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The period since 1974, when major reorganisation led to the development of new local government structures in most parts of England and Wales, has seen the growing politicization of local government activities, and the emergence of leisure policy as a significant concern for local authorities. This thesis examines the implications of party poll tics at the local level for leisure policy by reviewing expenditure on leisure by all English local authorities and by undertaking a case study of the development of leisure policy in a Metropolitan District.

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This thesis examines the contribution of local authorities in England to the development of educational inclusion for children with special educational needs (SEN). The literature review traces the development of the concept of inclusion over the last three decades and assesses the status of national government policy. It examines the assertion that progress toward greater inclusion must typically be 'school-led', through an analysis of the literature on school effectiveness and improvement and the suggested linkages with the development of inclusive practice. It then considers the evidence of local authority influence. Following an overview of methodological issues, it describes a multi-method research study, comprising three elements. The first two involved a formal re-analysis of data obtained by the author as part of a national survey of SEN support services in English LEAs commissioned by the DfEE and NASEN (Gray 2001). Quantitative data from the national questionnaire were used as an indicator of the priority given by a range of stakeholders (officers, support services, parent and schools) to the role of support services in promoting greater inclusion. Ratings given by each Authority were compared to national statistics on the percentage of pupils in special schools for a similar period (1997-2001). This comparison was supplemented by a qualitative analysis of field notes taken during visits to three local authorities, as part of the earlier survey. The analysis of this secondary data was supplemented by an in-depth single case-study of an urban Authority where there had been a significant decrease in the percentage of pupils educated in special schools, which had been sustained over time. The findings from the different elements are used to help understand the degree and nature of local authority influence and a conceptual model is proposed, building on earlier work by Ainscow et al (2003) and Croll & Moses (2000). Broader policy factors are proposed, which are consistent with the model but which may limit the direct application of the case-study findings to other local authorities in the current and future context.

La loi de 1905 intègre la notion de séparation stricte entre les cultes et l'État, mais aussi, permet l'émergence de la notion de neutralité religieuse de l'État, constituant une forme de privatisation de la religion désormais marginalisée. En un siècle, la situation a notablement changée puisqu'il a été envisagé de considérer l'aboutissement éventuel à un troisième seuil de la laïcité. Les religions sont nécessaires à la société civile, à son épanouissement et son équilibre, et en conséquence elles doivent pouvoir œuvrer librement avec l'appuie et la protection de l'État. Désormais, ni l'État ni les communes ne peuvent s'immiscer dans la religion sauf pour préserver l'ordre public, C'est pour cela que les ministres du cultes se sont vus revêtir de la mission d'organisation et de gestion des cultes. Cependant, certaines religions n'intègrent pas d'organisation hiérarchique, ce qui empêche la mise en place d'un ministre du culte (par exemple l'Islam). A l'époque contemporaine, plusieurs problèmes se posent car le paysage religieux a changé. Les questions de subventions des cultes, les inhumations, plus en profondeur la relation des communes avec les cultes présents sur leurs territoire et l'immixtion de l'État dans les affaires de locales, sont des questions récurrentes qui méritent réflexion. / The 1905 law incorporates the concept of strict separation between religions and the state, but also allows the emergence of the concept of religious neutrality of the state, constituting a form of privatization of religion now marginalized. Within a century, the situation has changed significantly since it was proposed to consider the possible outcome to a third threshold of secularism. Religions are necessary for civil society to flourish and balance, and consequently they must be able to work freely with the support and protection of the state. Now, neither the state nor local authorities can not interfere in religion except to preserve public order, This is why ministers cults are seen to take the organization and management tasks of Worship. However, some religions do not include hierarchical organization, which prevents the establishment of a minister of religion (eg Islam). In modern times, several problems arise because the religious landscape has changed. Issues grants of worship, burials, deeper relationship with the common religions present on their territory and the interference of the state in the affairs of local, are recurring issues that deserve consideration.