Esse trabalho é um estudo da expressão maneira antiga empregada para classificar um gênero de pintura na segunda metade do século XVIII. É um trabalho sobre o vocabulário em uso nessa época para falar da arte e da sua apreciação. É também um trabalho de tradução de textos críticos, de definições da Encyclopédie, de dicionários especializados nos termos artísticos, de artigos de jornais e de trechos dos livretes dos Salons. Para discutir a ideia da pintura no tempo das Luzes, esse estudo se organiza em volta da reflexão do filósofo Denis Diderot sobre a arte e a maneira e o modelo em particular. Ao que diz respeito aos pintores, são as obras de Joseph Marie Vien e do seu aluno Jacques Louis David os objetos desse estudo sobre a maneira antiga. / This is a study of the antic manner expression used to classify a genre of paintings in France during the second half of the XVIII century. It is a study of the vocabulary in vogue at the time in discussions of art and the appreciation of art. It is also a study of the translation of critical texts, Encyclopédie definitions, specialized dictionaries on artistic terms, journalistic articles, and excerpts from Salon pamphlets. To discuss painting during the Enlightenment, this study focuses on the reflections of the philosopher Denis Diderot on art, form, and subject in particular. In respect to painters, the works of Joseph Marie Vien and his pupil Jacques Louis David are the main object of this study on the antic manner of painting.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Buscando responder à pergunta elaborada na obra LÃgica (1800) de Immanuel Kant, âO que à o homem?â, esta pesquisa propÃe uma investigaÃÃo acerca da educaÃÃo enquanto educaÃÃo do esclarecimento e a Ãnica capaz de habilitar as disposiÃÃes dos homens para o auxilio tanto do homem civilizado, quanto moral. A elaboraÃÃo de tal pesquisa se inicia com a transiÃÃo de uma filosofia moral popular para uma metafÃsica dos costumes e posteriormente de uma educaÃÃo fÃsica, isto Ã, natural, para uma educaÃÃo prÃtica, moral. Nesta, a dualidade existente entre ser sensÃvel e ser inteligÃvel nÃo passa despercebida quando o antagonismo surge, e a sociabilidade insociÃvel à demonstrada pela natureza para que o homem possa atingir o progresso. Assim, à centrando na questÃo do homem que este projeto finda a relevÃncia da educaÃÃo na formaÃÃo de uma constituiÃÃo civil, pois, ao evidenciar que o progresso somente pode ser alcanÃado pelo prÃprio homem, Kant responsabiliza as aÃÃes dos homens no mundo e os encaminha à sociabilidade.

Este trabalho reúne esforços para analisar aspectos da teoria literária de Jean-Jacques Rousseau a partir do romance La Nouvelle Héloïse, considerando suas inovações estéticas em face do período de então (século XVIII) e a relevância explicativa da obra no seio do pensamento do autor. Aos propósitos do trabalho, é fundamental entender a escolha do gênero epistolar a fim de facilitar o estreitamento da narrativa com a experiência do leitor, o que se combina com a crítica da representação e com o ideal rousseauniano da transparência, perfazendo o formato do romance que Rousseau, após severas críticas à literatura, transige em considerar necessário por oferecer um exemplo de virtude no amor a uma sociedade degenerada pela corrupção dos costumes. / This work combines forces to analyze aspects of Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Literary Theory at the novel La Nouvelle Héloïse in light of its aesthetic innovations towards that period (the 18th century) and the explicative relevance of the work to the core of the author\'s thoughts. With respect to the purpose of the work, it is important to understand the choice of the epistolary form in order to facilitate the alignment of the narrative with the experience of the reader, which is consonant with the critique of representation and with the Rousseaunian ideal of transparency, constituting the format of the novel that Rousseau, after severe criticisms of literature, came to consider necessary to offer an example of virtue through love to a society degenerated by the corruption of customs.

