Esta dissertação faz uma análise da pobreza rural no Brasil a partir de duas abordagens distintas. Uma delas, a mais tradicional, unidimensional, baseada exclusivamente na renda: a abordagem monetária. A outra, de natureza multidimensional, relativamente recente, baseada naquilo que as pessoas são capazes de ser e fazer: Abordagem das Capacitações, de Amartya Kumar Sen. A questão investigada neste trabalho é se as compreensões de pobreza rural fornecidas por cada uma destas abordagens diferem entre si. Para tal, foram utilizados dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE), trazendo, além do Brasil de forma agregada, os estados do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Foram selecionados estes três estados, de regiões diferentes, para captar a heterogeneidade de realidades do país. Subliminar a esta problemática da comparação de abordagens estão duas contribuições específicas desta dissertação: o avanço na discussão sobre o entendimento da pobreza no meio rural e uma contribuição na consolidação da operacionalização da Abordagem das Capacitações a partir de dados secundários. Na parte teórica deste trabalho foram analisados os elementos centrais de cada uma destas abordagens, procurando dar embasamento para as métricas sob as quais se assentam as evidências empíricas de cada uma. A parte metodológica, que apresenta estas métricas, tem especial importância no caso da Abordagem das Capacitações, por se tratar de uma abordagem mais nova e ainda não consolidada. A abordagem monetária se baseia na renda domiciliar per capita, fazendo uso de ferramentas de análise que tratam da distribuição de renda, linhas monetárias de pobreza e de medidas de pobreza. Já a Abordagem das Capacitações analisa três funcionamentos (ser e fazer) específicos: estudo, saúde e mobilidade e condições de moradia. Isto é feito através de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas (Análise Fatorial e Análise de Cluster). Os resultados concernentes à abordagem monetária mostram uma combinação de renda média baixa e distribuição de renda consideravelmente assimétrica, o que desenha uma realidade de pobreza rural bastante específica. O RS é o estado que apresenta as melhores condições, e o RN o que apresenta as piores, entre eles estão MG e o Brasil como um todo. Já com relação às evidências empíricas da Abordagem das Capacitações, os resultados não permitem dizer que um estado está em melhores condições do que outro, de forma absoluta. Cada um tem características específicas, uma estrutura multidimensional particular em relação àqueles três funcionamentos. O RS tem melhores indicadores para o funcionamento moradia, por exemplo, enquanto MG tem melhores resultados para educação. Pode-se dizer que cada um tem estruturas de bem-estar diferenciadas, mas não que um seja mais “pobre” do que outro. Esta diferença de resultados entre as abordagens está associada a uma diferença de percepção do fenômeno pobreza. O próprio papel desempenhado pela renda, cabe salientar, é diferente no contexto da Abordagem das Capacitações: sua influência sobre as dimensões estudadas não apresenta um padrão claro. Os resultados empíricos, portanto, são diferentes porque a percepção que se tem do fenômeno é diversa. / This master thesis presents an analysis of the rural poverty in Brazil based on two different approaches. One of them, more traditional, unidimensional, exclusively based on income: the monetary approach. The other one, relatively recent, multidimensional, based on what people are able to do or to be: the Capability Approach, proposed by Amartya Kumar Sen. The question investigated throughout this study is if the comprehensions of rural poverty offered by these two approaches point out in different ways or not. To take it forward, it was used secondary data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD/IBGE). And the study analyzes Brazil, as a whole, and three states: Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN). It was selected states from different regions of the country aiming to capture the heterogeneities of realities in Brazil. Underlying to the question of comparing the two approaches are a pair of specific topics in which the present study goes on: an advance on the debate about rural poverty and a contribution for the consolidation of the operationalization of the Capability Approach based on secondary data. The theoretical section of the master thesis analyzes the central elements of each approach, trying to establish the basis on which the empirical metrics are settled. The methodological section presents those metrics and it is especially important in the case of the Capability Approach, because of its peculiarity of being a new approach and not yet consolidated. The monetary approach is based on the household income per capita, and uses analysis tools that count on the income distribution, monetary poverty lines and poverty measures. The Capability Approach, in turn, analyses three different functionings (beings and doings): study, health and mobility, and housing conditions. That analysis is performed through multivariate statistical techniques (Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis). The results concerning the monetary approach point out a combination of low income average and asymmetric income distribution which draw a specific reality of rural poverty. The state of RS presents the best conditions in terms of those monetary indicators, and the state of RN the worse. Between RS and RN are Brazil as a whole and the state of MG. The empirical evidences from the Capability Approach, however, do not allow saying that one state is better off than another one in an absolute way. Each state has specific characteristics, has a particular multidimensional structure regarding those three functionings. The state of RS presents the best indicator in housing conditions, for instance, whereas MG offers the best result in education. It is possible to say that each state has different structures of well-being, but we cannot say that one state is “poorer” than another one. Those differences between the two approaches, in terms of empirical results, are related to a diverse perception of the phenomenon named poverty. Even the role played by income is different in the context of the Capability Approach: its influence over the dimensions investigated does not present any clear pattern. Summarizing, the empirical results are different because the perception of poverty is diverse.

