In this thesis I propose a new approach to the study of the “childlike” in five works from the first half of the 20th century: Les Enfants terribles (1929) by Jean Cocteau, “Un diamant gros comme le Ritz” (1922) by F. Scott Fitzgerald, La Métamorphose (1915) by Franz Kafka, Le Petit Prince (1943) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and L’Arrache-coeur (1953) by Boris Vian. Distinct from both childhood narratives and narratives for children, these texts nevertheless exhibit a childlike quality that can best be described as an in-between state of ambiguity. In the first section of the thesis, I look at the “between” identity of the children. There are children who fly and who are extraterrestrials. There are others who have adult jobs and who even marry. In fact, I call these ambiguous characters, “les enfantins”. In the second section of the thesis, I show that the language is “between”. In 1951, child psychologist Jean Piaget published “La Formation du symbole chez l’enfant”, a work in which he studies the tendency of young children to take one object for another. I show how this type of almost magical thinking that Piaget calls “symbolic thought” appears in the “récit”. In the final section of my thesis, I study areas in the story where the reader finds himself in a “between” position, unable to establish whether what he is reading is occurring or whether it belongs to the imaginary symbolic thought of the child. Here I focus on the readers’ hesitation, contrasting it with the hesitation that Tzvetan Todorov explores in the genre of the fantastic. While this thesis is a close reading of five specific works, it incites several theoretical questions that can be applied more widely to studies concerning the “literary child”: what constitutes a child character in a work, what effect does a child character have on the language of the text, and how does a child character affect the way a text is read? / Thesis (Master, French) -- Queen's University, 2008-02-14 12:16:39.799

This thesis consists of analysis of three different data sets: (i) Aircraft-based eddy correlation data collected above irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural land in Southern California during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE) summer 1991; (ii) micrometeorological tower data, collected over grape and cotton canopies as part of CODE; (iii) aircraft-based eddy correlation flux data above two grid sites in the Canadian boreal forest during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), spring and summer of 1994 and 1996. / Results from the CODE aircraft data document composition and size of the dominant structures, which transport heat and gases (H2O, CO 2 and ozone) over water stressed and non-water stressed surfaces, and the relative frequency with which structures carrying only a single scalar, or given combinations of scalars, were encountered along the flight paths. Interpretation of results provides further evidence for the existence of a second (nonphysiological) sink for ozone. The relative preponderance of structures that carry moisture, carbon dioxide and ozone simultaneously, particularly in the gradient-up mode, reflects the importance of vegetation as co-located source/sink for these scalars. The detrending procedures described in this study may help to define a more effective separation between local and mesoscale events in biosphere-atmosphere interaction. / Results from the CODE tower data indicates a single vegetated ozone sink for the grape site, but a vegetated as well as a non-vegetated sink for the cotton site. For both sites, structures simultaneously transporting significant flux contributions of CO2, H2O, heat and ozone dominate during unstable conditions. During stable conditions, unmixed single flux structures dominated over cotton but not over grape. The results of this study contribute empirical evidence about the relationship between ozone uptake and the physical and physiological state of vegetation, as well as the limitations placed on eddy scales in simulation models. / Results from the BOREAS aircraft data shows a decoupling between the surface and the atmosphere, where the patterns of vegetation, greenness and surface temperature may be quite dissimilar to those of the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and---to a lesser degree---CO2. Reasons for this lie in the extraordinary boundary layer conditions, high vapour pressure deficit, moist soil and hot canopies, and the response of the vegetation to these conditions. Analysis of the coherent structure compositions to some extent permits the characterization of the different sources and sinks. Overall, this study shows the importance of understanding the various interacting components of soil, vegetation and atmosphere when attempting to design process-based models for predictions in 'micrometeorologiacally' complex ecosystems.

