Modernism is a plurality, not a singular concept. This project explores examples of Art Nouveau nudes to describe the particular expressions of the modern through varied and complicated allegorical bodies. The female nude as a nexus for ideals of gender, art, and beauty, is informed by and constructs the understanding of these ideals within society. Art Nouveau thus employed the nude to represent complex manifestations of modernity. Three diverse cases provide the subjects of each chapter. All explore modernism through objects and interiors, in public and private environments, and each connects the decorative arts with accounts of European modernism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The modernist movement, in these decades, is still predominantly understood through painting. This project draws its case studies from Paris, Glasgow, and Vienna, each a distinct cultural arena during the 1890s and 1900s: the sculptural furniture of François Rupert Carabin (1862-1932); the metalwork of Margaret Macdonald (1865-1933) and her sister Frances Macdonald (1873-1921); and the graphic motifs of Ver Sacrum, created by the artists of the first Vienna Secession (1897-1905). In conception and expression, these nudes articulated the diverse representational practices of different modernisms. They each embody drastically different histories, aesthetics, and social expressions. Their varied modernisms expose the prominent nationalism of Art Nouveau. Examination of these three very different cases expands and complicates current understandings of the nude, allegory, and the modern.

Dépeindre une image de l’Occident à travers cette collection de récits de voyage chinois de 1847 à 1910 et comprendre leurs procédés d’écriture, tel est l’objectif de ce travail doctoral. Avec un weltanschauung homogène et stable formé durant deux mille années de civilisation, les Chinois s’estimaient maîtriser le monde jusqu’au moment où la porte de leur pays soit forcée de s’ouvrir à l’Occident au milieu du XIXe siècle. Les voyageurs chinois sortaient ensuite timidement de leur empire et s’étonnaient devant une autre réalité qui est la modernité. Cet Occident, si neuve et si complexe, mène les voyageurs à dépeindre son image dont la procédure s’avère parallèlement être une recherche du genre approprié à cette destination. Une analyse des paratextes inhabituellement diversifiés, du genre mélangé et de la longueur aussi variée qui s’y observent confirme la tentation et l’évolution de cette recherche.Observateurs avec l’esprit ouvert ou non, les voyageurs parcourent l’Europe et les États-unis en rapportant des informations appréciables pour toute analyse sociologique concernant la vie du peuple occidental, en créant des néologismes pour désigner des réalités aussi étranges que nombreuses. Interprétation une société encore inconnue exige aussi des techniques de l’écriture. L’étude sur les rôles qu’enfile l’auteur tels que le narrateur, le voyageur et le héros ainsi que la rhétorique de l’altérité nous aide à les identifier. / The aim of this doctoral work is to depict an image of the western world through a collection of notes from chinese travellers to the west between 1847-1910. And above all, understand their writing process contributing to it’s construction. Thus putting out the goal of this doctoral achievement.With a homogenous and stable weltanschauung formed during a two thousand years civilisation, the Chinese people used to believe that they master the realities of the world until they were forced to open up their country to the west at mid XIX th century. After an outgoing from their country which was very timid at the beginning, the chinese travellers came to be shocked in front of new facts characteristics of a modern world. That West, so new and so complex, make the travellers to depict it through an image which the process looks parallel to the appropriate type of the destination. An unusally diversified paratext analysis, a mixed type with different lengths which is found and can be seen during the temptation and evolution of this research.Observers with opened or closed mind, the travellers go all through Europe and the US, collecting alongway suitable informations necessary to the sociological analysis of the western people while creating neologisms used to name some strange and multiple facts.The interpretation of an unknown society needs adequate techniques of writing. The study of the role carried by the other’s rhetoric and the author (narrator, traveller and main character) enable us to identify them.