Upper secondary education has been identified by different institutions as the minimum educational threshold in a knowledge society, a necessary requirement for citizens of all ages to respond to the social changes driven by global technological innovation. Figures from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) unfortunately show that a large share of adult population in OECD countries still lack upper secondary qualifications. Italy appears in these statistics as one among the lowest ranking countries and provisions currently in place to bring adult citizens back to school still yield quite low numbers. This research aims at exploring the challenges to adult students' participation in upper secondary education in Italy examining the actual experience of a group of grown-up learners attending a public vocational school. The results of the inquiry are based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews framed in a qualitative research design. The study is grounded in a theoretical frame derived both from participation theories and from the capability approach. The main conclusion of the research is that successful participation and persistence in adult education require students’ expectations to be appropriately met by an attentive customized institutional support. To this respect, the research suggests recommendations in order to improve public information about provisions for grown-up students, to separate adult education from second chance teenage schooling and to customize adult learning through appropriate learning management tools.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanainaO_DISSERT.pdf: 1740666 bytes, checksum: b7ce8fa758db532c2ba4cf361ed5d2a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Pobreza significa priva??o. A priva??o sofrida pelas pessoas pobres normalmente est? relacionada ao baixo n?vel de renda. Quando se trata da pobreza no Brasil, a Regi?o Nordeste se destaca, pois em 2010 o Plano Brasil Sem Mis?ria apontou a exist?ncia de 9,6 milh?es de extremamente pobres na regi?o, representando 59% do total no pa?s (BRASIL, 2011b). No entanto, a renda monet?ria n?o captura completamente as priva??es sofridas pelas pessoas. O conceito de pobreza tem passado por uma evolu??o no sentido de incluir dimens?es importantes sobre a vida das pessoas. Deixou de focar apenas a priva??o absoluta da abordagem unidimensional e passou a considerar a priva??o relativa, uma abordagem multidimensional. Este estudo fundamenta-se na Abordagem das Capacita??es de Sen (1981, 1985, 2000, 2001) que considera a pobreza como a priva??o sofrida pelas pessoas relacionada a diferentes aspectos tais como nutri??o, acesso aos servi?os b?sicos de educa??o, sa?de, saneamento b?sico e, tamb?m, de liberdade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo ? investigar e mensurar a intensidade da pobreza multidimensional nos munic?pios da Regi?o Nordeste atrav?s do Censo Demogr?fico (IBGE, 2010). Para isso, utilizou-se da t?cnica da Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy que permite o c?lculo de ?ndice relativo. A mensura??o da pobreza por meio do ?ndice fuzzy de pobreza (IFP) envolveu a escolha de 19 indicadores distribu?dos em quatro dimens?es (ou capacita??es): educa??o, sa?de, condi??es habitacionais e renda. Os resultados mostraram que existe maior pobreza na dimens?o renda. Entretanto, as dimens?es educa??o e sa?de tamb?m tiveram import?ncia no indicador de pobreza multidimensional. Alguns indicadores que merecem aten??o dos formuladores de pol?ticas p?blicas s?o o acesso ao ensino fundamental e ensino m?dio e o acesso aos servi?os de saneamento b?sico, coleta de lixo e rede de ?gua. Apesar da priva??o na dimens?o renda ser maior do que nas demais dimens?es, a supera??o da pobreza envolve a promo??o dos diferentes aspectos relacionados ? vida das pessoas. A Abordagem da Capacita??o mostra que pol?ticas de assist?ncia aos pobres precisam considerar as particularidades do local e h?bitos, de forma a verificar quais s?o as reais priva??es sofridas pelas pessoas. As pessoas que se encontram em situa??o de pobreza precisam ser incentivadas a superar a situa??o de mis?ria e pen?ria de forma a n?o serem eternamente privadas de liberdade e privadas de expandirem suas capacita??es

Esta dissertação faz uma análise da pobreza rural no Brasil a partir de duas abordagens distintas. Uma delas, a mais tradicional, unidimensional, baseada exclusivamente na renda: a abordagem monetária. A outra, de natureza multidimensional, relativamente recente, baseada naquilo que as pessoas são capazes de ser e fazer: Abordagem das Capacitações, de Amartya Kumar Sen. A questão investigada neste trabalho é se as compreensões de pobreza rural fornecidas por cada uma destas abordagens diferem entre si. Para tal, foram utilizados dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE), trazendo, além do Brasil de forma agregada, os estados do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Foram selecionados estes três estados, de regiões diferentes, para captar a heterogeneidade de realidades do país. Subliminar a esta problemática da comparação de abordagens estão duas contribuições específicas desta dissertação: o avanço na discussão sobre o entendimento da pobreza no meio rural e uma contribuição na consolidação da operacionalização da Abordagem das Capacitações a partir de dados secundários. Na