169 страниц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования. Рассматриваются проблемы влияния мультфильма, как продукта масс-медиа на детей, особое внимание уделяется влиянию гендерных образов и агрессивных сцен насилия в мультфильмах на детей дошкольного и младшего школьного возраста. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам. Представлены результаты исследования предпочтений мультфильмов проведенного на выборке 250 детей в возрасте от 7 до 10 лет. Для проведения эмпирического исследования применялись разработанная анкета и модифицированная рисуночная методика «Мой любимый герой мультфильма». Подтверждено предположение о том, что дети в младшем школьном возрасте предпочитают мультфильмы не соответствующие их возрасту. Конкретизировано предположение о выборе любимых героев мультфильмов, обусловленном половой принадлежностью. Результаты используемых методов в данной работе обработаны с помощью математической статистики. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.

The object of the study was the fears of younger students. The subject of the study was the means of correcting fears in primary school children with the help of the developed methodological program. Master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography (65 sources). The volume of the master's thesis 71 pages, which contains 14 figures and 12 tables. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as the conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study and the possible prospects for further development of this problem are presented in a generalized form. / Объектом исследования явились страхи у младших школьников. Предметом исследования стали средства коррекции страхов у младших школьников с помощью разработанной методической программы. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (65 источника). Объем магистерской диссертации 71 страница, на которых размещены 14 рисунка и 12 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставится цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.

The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about how 2-4-year-oldsexplore the physical phenomena of floating and sinking, and how a practicalactivity can contribute to development and learning. To respond to the study,observation was chosen as the method where a designed activity with thevariation theory as support was conducted in three groups of children, theactivity was then divided into four phases for us students to get a clearerstructure. The theory was made visible by making the phenomena the objectof learning in the exploration. The children themselves got to explore and thinkabout which aspects determined whether something floated or sank usingvariations on similar objects. The three activities were filmed and lateranalyzed using the research questions and categories that emerged using theanswers from the four phases.The result shows that it is possible to perform a float and sink activity with theyounger children in preschool. Something that connects to Jean Piaget´s stagetheory was that the youngest children stopped their exploration when theycame up with a hypothesis and they saw what was happening. Our result showsthat, when they are four years old, they start to come up with explanations forthe hypotheses they have given about how an object behaves in a certain wayin water. The most common thing that the children referred to was the weightof the object. They concluded that an object sank because it was heavy, butthey also reasoned that an object floated because it was heavy. This shows thatthey don’t have the answers fully but the thoughts and the will to understand. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur 2–4-åringar utforskar defysikaliska fenomenen flyta och sjunka samt hur en praktisk aktivitet kan bidratill utveckling och lärande. För att möta studiens syfte valdes observation sommetod där en designad aktivitet med variationsteorin som stöd genomfördes itre barngrupper, aktiviteten delades sen in i fyra faser för oss studenter för attfå en tydligare struktur. Teorin synliggjordes genom att fenomenen blevlärandeobjektet i utforskandet. Barnen fick själva utforska och fundera på vilkaaspekter som avgjorde om något flöt eller sjönk med hjälp av variationer påföremål som liknade varandra. De tre aktiviteterna filmades och analyseradessenare med hjälp av studiens frågeställningar och kategorier som uppkom medhjälp av det som resultatet visade från de fyra faserna.Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att utföra en flyta och sjunka-aktivitet med deyngre barnen i förskolan. Något som knyter an till Jean Piagets stadieteori varatt de yngsta barnen stannar sitt utforskande vid att komma med en hypotesoch ser vad det är som händer. Först när de fyllt fyra år börjar de komma medförklaringar till de hypoteser de gett om hur ett föremål beter sig på ett visstsätt i vatten. Det vanligaste som barnen refererade till var föremålets vikt, dekom fram till att ett föremål sjönk för att det var tungt men de resonerade ävenatt ett föremål flöt för att det var tungt. Detta visar på att de inte har svaren heltmen funderingarna och viljan att förstå finns.

Föreliggande studie utgår från ett fenomenografiskt perspektiv med syfte att synliggöra förskollärares uppfattningar och tolkningar av förskolans läroplans mål Lpfö18 om biologi, i arbete med de yngsta barnen 1–3 år. Studien genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra förskollärare på tre olika förskolor. Tidigare forskning menar att biologi kan vara ett svårdefinierat ämne och att det är komplext. Däremot visar resultatet av föreliggande studie att förskollärare arbetar med olika delar av biologi hela tiden. De menar att biologi handlar om att följa barnen i deras intressen, samspela med dem och att i kommunikation dela med sig av sina kunskaper och ta vara på barns nyfikenhet. Resultatet visar sig även i förskollärarnas uppfattningar om biologi i förskolan som handlar om begreppsanvändning, frågor och diskussioner i vardagliga situationer. Olika uppfattningar om hur läroplanen används som stöd inom undervisning visar sig grunda sig i det egna uttryckta intresset och samspel med kollegor. / This study is based on a phenomenographic perspective with the aim to show preschool teachers' perceptions and interpretations of the preschool curriculum's goal Lpfö18 of biology, in work with the youngest children 1–3 years old. This study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with four preschool teachers at three different preschools. Previous research suggests that biology can be a difficult subject to define and that it is complex. However, the results of this study show that the preschool teachers work with different parts of biology all the time. They mean that biology is about following the children in their interests, interacting with them and sharing knowledge in communication and taking advantadge of the childrens curiosity. The results also show that the preschool teachers' perceptions of biology in preschool concern the use of concepts, questions and discussions in everyday situations. Different perceptions of how the curriculum is used as support in teaching resulted in the expressed personal interest and in interactions with colleagues.