M.A. / The first section relates to the period of the 18th century Europe, during which the Enlightenment movement matured, followed by the description of the process of how the new philosophy of the Enlightenment affected the united orthodox countries of the Balkans.The reaffirmation which these ideas brought to the Mediterranean in the context of intellectual, social and political life, contributed to the formation of the Modern Greek Enlightenment period, which resulted in the creation of the modern political Greek state. In the second section, the aims of the Education are presented, in the state of the Hellenic Education is shown during the period of the Modern Greek Enlightenment. The education struggle, together with other sectors, prepared the Hellenes, intellectually, morally, and socially to undertake the liberation struggle of 1821. The third section deals with the life of Ioannis Kapodistrias with reference to his youth studies and early activities. Thereafter, follows and analysis of the political, social and intellectual state of the Ionian Islands during the period of the Modern Greek Enlightenment. The free Eptanisa State, where Ioannis Kapodistrias revealed his political aptitude and diplomatic abilities, is also examined. Particular emphasis is given to Ioannis Kapodistrias’s efforts and endeavours for education in the Ionian State. This effort culminated in the establishment and functioning of the Tenedos College. The section ends with the departure of Ioannis Kapodistrias for Petroupolis (Saint Petersburg). The fourth section initially deals with the development of the diplomatic career of Ioannis Kapodistrias in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Russia, which was interrupted by the Greek Revolution and after unsuccessfully exhausting all efforts to involve tsar Alexandros I in action against Turkey. After his final resignation in 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias accepts Greece’s appeal to involve himself actively in the revolution. The fourth section includes, as well, Kapodistrias’s educational policy and activities during this period. This valuable developments result in the establishment of the Filomoussos Society of Vienna whose goal was to educate the Hellenic youth of the time and also to emphasize Greece’s national problem. The fifth section refers to the nationalistic visions of Ioannis Kapodistrias regarding the political restoration of the Hellenes, as well as to his educational policies, his legacy to the Hellenic Nation and the recognition of his contribution.

This thesis deals with selected foreign journeys of Czech and Austrian nobility in the second half of the 18th and at the beginning 19th centuries and their influences and impacts. In addition to the general passages devoted to the travelling of nobility from the 16th to the middle of the 18th centuries and to the expeditions carried out during the period under review, attention is paid to five persons who have been divided into three groups based on their activities influenced by experience gained in foreign countries. The first of the circuits is connected with creating of landscape parks inspired by the ideas of 18th -century philosophy and expeditions to Great Britain and German territory, where the first picturesque gardens appeared. The relationship between travel and landscaping of the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries is illustrated by the example of Johann Rudolf Czernin of Chudenice and his parks in Krásný Dvůr, Jemčina, Chudenice and Petrohrad or Alois I. Josef of Liechtenstein, whose name is connected with the arrangement of Lednice-Valtice area. Scientific motivated journeys represent the second group. Leopold I. Berchtold of Uherčice, who collected his knowledge of medicine and actively helped others during his journeys, was chosen as a suitable representative. The...

My aim in this thesis is to demonstrate that common interpretations of Kant’s theory of respect do not account for the motivation a subject feels to follow the moral law. A large number of interpreters focus on Kant’s early ethical works—such as the Grounding and the Critique of Practical Reason—to justify how the moral law alone motivates a subject to act rightly. However, by the time he published Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, Kant had discovered the problem of radical evil—the fact that people tend to feel more motivated by the inclinations than by the moral law. Kant’s solution to this challenge comes in the form of moral education: the contingent practices of historical institutions (factors that are extraneous to the moral law) are required to learn respect for the law. By the end of the Religion, it will be asked whether duty for duty’s sake is ever achieved.