parte teórica deste trabalho foram analisados os elementos centrais de cada uma destas abordagens, procurando dar embasamento para as métricas sob as quais se assentam as evidências empíricas de cada uma. A parte metodológica, que apresenta estas métricas, tem especial importância no caso da Abordagem das Capacitações, por se tratar de uma abordagem mais nova e ainda não consolidada. A abordagem monetária se baseia na renda domiciliar per capita, fazendo uso de ferramentas de análise que tratam da distribuição de renda, linhas monetárias de pobreza e de medidas de pobreza. Já a Abordagem das Capacitações analisa três funcionamentos (ser e fazer) específicos: estudo, saúde e mobilidade e condições de moradia. Isto é feito através de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas (Análise Fatorial e Análise de Cluster). Os resultados concernentes à abordagem monetária mostram uma combinação de renda média baixa e distribuição de renda consideravelmente assimétrica, o que desenha uma realidade de pobreza rural bastante específica. O RS é o estado que apresenta as melhores condições, e o RN o que apresenta as piores, entre eles estão MG e o Brasil como um todo. Já com relação às evidências empíricas da Abordagem das Capacitações, os resultados não permitem dizer que um estado está em melhores condições do que outro, de forma absoluta. Cada um tem características específicas, uma estrutura multidimensional particular em relação àqueles três funcionamentos. O RS tem melhores indicadores para o funcionamento moradia, por exemplo, enquanto MG tem melhores resultados para educação. Pode-se dizer que cada um tem estruturas de bem-estar diferenciadas, mas não que um seja mais “pobre” do que outro. Esta diferença de resultados entre as abordagens está associada a uma diferença de percepção do fenômeno pobreza. O próprio papel desempenhado pela renda, cabe salientar, é diferente no contexto da Abordagem das Capacitações: sua influência sobre as dimensões estudadas não apresenta um padrão claro. Os resultados empíricos, portanto, são diferentes porque a percepção que se tem do fenômeno é diversa. / This master thesis presents an analysis of the rural poverty in Brazil based on two different approaches. One of them, more traditional, unidimensional, exclusively based on income: the monetary approach. The other one, relatively recent, multidimensional, based on what people are able to do or to be: the Capability Approach, proposed by Amartya Kumar Sen. The question investigated throughout this study is if the comprehensions of rural poverty offered by these two approaches point out in different ways or not. To take it forward, it was used secondary data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD/IBGE). And the study analyzes Brazil, as a whole, and three states: Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN). It was selected states from different regions of the country aiming to capture the heterogeneities of realities in Brazil. Underlying to the question of comparing the two approaches are a pair of specific topics in which the present study goes on: an advance on the debate about rural poverty and a contribution for the consolidation of the operationalization of the Capability Approach based on secondary data. The theoretical section of the master thesis analyzes the central elements of each approach, trying to establish the basis on which the empirical metrics are settled. The methodological section presents those metrics and it is especially important in the case of the Capability Approach, because of its peculiarity of being a new approach and not yet consolidated. The monetary approach is based on the household income per capita, and uses analysis tools that count on the income distribution, monetary poverty lines and poverty measures. The Capability Approach, in turn, analyses three different functionings (beings and doings): study, health and mobility, and housing conditions. That analysis is performed through multivariate statistical techniques (Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis). The results concerning the monetary approach point out a combination of low income average and asymmetric income distribution which draw a specific reality of rural poverty. The state of RS presents the best conditions in terms of those monetary indicators, and the state of RN the worse. Between RS and RN are Brazil as a whole and the state of MG. The empirical evidences from the Capability Approach, however, do not allow saying that one state is better off than another one in an absolute way. Each state has specific characteristics, has a particular multidimensional structure regarding those three functionings. The state of RS presents the best indicator in housing conditions, for instance, whereas MG offers the best result in education. It is possible to say that each state has different structures of well-being, but we cannot say that one state is “poorer” than another one. Those differences between the two approaches, in terms of empirical results, are related to a diverse perception of the phenomenon named poverty. Even the role played by income is different in the context of the Capability Approach: its influence over the dimensions investigated does not present any clear pattern. Summarizing, the empirical results are different because the perception of poverty is diverse.