Between 1848 – 1870 Dickens’s novels became increasingly outward looking towards transnational spaces. Dickens’s growing interest in China and Chinese commodities such as tea can be seen in his novels where contemporary anxieties about a close association with China and the Chinese is identified. The fraught trading and political relationships between Britain and China both during and after the Opium Wars and the opening of five new ports identifies this nation as one which Dickens perceived to pose a threat to British national identity. Looking at this relationship in terms of commodities, Chinese tea can therefore be a marker not only for a fetishised commodity but also as a representation of a nation. This thesis argues that Dickens’s representation of China through commodities such as tea presents a new way for British national identity to be conceptualised. Dickens’s inclusion of Chinese commodities intersects with other foreign countries that, unlike China, formed part of the British Empire. China’s independence facilitated a commercial freedom that was not available to nations that formed part of the Empire and, as a consequence, increased its commercial power. This thesis underscores some of the significant moments in Dickens’s novels from 1848 -1870 to reveal a commodity dialogue between China and Britain which moves beyond the page and reflects an increasingly interconnected world which was both assimilated and ostracised. This provides a new understanding of Britain that, far from establishing its commercial autonomy, shows how it became increasingly reliant on China and the conversations that these commodities contribute to an understanding of Dickens’s world. The thesis considers the productive readings of China in Dickens’s fiction and the importance of geopolitical commodities in forming an understanding of nation and nationality, identity and culture, and Britain and Britishness through trade.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Charles W. Sanders / Americans during the first half of the nineteenth-century were obsessed with expansion. God had bestowed upon them an innate superiority in nearly all things. American settlers were culturally, economically, racially and politically superior to all others. But how accurate are such statements? Did a majority of Americans support such declarations? The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how Americans wrote and read about expansion. Doing so reveals that for every citizen extolling the unique greatness of Americans, one questioned such an assumption. For every American insisting that the nation must expand to the Pacific coast to be successful there was one who disdained expansion and sought to industrialize what territory the nation already possessed. Americans during the first half of the nineteenth century were of many minds about expansion. The destiny of the United States was anything but manifest. Using a wealth of nineteenth century newspapers this dissertation demonstrates that the concept of Manifest Destiny was far less popular than previously imagined. Newspapers were the primary source of information and their contents endlessly debated. Editors from around the country expressed their own views and eagerly published pertinent letters to the editor that further detailed how Americans perceived expansion. While many people have often read John O’Sullivan’s rousing words he was not necessarily indicative of American sentiment. For every article espousing the importance of acquiring Florida to deny it to the British there was one deriding the notion because they felt Florida to be nothing but a worthless swamp filled with hostile Indians. American justification and opposition to territorial expansion followed no grand strategy. Instead, its most fascinating characteristic was its dynamic nature. In the Southwest expansionist proponents argued that annexation would liberate the land from Papist masters, while opponents questioned the morality of such a conquest. Encouraging or discouraging territorial expansion could take on innumerable variations and it is this flexible rhetoric that the dissertation focuses upon. The debate that raged in the public forum over expansion was both heated and fascinating. The voices of both pro and anti-expansionists were crucial to the development of antebellum America.

No description available.

In summer of 2012 archaeological excavations were conducted at the Iberville Housing Projects in New Orleans, Louisiana. The excavations were conducted in order to gather archaeological data pertaining to the site’s history as part of New Orleans’ notorious vice district, Storyville. During excavation a cache of 765 turquoise glass seed beads was uncovered along the east wall of Test Unit #1. The cache, found at a depth of around 83 cm below the ground surface, suggests, in conjunction with other artifacts found at this level, that the beads were deposited at the site between 1810 and 1830. This cache of seed beads is unique at the site both in its context and in the quantity of beads that were found. The presence of the bead cache suggests that there may have been an active trading economy at the site, as beads similar to those found at the Iberville site are important elements in informal economies of the eighteenth century. This paper discusses the possibility that an alternative or informal reciprocal, non-cash based economy was in operation on the periphery of New Orleans in the early nineteenth century.

Since the 1992 republication of On Our Own Ground: The Complete Writings of William Apess, a Pequot, most academic work on Apess has focused on his Methodism, his Native American identity, or the intersection between these two parts of his life and work. Dr. Tim Fulford is the only scholar to have written about Apess and Romanticism. In his book Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture, 1756-1830, Fulford illustrates the elegiac modes often present in the work of Apess. This thesis will examine William Apess’ Son of the Forest as an expression of early nineteenth century American Romanticism from a post-colonial standpoint. Apess uses Romantic rhetoric to define Native American identity and through that identity, argue for Native American political agency.

