This thesis deals with the impact of tax policy on new housing developments. In the first part is analysed the development of housing construction in recent years, in the next section can be found influences that could have an impact on housing development and consequently the analysis of the evolution of housing development under the influence of these aspects. The result of the analysis is the conclusion that the greatest impact on housing has a set of value added tax. Income taxes are much less important, as well as a tax on immovable property, tax on the purchase of property has negligible effect actually. These and other tax influences are less significant than the adjustment of the value added tax. An influence on the development of housing construction has also economic and demographic development. The method used in thesis is primarily correlation of the housing and the individual effects, abstraction and comparison of the impact of individual effects.

The aim of the thesis is to broaden the research in the field of housing economics using the statistical tool of meta-analysis. The thesis examines the relationship between the selling price of a house and the time the house spends at the housing market. Although the research investigating this relation is of a wide comprehension, the results arising from various primary studies differ a lot. The goal of the thesis is to explain the source of this heterogeneity and determine the factors causing this variation. According to the results, it can be concluded that the effect size is influenced mainly by number of observations, modelling technique and specification of the model. Median income or location are other factors also determining the size of estimated coefficients. Also publication bias has been investigated although its presence is not confirmed in this thesis.

This thesis deals with the evolution of prices in the housing market within the Czech Republic. The model of capital stock was used for this purpose. The factors that affect the price evolution were the size of income, the size of the first time buyer population, and the anticipated VAT change on new housing. Various evolution scenarios were presented under various conditions. Housing market in the Czech Republic as a whole and the market in the capital particularly were considered. In the case of the Czech Republic both real and simulated prices reached their peak in 2009, simulated price was 7 % lower than real. Concerning Prague, the real price peak happened in 2008, while the estimated price was 19 % lower compared to real prices.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-29T11:01:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 helissondepaivamiranda.pdf: 3052575 bytes, checksum: da44e5de58c19aba84e7cf5b7b3d2763 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-29T11:06:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 helissondepaivamiranda.pdf: 3052575 bytes, checksum: da44e5de58c19aba84e7cf5b7b3d2763 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-29T11:06:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 helissondepaivamiranda.pdf: 3052575 bytes, checksum: da44e5de58c19aba84e7cf5b7b3d2763 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa se foca na compreensão do processo em curso de dinamização espacial de Rio Pomba, mesorregião da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais (IBGE 1990), a partir da ampliação de cursos e reestruturação física do campus do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas na cidade, ente ativo de recentes mudanças substanciais no ordenamento urbano do município. Rio Pomba vem passando por importantes transformações, em especial na última década, em decorrência da reformulação nacional do sistema educacional de ensino profissionalizante e superior por parte do Estado que, obviamente reflete uma preocupação mais ampla, em plena sintonia com exigências de um circuito específico do sistema-mundo capitalista. Para a cidade, a expansão e reestruturação de cursos do IF Rio Pomba repercute e abre um leque fértil de estudo para a ciência geográfica e correlatas. Optou-se por trazer à tona a discussão sobre o impacto qualitativo que este processo tem para a atividade imobiliária da cidade, que desperta recente interesse pelos estudantes externos ao município, residentes no mesmo pelo período de curso. É preciso entender que se trata de um processo tão contraditório quanto o é o plasma social e o modo de produção em que se insere. Na investigação das contradições impressas num cenário dinâmico, com atores que participam da construção sobreposta do espaço-tempo, é que a pesquisa se reproduz. Tem-se em mente desvelar o cenário de uso e apropriação do espaço urbano por parte dos muitos atores que o compõem e promovem nele suas ações. / The research focuses on understanding the ongoing process of spatial dynamics of Rio Pomba , Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State (IBGE 1990) , from the expansion of courses and physical restructuring of the Federal Institute of Education , Science and Technology campus Southeast Minas Gerais in the city , being active of recent substantial changes in the urban planning of the city . Rio Pomba has been undergoing major changes, especially in the last decade, due to the national reform of the education system of vocational and higher education by the state obviously reflects a broader concern, fully in line with requirements of a particular circuit capitalist world-system. For the city, the expansion and restructuring of courses on Rio Pomba’s FI resonates and opens a fertile range of study and related to geographical science. We opted to bring up the discussion of the qualitative impact this process has on real estate activity in the city, which awakens recent interest by foreign students to the city, residents in the same period of the course. One must understand that this is a process so contradictory as is the plasma and social mode of production in which it operates. In investigating contradictions printed in a dynamic setting with actors participating in the overlapping construction of space - time, is that research is reproduced. Have in mind revealing what compose and promote it his actions scenario of use and appropriation of urban space by the many actors.