Tidigare forskning inriktad på adoptivföräldrars upplevelser av föräldraskapet eller support och stöd från samhälleliga instanser är inte omfattande, speciellt inte i svensk forskning. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka adoptivföräldrars upplevelse av stödfunktioner och samhällsservice under de första fem åren efter hemkomst med adoptivbarnet eftersom det är viktigt att få ett perspektiv på stödet från samhället under de tidiga åren då det adopterade barnet knyter ann till familjen. Studien utfördes genom intervjuer med fyra adoptivföräldrapar plus den ena föräldern till ett adoptivbarn. Intervjuerna utforskade hur de upplevt sitt handlingsutrymme i förhållande till deras tillgänglighet av samhälleliga resursinstanser under det tidiga föräldraskapet. Resultaten analyserades utifrån Amartya Sens teoretiska perspektiv capability approach som mäter hälsa genom att accentuera individens behov och frihet att själv välja vad som uppfattas som nödvändigt och viktigt.  Resultaten visade att adoptivföräldrarna överlag var nöjda med relationen de haft med skola, barnhälsovård, socialtjänst och övriga resursinstanser. En viktig del av handlingsutrymmet för familjerna var även privata relationer med andra adoptivföräldrar och adoptivbarn. Även internet nätverk eller grupper för adoptivfamiljer var dem till viss mån behjälpliga. Trots det menade föräldrarna att förståelsen för deras adopterade barns behov i alla samhälleliga instanser behövde förbättras, både överlag för adopterade barn, men även att de individuella behoven för adopterade barn behövde uppmärksammas mer.

La thèse a pour objectif de développer une relation alternative entre les droits de l’Homme et l’économie. A cette fin est entreprise une analyse approfondie de l’idée d’usage public de la raison. Les concepts fondamentaux de l’économie politique, tels que la société civile et l’État, sont ainsi revisités dans un cadre conceptuel qui est, à l’origine, fondé sur la notion de majorité chez Kant, mais qui, dans le même mouvement, va au-delà de cette notion pour rendre compte du pluralisme de la société civile. / The dissertation attempts to account for an alternative connection between human rights and economics. It suggests that this connection involves a comprehensive analysis of the idea of public use of reason. The fundamental concepts of political economy, such as civil society and state, are then re-visited within a conceptual framework which is originally based on Kant’s notion of becoming mature, but at the same time, surpassing it in the extent of the pluralistic society.

En plus de vingt-cinq d’existence, le développement durable n’a pas produit les changements escomptés sur le plan structurel, institutionnel ou même scientifique. En ce qui concerne le plan scientifique, depuis la première formulation du concept en 1987, de nouveaux courants interdisciplinaires en sciences sociales ont émergé produisant de nouveaux concepts, proposant de nouvelles méthodologies et affirmant certains principes éthiques. La thèse s’intéresse tout particulièrement au courant du développement humain articulé autour des travaux d’Amartya Sen (approche par les capabilités) et de Manfred Max-Neef (approche par les besoins) et à celui de l’économie écologique duquel émerge une conception forte de la soutenabilité ainsique les concepts de fonctions et de services écosystémiques. Une articulation entre ces deux courants ainsi qu’une réflexion sur l’éthique de la responsabilité et la justice permettent de re-conceptualiser le développement durable, concept relativement mal défini et ambigu, sous la forme d’un développement humain responsable ancré dans la soutenabilité forte et la justice sociale. Cette articulation, réalisée dans une perspective transdisciplinaire, permet de proposer un nouveau cadre conceptuel qui pourrait d’une part,favoriser un aménagement responsable du territoire et, d’autre part, renforcer l’épistémologie de la géographie pour qu’elle puisse pleinement assumer son rôle d’étude des interactions Nature-Société. La réflexion théorique est mise en pratique au sein de deux réserves de biosphère périurbaines, l’une en France(Réserve de Biosphère de Fontainebleau-Gâtinais) et l’autre au Chili (Réserve de biosphère de La Campana-Peñuelas). / In twenty-five years, sustainable development has not delivered the expected outcomes in terms of structuraland institutional changes as well as scientific changes. Regarding scientific changes, since the firstintroduction of the concept of sustainable development by the Brundtland commission in 1987, newscientific fields of interdisciplinary reasearch in social sciences have emerged producing new conceptualtools, proposing new methodologies and asserting certain ethical principles. From the one hand, the thesis isinterested in the field of Human Development which is structured around the work of Amartya Sen (theCapability Approach) and Manfred Max-Neef (the Fundamental Needs approach). On the other hand, thethesis is interested in the field of Ecological Economics from which emerges a strong conception ofsustainability as well as the concepts of ecosystem functions and services. The thesis aims to establish a linkbetween these two fields of research to shift from sustainable development, a relatively ambiguous concept,to responsible human development clearly rooted in strong sustainability and social justice. This articulationis carried out in a transdisciplinary perspective. In the first place, this articulation enables to provide a soundconceptual framework that could help to strengthen the epistemology of geography for studying Nature-Society interactions. In addition, this articulation could help to promote a responsible land planning. Thisnew conceptual framework is tested in two peri-urban biosphere reserves in France (Biosphere ReserveFontainebleau -Gâtinais ) and Chile (Biosphere Reserve La Campana - Peñuelas).