Orientador: Renata Soares Junqueira / Banca: Fernanda Verdasca Botton / Banca: Flavia Maria Ferraz Sampaio Corradin / Banca: Robson Corrêa de Camargo / Banca: Elizabete Sanches Rocha / Resumo: Nesta tese procuramos seguir o caminho percorrido pelo melodrama em Portugal ao longo do século XIX, investigando as suas ocorrências no teatro português desde o início do século - quando ali se instalava o Romantismo -, passando pelo período do Ultrarromantismo, quando o gênero ganhou mais relevo, até chegar à época do Decadentismo-Simbolismo, quando as formas melodramáticas ainda se revelavam vigorosas, embora com alterações que tentamos esmiuçar. Investigamos o melodrama - com os seus conteúdos e as suas formas específicas - tal como se estabeleceu no Portugal oitocentista e como se desenvolveu ao longo desse período, procurando compreender as relações deste gênero dramático com o contexto sócio-cultural que o estimulou - afinal, a força do melodrama perdurou ao longo de Oitocentos. Verificamos qual a contribuição de Almeida Garrett enquanto introdutor do teatro romântico em Portugal, lutando por uma produção nacional de qualidade, susceptível de elevar o gosto e a cultura do público e, portanto, contrário à presença do melodrama, mas em cujas peças encontramos vestígios deste gênero. Considerando-se que a pesquisa abrangeu um período bastante extenso, utilizamos as seguintes obras como textos paradigmáticos: O cativo de Fez (1839), de Silva Abranches; Os dois renegados (1839), de Mendes Leal; O fratricida (1844), de Guerra Leal; O último acto (1859), de Camilo Castelo Branco e, finalmente, de D. João da Câmara, O pântano (1894) e A Rosa Enjeitada (1901) / Abstract: In this thesis, we tried to follow the way through the melodrama in Portugal throughout the XIX century, by investigating its occurences in the Portuguese theatre since the beginning of that century - at the time that the Romanticism established itself there -, going through the period of the Ultra-romanticism, when the genre got more notorious, until it gets to the period of the Decadentism-Symbolism, when the melodramatic features still revealed themselves vigorous, nevertheless under some changes which we tried to examine in detail. We investigated the melodrama - with its contents and its specific features - such as how it established itself in the Portugal eighties, and how it developed itself throughout this period, trying to understand the relation between this dramatic genre and the social-cultural context which stimulated it - at last, the strength of the melodrama lasted through the Eighties. We checked what the contribution of Almeida Garrett was as an introducer of the romantic theatre in Portugal, struggling for a national production of quality, susceptible to lift up the taste and the culture of the public hence opposed to the presence of the melodrama. However, we could found traces of this genre in his plays.- Taking into consideration that the research comprised a considerable extensive period, we used the following masterpieces as paradigmatic texts: O cativo de Fez (1839), by Silva Abranches; Os dois renegados (1839), by Mendes Leal; O fratricida (1844), by Guerra Leal; O último acto (1859), by Camilo Castelo Branco and, finally, by D. João da Câmara, O pântano (1894) and A Rosa Enjeitada (1901) / Doutor

Emily Dickinson's poetry functions where scientific attention to the physical world and abstract theorizing about the ineffable intersect. Critics who emphasize the poet's dedication to the scientific often take for granted how deeply the uncertainty that underlies all of Dickinson's poetry opposes scientific discussion of the day. Meteorology is an exceptional nineteenth-century science because it takes as its subject complex systems which are inexplicable in Newtonian terms. As such, meteorology can articulate the ways that Dickinson bridges the divide between the unknown and the known, particularly as she relates to the interplay of nature and culture, the role of careful observation in the face of uncertainty, and issues of home and dwelling. These are themes integral to and further elaborated by contemporary ecocritical discourse.

A necessidade de contornar o problema da falta de contingente no interior do exército brasileiro no momento posterior à emancipação política levou à incorporação de estrangeiros durante o primeiro reinado. Para tanto, o governo imperial arregimentou alemães e irlandeses para servirem como soldados a fim de fortalecer as tropas no conflito que se agravava na região da Cisplatina. Em 1827, quando desembarcaram os primeiros irlandeses no Rio de Janeiro, estes estrangeiros recusaram-se a servir como mercenários, afirmando terem sido contratados como colonos. A demorada resolução desta questão e a tensa relação vivida no cotidiano destes imigrantes, agravando a já grave situação das tropas alemãs aquarteladas na cidade, levaram a diversos conflitos que tiveram seu cume na revolta das tropas em junho de 1828. Esse evento particular permite compreender como o Estado Nacional brasileiro no momento de sua conturbada instauração, passava em seu processo de consolidação administrativa por um momento delicado, pois, ao mesmo tempo em que era necessário garantir a manutenção territorial, era imprescindível definir os requisitos mínimos para a formação da futura nação, e de quem poderia ou não ter o direito de pertencer a ela. / The need to solve the problem of lack of men in the Brazilian army after the political emancipation led to the incorporation of foreigners during the first reign. Thus, the imperial government regimented Germans and Irish to serve as soldiers in order to strengthen the troops in the conflict that worsened in the region of Cisplatin. In 1827, when the first Irish landed in Rio de Janeiro, these foreigners refused to serve as mercenaries, claiming they had been hired as settlers. The delayed resolution of this issue and the tense relationship of these immigrants in the daily life, exacerbating the already serious situation of German troops stationed in the city, led to several conflicts that eventually lead to the uprising of troops in June 1828. This particular event provides insight into how the Brazilian National State during the disturbing period of formation passed in its process of administrative consolidation by a delicate moment, at same time that was necessary ensure the maintenance of its territory, was essential to define the minimum requirements for the formation of the future nation, and who might or might not have the right to belong to it.