This study attempts to analyse urban housing issues and their effects on providing adequate housing for refugees, using Malmö as a case study. The content analysis adopted here uses a combination of semi-structured interviews with relevant government officers, and reports published by government agencies and international institutions as sources of information.The dominant role of the market in Sweden’s housing sector has created housing inequalities and many issues for groups with lower socio-economic status. These issues consist of shortages in affordable dwellings, cramped housing conditions and spatial segregation within the city etc. This study illustrates that refugees in Malmö face additional issues such as lack of knowledge on the housing market, reluctance of landlords to accept refugees’ establishment allowance as an income source, discriminatory attitudes, and lack of larger apartments for their comparatively larger households. They function as barriers to refugees’ right to adequate housing as well as their right to the city, while limiting their opportunities to establish in the host country. The municipality also faces these issues when arranging housing for its ‘assigned’ refugees. Additionally, they are faced with an extended demand on the social services that are meant to support the native homeless groups. Refugees’ housing issues are associated with some gaps involved in the process of accommodating refugees. The Settlement Act introduced in 2016 does not consider availability of housing when distributing refugees to municipalities. It takes more than two years to process asylum applications, compared to UN regulations of six months. The prolonged stay in accommodation centres delays their opportunities to become self-sufficient and integrated into the host society. Refugees are not provided with information relevant to the housing market in Sweden or the municipalities they are allocated to. Although municipalities are given the full responsibility of housing refugees assigned to them, the Settlement Act does not provide any guidelines as to how it should be done. In Malmö there is no evidence that any other government agency or a civil society organisation work in collaboration with the municipality to house refugees. It is clearly evident that the self-housing (EBO) mechanism functions against the objectives of the Settlement Act, consequently major cities such as Malmö continue to be refugee hotspots. In this context, I would argue that refugee housing issues cannot be solved only through dispersal policies, but they should be backed by relevant housing policies that consider housing as a human right, rather than a market commodity. The municipalities should adopt a holistic approach in providing adequate housing for refugees, with adequate regulations on the housing market for the benefit of all.

Benford’s law is based on an observation that certain digits occur more often than others in a set of numbers. This have provided researchers to apply the law in different areas including identifying digit patterns and manipulated data. To our knowledge, this have yet not been tested in the Swedish housing market. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the sale price for 171 643 tenant-owned apartments in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö follow Benford’s law. Numerous researchers have used this law for testing various types of data but based solely on the first digit distribution of their data. This study will furthermore test the second digit and the first two digits of our data. The tests used to evaluate our data’s conformity to Benford’s law include Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Mean absolute deviation (MAD) test. We found that the second digit of sale prices did follow Benford’s law, the first digit and the first two digits did not follow the law. The results show that Benford’s law is a good method for identify certain digit patterns and further research is needed to draw the conclusion that sale price does not follow Benford’s law as certain limitations on our data was identified.