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I slutet av 2019 upptäcktes ett nytt och okänt virus i staden Wuhan i Kina. Det visade sig vara mycket smittsamt och i början av 2020 hade tusentals människor runt om i världen drabbats av viruset. Utbrottet av coronapandemin har inneburit och innebär än idag stora förändringar för både individer och företag. Dagligvaruhandeln som är en central del av näringslivet är inget undantag. Eftersom dagligvaruhandeln utgör en så stor del av svenska konsumenters vardag ansågs det intressant att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar val av dagligvarukedja. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om de faktorer som ansågs vara viktiga vid val av dagligvarukedja är samma före som under pandemin, eller om pandemin har lett till förändrade konsumentbeteenden. Studien syftar även till att undersöka huruvida den ökade användningen av e-handel kommer att bli bestående i framtiden, när restriktionerna har minskat och smittspridningen i samhället har lugnat sig. Teorierna som har använts för att undersöka syftet är teorier inom konsumentbeteende som inkluderar konsumenters karakteristiska drag och konsumenters köpprocess, marknadsföringsmixen liksom tjänstemarknadsföringsmixen och slutligen customer relationship management. För att samla in empiriska data utformades ett frågeformulär baserad på den teoretiska referensramen i vilken 229 svenska konsumenter deltog i. Deltagarna var både män och kvinnor från 19 år eller yngre upp till 70 år eller äldre. Tidigare forskning har visat att ålder är en faktor som påverkar konsumentbeteende, vilket också visas i denna studie. Deltagarna delades därför in i tre olika grupper som representerar den yngre generationen, mellangruppen och den äldre generationen. Den största skillnaden i preferenser vid val av dagligvarukedja var mellan den yngre och den äldre generationen, därför ansågs det vara mest intressant att undersöka. För den yngre generationen visade det sig att produktutbud, pris, avstånd samt fräscha och välorganiserade butikslokaler var de viktigaste faktorerna före pandemin. Produktutbud, avstånd samt fräscha och välorganiserade butikslokaler var även viktigast under pandemin men istället för pris har öppettider blivit en av de viktigaste faktorerna vid val av dagligvarukedja. För den äldre generationen var de viktigaste faktorerna före pandemin trevlig och hjälpsam personal, produktutbud, pris och butikslokaler. Reklamblad värderades också högt av den äldre generationen. Produktutbud och butikslokaler var viktiga även under pandemin men istället för personal och pris har avstånd och e-handel blivit viktigare för majoriteten i den äldre generationen. Genom studien får svenska dagligvaruaktörer en tydlig bild av vilka faktorer som anses vara viktigast vid val av dagligvarukedja. Dessutom får dagligvaruaktörer en bättre förståelse för vilka faktorer som har omprioriterats till följd av pandemin. Studiens bidrag är därför framför allt att underlätta och vägleda aktörer inom dagligvaruhandeln om coronapandemin blir långvarig eller om liknande situationer skulle uppstå i framtiden. / In the end of 2019, a new and unknown virus was discovered in Wuhan, China which turned out to be highly contagious. In the beginning of 2020, thousands of people around the world had been affected by the virus. The eruption of the corona pandemic has meant and still means major changes for both individuals and companies. The grocery trade, which is a central part of the trade and industry, is no exception. Since the grocery trade constitutes such a big part of Swedish consumers´ everyday lives, it was considered interesting to examine which factors influence the choice of grocery chain. The purpose of the study is to examine whether the factors that are considered important when choosing a grocery chain are the same before as during the pandemic, or whether the pandemic has led to changing consumer behaviours. The study also aims to examine whether the increased use of e-commerce will be consistent in the future, when the restrictions and the spread of contagion in society have reduced.    The theories that have been used to examine the purpose are consumer behaviour, including consumer characteristics and the consumer buying process, the marketing mix as well as the service marketing mix, and at last customer relationship management. To collect empirical data, a questionnaire based on the theoretical framework was designed in which 229 Swedish consumers participated. The participants were both men and women from 19 years or younger up to 70 years or older. Previous research has shown that age is a factor that influences consumer behaviour, which is also shown in this study. The participants were therefore divided into three different groups, representing the younger generation, the middle group and the older generation. The biggest difference in preferences when choosing a grocery chain was between the younger and the older generation, therefore it was considered most interesting to examine. For the younger generation, it turned out that product range, price, distance and store environment were the most important factors before the pandemic. Product range, distance and store environment are most important during the pandemic as well but instead of price, opening hours have become one of the most important factors when choosing a grocery chain. For the older generation, the most important factors before the pandemic were friendly and helpful staff, product range, price and store environment. Offers were also highly valued by the older generation. Product range and store environment were important even during the pandemic but instead of staff and price, distance and e-commerce have become more important for the majority of the older generation.    Through the study, Swedish grocery actors get a distinct picture of what factors are considered most essential when choosing a grocery chain. In addition, grocery actors get a better understanding of what factors have been re-prioritized as a result of the pandemic. The contribution of the study is therefore, above all, to facilitate and guide actors within the grocery trade if the corona pandemic becomes prolonged or if similar situations would arise in the future.

The rapidly growing rate of the older adult population has created a need to better understand younger adults’ self-perceptions of aging and current trends of ageism. The purpose of this secondary data analysis research project was to determine changes, if any, in participants’ self-perception of aging after the Socially Nutritious facilitator or nutrition ambassador volunteer training, which aims to develop knowledge and skills related to aging trends, older adult nutrition, preventing ageism, and communication and educational considerations when working with older adults. Findings indicate that participants with more frequent interactions with older adults had a more positive perception of their aging at pre-test than those with less frequent interactions. However, these differences diminished at post-test. Training that includes information about healthy aging, as well as addressing ageism, may lead to a more positive self-perception of aging.