M.Litt. et Phil. (Clinical Psychology) / People are deeply influenced by what they believe. Their basic epistemology is embodied in everything they create, material or otherwise. Thus, for example, every person's epistemology is reflected in his behaviour. Psychology is more and more aware of this aspect and there are studies and literature investigating the presuppositions of individuals as possible sources of pathology. There are further studies investigating the prejudices of psychological theories in an effort to expose their suppositions. The possibility of these theories contributing to the creation of pathology is investigated. Furthermore there are studies that describe the general intellectual spirit of an epoch. This time-spirit can influence people living in the same era to the extent that they can look, think, feel and act in a similar way. This study tries to identify the present general time-spirit that would contribute the most to the creation of a certain epistemology in the broad life-attitude of the man on street. The spirit of the Reasonable and Scientific Enlightenment is identified as the most prevalent force and influence in the life of western man. The specific presuppositions of this school of thought are described. It is then indicated to what extent these prejudices generate certain pathological effects. Furthermore it is seen how these suppositions facilitate a particular cognitive style, namely exclusive dualistic conceptualisation, and how it can create anxiety. An attempt is made to identify the so-called new and Post-Modernistic time-spirit that is developing in other disciplines and which is opposing the spirit of the Enlightenment. This study suggests that the prejudices of the ecosystemic and interactional models in Psychology can be reconciled with the presuppositions of Post-Modernism. The possibility that the epistemology of Post-Modernism can have a healing effect on the .symptomatic behaviour facilitated by the spirit of the Enlightenment, is put forward.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-01T18:37:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Angelica Alves Valença de Azevedo.pdf: 1227128 bytes, checksum: dc64a57daf30287b761b7549b6730198 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T18:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Angelica Alves Valença de Azevedo.pdf: 1227128 bytes, checksum: dc64a57daf30287b761b7549b6730198 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-13 / Essa pesquisa traça o caminho epistemológico do pensamento de Rousseau demonstrado como alicerce de sua filosofia moral. Grande parte dos estudos precedentes deixaram abertas inúmeras questões ao sucumbirem na pretensão de dar historicidade ao hipotético “bom selvagem”, em detrimento da real tentativa de alcançá-lo em sua necessidade histórica. Outros tantos se lançaram na contemplação da estilística satírica do pensador, e não fizeram mais do que reduzir a dimensão crítica de seu pensamento, a um mero regateio da sociedade. Com base nisso, demonstraremos os percalços enfrentados por Rousseau, objetivando esclarecer as proporções de seu pensamento inserido onde sempre esteve: no solo do “início dos tempos” tal como pretendeu a filosofia da Ilustração; estando portanto, na medida mesma de libertar o pensamento dos preconceitos existentes nos conhecimentos metafísicos, e em consequência, desobrigado de admitir qualquer preceito justificado para além da experiência. / This research traces the epistemological path of Rousseau's thought as demonstrated foundation of his moral philosophy. Much of the previous studies have left many questions open to succumb on the pretense of giving the historicity hypothetical "noble savage", at the expense of real attempt to reach it in its historical necessity. Many others have embarked on contemplation of satirical stylistic thinker, and did more than reduce the critical dimension of his thought, to a mere bargaining society. Based on this, we will demonstrate the pitfalls faced by Rousseau, aiming to clarify the proportions of his thought inserted where it always was: The ground of the "beginning of time" as intended philosophy illustration; being so to the same extent of free thought of prejudices in metaphysical knowledge, and as a result, not required to admit any justified precept beyond the experience.

AJ The aim of this thesis is to introduce and put in to context literary work of Josef Schiffner. In this thesis I made a comparison of legends from Bohuslav Balbín, which is considered as Schiffner's exemplar, legends from Josef Schiffner and legends from Michael Sintzel, whom legends were published in the Czech lands in 1844. In this thesis, I am also trying to recognize influence of the enlightenment on legends.

Goethe' s Phenomenology - Abstract The aim of this thesis was to explain the philosophical foundations and horizons of the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, with an emphasis on his concept of phenomenon and appearing, in which he is presented as a significant contributor to the reflection of the category of mediation in German late Enlightenment and idealistic discourse. The work showed how Goethe's (including poetic) works show some theoretically based or systematizable aspects which genealogy, reception and applicability in general the author attempts to interpret. He also interprets the philosophemes connected with Goethe's work: he puts Goethe in the contexts of the German and European thinking of the age of the Enlightenment, of its rationalist bases and of its rethinking of the nineteenth- century concepts of thought. The work shows the breadth and complexity of Goethe's spiritual resources and their creative appropriation by him, as well as the far-reaching influence of Goethe on the German philosophy already in his time (Hegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer, etc.). He tries to overcome the stereotypes or shortcomings he finds in several previous interpretations, discussing first the philosophical literature about Goethe. In systematic and historical contexts, he represents Goethe confrontations with the...