Problem statement: Virtual and distributed projects are now fast replacing collocated projects as they bring up more skills needed for projects. There are various problems that have been encountered while working on virtual and distributed projects which include lack of face-to-face communication, different geographical locations and culture. Project management, through the use of project management methodologies, is becoming more crucial to ensure the problems are removed or minimized. The aim of this study is to look at the use and effectiveness of project management methodologies in virtual and distributed projects. Research method: The positivistic research paradigm was used in this study since it allowed the researcher to quantify and analyse the data received from the survey. As part of the positivistic research a survey was conducted for the research method while a questionnaire was used for data collection purposes. The collected data was then tested and analysed using the quantitative data analysis which included descriptive statistics, t-tests, factor analysis, KMO and Bartlett’s test, Cronbach’s alpha test, spearman’s rho, Levene’s test for equality of variance and non-parametric correlations. Main findings: While companies apply different project management methodologies to virtual and distributed projects, it is other factors (which include lack of face-to-face communication, different geographical locations and different cultures) which influence the use and effectiveness of the project management methodologies as well as the success of the virtual and distributed projects. In some cases it is how the project management methodology is used as some only apply certain parts of it while others report not having enough time to apply the project management methodology. Principal conclusion: Project management methodologies are useful and effective in virtual and distributed projects when they are effectively applied and followed. Issues caused by lack of face to face communication, different geographical areas and different cultures also have to be addressed as they influence the results on the virtual and distributed projects’ success. This is further discussed in this study and proposed solutions are given to the issues caused when using project management methodologies in virtual and distributed projects. / MSc (Computer Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Problem statement: Virtual and distributed projects are now fast replacing collocated projects as they bring up more skills needed for projects. There are various problems that have been encountered while working on virtual and distributed projects which include lack of face-to-face communication, different geographical locations and culture. Project management, through the use of project management methodologies, is becoming more crucial to ensure the problems are removed or minimized. The aim of this study is to look at the use and effectiveness of project management methodologies in virtual and distributed projects. Research method: The positivistic research paradigm was used in this study since it allowed the researcher to quantify and analyse the data received from the survey. As part of the positivistic research a survey was conducted for the research method while a questionnaire was used for data collection purposes. The collected data was then tested and analysed using the quantitative data analysis which included descriptive statistics, t-tests, factor analysis, KMO and Bartlett’s test, Cronbach’s alpha test, spearman’s rho, Levene’s test for equality of variance and non-parametric correlations. Main findings: While companies apply different project management methodologies to virtual and distributed projects, it is other factors (which include lack of face-to-face communication, different geographical locations and different cultures) which influence the use and effectiveness of the project management methodologies as well as the success of the virtual and distributed projects. In some cases it is how the project management methodology is used as some only apply certain parts of it while others report not having enough time to apply the project management methodology. Principal conclusion: Project management methodologies are useful and effective in virtual and distributed projects when they are effectively applied and followed. Issues caused by lack of face to face communication, different geographical areas and different cultures also have to be addressed as they influence the results on the virtual and distributed projects’ success. This is further discussed in this study and proposed solutions are given to the issues caused when using project management methodologies in virtual and distributed projects. / MSc (Computer Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 2001. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-199).

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Constitué par saint Louis en faveur de son fils Pierre, mort en 1284, l’apanage d’Alençon renaît en 1290 lorsque le roi Philippe le Bel l’octroie à son frère Charles de Valois. Sept comtes, puis ducs à partir de 1415, lui succéderont jusqu’en 1525. Cousins des rois et pairs de France, les Valois-Alençon ont fait de cet apanage normanno-percheron le cœur d’une principauté étendue du pays de Caux aux rivages de la Loire, des marches de Bretagne au pays chartrain.Les principats de Pierre II (1367-1404) et de son fils Jean Ier, mort à Azincourt en 1415, marquent l’apogée de cette œuvre politique soutenue par le roi. Désormais enracinés sur l’apanage, les Alençon réforment l’administration des territoires, s’entourent d’officiers polyvalents et dotent leur principauté des institutions traditionnellement dévolues au gouvernement des états : une chancellerie active, une trésorerie générale, une Chambre des comptes et même un Échiquier réputé souverain. Au palais neuf d’Argentan, l’Hôtel comtal accueille quelque deux cent trente officiers et serviteurs et brille d’un éclat jusqu’alors insoupçonné. La démarche prosopographique, qui étudie les caractéristiques sociologiques et les réseaux d’influence façonnant les carrières des agents du pouvoir, guide ici la découverte des administrations princières.Hommes liges du parti d’Orléans, les Alençon paient toutefois au prix fort leur engagement politique. L’occupation lancastrienne (1417-1450) et l’exil, les rançons et l’obstruction durable du duc Jean II à la politique du roi minent leur autorité. La faillite menace et contraint les princes aux pires expédients. Leur incurie aggrave l’isolement qui les frappe jusqu’à ce qu’en 1515 l’avènement au trône de France de François d’Angoulême, « frère » par alliance du dernier duc Charles IV, offre à cette principauté un ultime et éphémère rayonnement. / Formed by Saint Louis in favour of his son Pierre, who died in 1284, the Alençon appanage revived in 1290 when King Philippe le Bel bestowed it upon his brother Charles de Valois. Seven princes, who became dukes as of 1415, succeeded him till 1525. Cousins to Kings and Peers of France, the Valois-Alençons turned the Norman-Percheron appanage into the heart of a principality stretching from the Pays de Caux to the banks of the Loire river, from the « Marches de Bretagne » to the Chartres area.The principates of Pierre II (1367-1404) and his son Jean I, who died in Azincourt in 1415, marked the heyday of this political piece of work supported by the King. Henceforth, rooted in this appannage, the Alençons reformed the administration of territories, surrounded themselves with versatile officers and endowed their principality with institutions traditionally devoted to the governance of states: an active chancellery, a general treasury, an exchequer and even a deemed sovereign court of justice. At the new castle of Argentan, the prince court hosted some two hundred and thirty officers and servants, and sparkled with a so far unsuspected lustre. The prosopographic approach, which studies the sociological features and the influence networks shaping the careers of the agents of authority, herein guides the discovery of the princely administration.