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

Mobility and Pathways to Autonomy of Women: A study of informal workers in fisheries sector in Kerala, India Mobility defined as the freedom and ability to move has intrinsic and instrumental values in promoting human development. Paid work which involves mobility associated with work can be a ‘capability-enhancing’ experience when such mobility improves opportunities and enhances freedoms. However, the existing studies have neither examined nor measured mobility with its multiple domains for women. My thesis fills this gap in research by exploring the multiple domains of gendered mobility by measuring mobility as a single construct and analysing whether mobility is a ‘capability’ for women workers which improves autonomy and agency. It is inter-disciplinary as it is situated at the confluence of development studies, human geography and sociological disciplines. The following features of the thesis make it unique in the development studies discipline. First, the contextual setting is unique as it is based in Kerala, which is a socially progressive state in India. The thesis unearths the underlying structural constraints in the Kerala model of social development for transformation of women workers under patriarchy. It is a comparative study which examines the household autonomy and agency of two types of informal women workers in the post-harvest fisheries, namely ‘peeling workers’ linked to production chains and ‘fish vendors’ who are self-employed. Second, the capability approach provides the theoretical framework for the analysis of mobility of women as capability and it introduces a new concept of ‘transformational mobility’. By examining mobility using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) for the first time in development studies, the thesis operationalises capability measurement by introducing the measurement scale of mobility of women workers which empirically delineates the multiple domains of mobility based on the constraints faced by women. Third, the mixed methods research design using survey data and qualitative interviews of women workers provide better insight and contextual understanding of women’s work. An innovative method, namely, the Crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (CsQCA), explores the causal mechanisms that bring about ‘transformational mobility’ in women workers. The thesis empirically proves the significance of social and human capital factors like caste, low education of spouse and marital status along with the underlying patriarchal structures that determine pathways to transformational mobility and decision making of women. Lastly, the qualitative analysis using classic grounded theory contributes to the emergence of substantive theories for women workers which reflect contrasting agentic behaviour of peeling workers and fish vendors in the context of Kerala. The lack of collective agency among peeling workers questions the claims of Kerala model of development in improving the agency of women. The findings confirm that work mobility associated with informal low paid work is not necessarily a capability for women in fisheries.

This thesis conducts a theory comparison to determine which theory of social justice is best suited to address health inequalities. The theories used are the capability approach by Amartya Sen and Göran Therborn's theory on inequalities. Within the capability approach, two accounts specified on health capabilities will be regarded as well. These are the health capability approach by Ruger and the theory of health justice by Venkatapuram. The theory comparison is done by making use of a non-ideal theory framework, based on the theory by John Rawls and the critiques on it given by several authors, as well as the developments in the ideal/non-ideal theory debate. Non-ideal theory provides guidance towards reducing inequalities and enhancing justice and can therefore be useful for a theory on health inequalities. The developed non-ideal theory framework consists of five criteria to which the respective theories are compared to determine whether they fulfil the criteria. Comparing the theories to the framework will give an insight in which theory is best suited for reducing health inequalities. Therborn's theory on inequalities has proven to fulfil most of the criteria in the non-ideal theory framework and can therefore be regarded as best suited to reduce health inequalities.