Bostadsmarknaden har varit väldigt uppmärksammad de senaste åren på grund av de ökade priserna och lägre bolåneräntor som blivit resultatet av en sänkt reporänta. I detta arbete har skuldsättningen av olika hushållstyper exemplifierats och simulerats utifrån att marknadsvariabler förändras såsom marknadsvärden på bostäder och ränteläget. Utöver detta har skuldsanering satts i relation till en ny typ av skuldlättnad som skulle kunna vara ett alternativ till skuldsanering men också samtidigt förhindra reaförluster och ostabila hushåll under verkningar av exempelvis en ökad räntebörda som hushåll inte klarar av. Denna skuldlättnad är en typ av skuldsanering som bankerna blir obligerade att genomföra då de varit för optimistiska i sin utlåning. Detta skulle göra att bostaden i sig blir mer intressant för bankerna i stället för att endast fokusera på hushållets betalningsförmåga. På detta sätt har bankerna ytterligare ett incitament till att vara försiktiga i sin utlåning, samtidigt som i de fall då denna skuldnedskrivning skulle aktualiseras skulle även hushållen kunna bo kvar i sina bostäder och inte behöva sälja till ett pris möjligen lägre än vad som finns kvar på bolånet. Detta leder till en mer stabil marknad i det fall att priserna skulle sjunka och räntan öka, då inga större realisationsförluster skulle behöva äga rum utan i stället räddas hushållens förmåga att kunna betala för sin bostad. / The housing market has been much discussed the last few years as a consequence of the dramatically increasing prices and the lower interest rates on housing mortgages, which in turn was the consequence of the lowered repo rate. In this thesis the debt constellation of different household types have been exemplified and simulated from market variables such as market values and interest rate levels. Beyond this, debt restructuring has been modified into another type of debt relief that could be an alternative to debt restructuring but also being able to prevent capital losses and instability on the housing market as a consequence of too high interest rates which may force households to sell their house under mortgage levels. This type of debt relief could obligate the banks to relieve the households of the excess debt that they cannot meet. By doing this the banks will have a stronger incentive of making a proper valuation of the residence instead of only focusing on the solvency of the household. This will have the effect that once the household can’t pay for their mortgage they will get the chance to be relieved of excess debt so that they still can live in their residence and not having to sell the property at a low market price so that mortgage still remains after the sell, as this could result in more instability on the housing market. The losses for the banks on debt relief are calculated in these cases to be significantly smaller than the potential capital losses on properties. As a result, fluctuations on the market could be contained to a certain degree by obligating banks to make debt relieves for the households that otherwise would have had to sell, and thus, offering more stability on an instable market.

The population of cities like Stockholm and Gothenburg is growing. With this population growth there comes an increased demand for housing in the big cities. The need for housing for all these people is a problem. The housing market have seen the price for housing skyrocket in the last 10 years and the people that are affected the most are young adults. The problem that arises is that young adults that are interested in moving to cities will be forced to rent for hefty amounts of money or get third-hand accommodation. The result is that young adults seek alternative housing, one example being coliving.Coliving is a form of accommodation that houses a group of people in the same apartment. They share facilities in form of kitchen and living room, appliances, and furniture. You get your own private bedroom and occasionally you get you own private bathroom, or you share that as well. Coliving combines privacy with shared areas. Coliving reduces the rent for the residents and creates a social environment for those living there.This study will explore to see if there exist interest in coliving among young adults and to see if young adults can get access to the housing market through coliving. One expert interview and a web survey were conducted to answer this question. In addition to this, earlier studies were also examined. The survey concluded that one-third of the respondents was interested in coliving. The reason is that they think that the housing market is tough and that coliving can be a solution to the housing crisis in cities. Coliving can serve as a smart alternative to the traditional housing types in the big cities and provide access to groups of people that often struggle to enter the housing market.

How banks set the mortgage interest rates and the sizes of the mortgage margins they obtain from making mortgage loans always attract attention from households, government authorities, politicians and market actors. This thesis studies the relationship between Swedish mortgage interest rates and mortgage lending institutions’ costs of obtaining funds, and how the gross margins of mortgage interest rates influence the banks stock returns. In general, banks’ mortgage margins are correlated with their funding costs, which are typically reflected in the yields of mortgage bonds (covered bonds), interbank rates (STIBOR) and the repo rate. How-ever the correlations change over time and sometimes the mortgage margins are relatively low and sometimes relatively high. Since mortgage loans play an important role in banks’ lending business, the related interest rate margins should influence banks’ profitability and therefore the performance of their stock. Everything else equal, higher margins should result in higher stock returns. I have collected and constructed a time-series data set based on Swedbank mortgage rates, Swedbank stock prices, yields on government bonds, yields on mortgage bonds, STIBOR interest rates, and repo rate. Both descriptive analysis and econometric models are applied to analyze the time-varying characteristics of the financial data. The thesis covers unconditional correlation (Pearson correlations), and conditional correlation through applying DCC-GARCH models. Besides, ARCH and GARCH models are employed to measure the ARCH and GARCH effects of the spread (premium) terms between interest rates. The results from descriptive analysis and econometric models present the tight relationships between the mortgage interest rates and the corresponding funding costs, and show the posi-tive but low correlations between mortgage margins and bank’s stock returns. The results also support the existence of time-vary volatilities (risk) of spread (premium) terms and quantify the growth of return for the certain increase in risk taking.

No description available.