- Educators in the Service of the Throne. Private Teachers of the Austrian- Hungarian Imperial Heirs Several potential successors were growing up during the lengthy reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I. But two of them, the Emperor's own son Crown Prince Rudolph and his nephew Franz Ferdinand, could never ascend to the throne due to their premature deaths. His grandnephew, Archduke Charles Franz Joseph, claimed the throne in the tense times of the First World War. For a would-be successor, not only military education was essential, but also language skills and such subjects as history, law and economy that the future ruler of a vast and ethnically diverse state was expected to have a good command of. This paper focuses on the lives of teachers who attended both the Emperor's and the Archduke's courts.

This study sought to describe the challenges of diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children under the age of 5 years at clinics under the Prince Mshiyeni Hospital at Ethekwini Health District in KwaZulu-Natal. The study showed that primary health care (PHC) nurses do not have adequate knowledge to effectively diagnose PTB in children and, in addition, that PHC clinics are not adequately equipped to effectively diagnose PTB in children. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 assis_rfs_me_fran.pdf: 723653 bytes, checksum: 358c5a7dff4655ae2e11c2484cb75d39 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / À la fin du Moyen Âge, ont été formules des écris pédagogiques qui ont établi des normalisations de comportements pour une bonne gouvernance en plusieurs royaumes de l’Europe. Ces écris sont les connus Miroirs du Prince, traités normatifs dirigés spécifiquement aux gouvernants. La France, en spécial entre le XIVème et XVème siècles, a été un des plus importants scénario de cette modalité d’écriture, justement parce que Charles V, pendant son règne (1364-1380), a favorisé la présence d’innobrable gens de lettres dans sa cour et a stimulé cette production normative. Ainsi, la proposition de ce travail cherche à percevoir comment les hommes de cette période-là ont pensé le pouvoir et ont contribué pour le construire dans les modèles qu’ils croyaient idéaux. Donnés ses objectifs de reformuler toute la Chrétienté et de formuler l’image du prince à partir des mémoires du royaume de la France, les ouvrages de Philippe de Mézières (1327-1405), Le Songe du Vieil Pelerin, et de Christine de Pisan (1363-1430), Le livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, ont été prises comme base dans cette étude. Les deux auteurs pour avoir eu vécu et servi dans la cour du référé monarque, ils ont fait l’usage de leurs expériences et de l’héritage ancien et chrétien pour mettre en relief le rôle des rois dans la conduite du royaume et pour tracer les voies pour les pratiques politiques / No final da Idade Média, foram formulados escritos pedagógicos que estabeleceram normas de conduta para uma boa governação em muitos dos reinos da Europa. Estes escritos são os conhecidos Espelhos de Príncipe, tratados normativos dirigidos especificamente aos governantes. A França, em especial entre os séculos XIV e XV, foi um dos mais importantes palcos dessa modalidade de escrita, justamente por Carlos V, durante seu reinado (1364- 1380), ter favorecido a presença de inúmeros letrados na sua corte e ter estimulado esta produção normativa. Assim, a proposta deste trabalho gira em torno de perceber como os homens desse período pensaram o poder e contribuíram para construí-lo dentro dos moldes que julgavam ideais. Dados seus objetivos de reformar toda a Cristandade e de formular a imagem do príncipe a partir das memórias do reino da França, as obras de Philippe de Mézières (1327-1405), Le Songe du Vieil Pelerin, e de Christine de Pisan (1363-1430), Le livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, foram tomadas como base no presente estudo. Ambos os autores, por terem vivido e servido na corte do referido monarca, fizeram uso de suas experiências e dedicaram-se a destacar o papel dos reis na condução do reino e a traçar novos rumos para as práticas políticas