The automotive industry is conservative and doesn’t take enough responsibility in emerging markets. Thus, countries such asChina and India have experienced huge problems with pollution as they have increased their living standards and enteredthe western consumption society. In these booming economies there are still people who live their lives according to oldcustoms, in small sustainable societies. It is also they who suffer most from the ongoing urbanization. Hence the automotiveindustry should rather adapt to their cultures than let these people adjust to the consumption society.Now, imagine a third industrial revolution where sustainable energy and manufacturing set the standards for production.Africa is then in the forefront when it comes to alternative and sustainable solutions. Maasaica is a concept from BMW whichis locally built in Serengeti using 3D printing technology, degradable materials and traditional handcraft.

After the Second World War, the service sector in many countries, including the highly developed and the developing countries, started growing and making up the bulk of the economies of those countries. Some of the factors for that radical change are: the changing patterns of government ownership and regulation, privatization, technological innovations, servitization, internationalization, globalization, etc. The purpose of this article is to investigate and to suggest a classification of the existing literature in the field of service economy. The results of the systematic review of the area of the service economy are presented in a thematic order. Moreover, the findings are connected with the economical schools of thought - welfare state and neoliberalism. The key findings reveal that the social, economic, and technological changes brought by the Third Industrial Revolution were essential for the dissemination and development of the service sector.

The organization of work in the Western welfare states has made use of psychological know-how since the early twentieth century, for instance by making the practices of ‘psychotechnics’ and ‘human relations’ a part of the production apparatus. The last decades, however, have seen the development of a new economy based on information and communication technologies and with a related shift in organizational ideals from large hierarchical structures to networks of self-governing units – a change sometimes labelled the third industrial revolution. This development has meant new possibilities for the deployment of psychological knowledge in organizational management. The present study takes as its geographical starting point the greater Stockholm area in Sweden. Through a variant of multi-sited fieldwork it investigates the distribution of psychological know-how in and through different institutions – such as school, work life, health care – by which the average ‘worker-citizen’ is supposed to acquire a ‘psychological toolbox’, thus becoming a kind of amateur psychologist or therapist, ready and able to take responsibility for his or her own productivity, well-being and health. The study depicts this ideal of psychological self-regulation: its discourse and practices, and how it emerged as a part of the technological and organizational developments of the third industrial revolution.

The main research questions for this local study of Tarkett AB, a floor manufacturer, are based on the central characteristics of the third industrial revolution: globalization, technological development, and organizational change. As a background to the local development and change towards the end of the twentieth century, I have chosen to emphasize, on the one hand, the increasing need of the industry for internationalization, rationalization, and productivity development after fordism and the demise of the regulated “real wages capitalism” in the middle of the 1970s, and, on the other, the work rights offensive of the labor movement in the 1970s and its continued struggle for economic and industrial authority. The method to analyze the essential traits of the organizational change process has aimed to construe a field of organizational change whose ideal types are based on taylorism, toyotism, flexible specialization, just-in-time, and lean production. Methods used to analyze change from the perspective of social structuration are also related to the theories of dynamic contradictory class locations, local hegemony, and gender. Apart from traditional source material and interviews, the study builds on the results from a study group consisting of a number of factory workers from Tarkett. Technological change and development (IT) of the work process on the factory floor has been analyzed as technological rationalization, quality development, work environment improvement, and as issues of gender relations and class positions at the work place. As regards the management process, leadership and control, centralization and decentralization concepts are vital. In matters concerning working conditions, including salaries, working hours, and job profiles (qualifications required for employment) are central. The management process was subject to changes that entailed deviations from the principles of traditional tayloristic management philosophy. Instead a participant change strategy implemented decentralized leadership functions in the shape of management by objectives via autonomous groups according to principles of ”responsible autonomy”. The investigation shows that computer-aided centralized control functions, competence improvement, and intensified ideological control worked together to change the management process. Decentralization of responsibility, the integration of white-collar like duties, the general competence development, and the higher demands on job qualifications, combined to render workers’ class locations more contradictory. This, together with ideological control and change, contributed to consolidate local hegemony.

The principle of modern production is to combine modern production techniques, new knowledge, combined with increasingly sophisticated computerized development processes to increase production and processing continuous model itself. The Third Industrial Revolution, characterized by extreme specialization of intellectual labor and tendency to erase the borders between manual and rights, must be analyzed from the perspective of automation based microelectronics, its historical implications and consequences over production process. This paper aims to contribute to this discussion studying the codification of intellectual work from the creation of computing artifacts, or more specifically, the establishment of languages and computational methods that allow the broad process codification of knowledge, fruit of development and production of software for this purpose. The text makes the analysis of two separated types of intellectual work s subsumption. The first type, connected the emergence of the programming language, is characterized by the programmer framework to software tools aimed at the programming process. This activity is strongly linked to language programming methodologies and software development, is required to design the computer program in a process of creating software by software. In this type of production, the software assumes the role of design tool and develops a product that is also a software. In other words, the CAD / CAM systems are built from software tools within a development process marked by similar stages as the automated industrial production: design and implementation. The second type of subsumption is due to the product originated from the first type. Software developed for industry, such as CAD / CAM, allow both the planned design of industrial products and the objectified execution operated by automated machines controlled by software. The industrial software designed to run on machines automated are capable of reprogramming on factory floor through simplified interface in Computer Numerical Control - CNC, thereby expanding the activities of machine s operators and thus extending the boundaries of work in subsumption capital. / O princípio da produção moderna é combinar novas técnicas de conhecimento, aliadas a processos de desenvolvimento computadorizados cada vez mais sofisticados para aumento da produção e aperfeiçoamento contínuo do próprio modelo. A Terceira Revolução Industrial, caracterizada pela extrema especialização do trabalho intelectual e a tendência de apagamento das fronteiras entre trabalho manual e intelectual, deve ser analisada sob o prisma da automação com base microeletrônica, suas implicações históricas e conseqüências ao longo do processo produtivo. O objetivo deste texto é contribuir para essa discussão ao estudar a codificação do trabalho intelectual a partir da criação de artefatos computacionais, ou mais especificamente, do estabelecimento das linguagens e métodos computacionais que permitem o amplo processo de codificação do conhecimento, fruto do desenvolvimento e produção de software com esta finalidade. O texto efetua a análise de dois tipos distintos de subsunção do trabalho intelectual. O primeiro tipo, ligado ao surgimento da linguagem de programação, é caracterizado pelo enquadramento do programador às ferramentas de software voltadas à programação. Essa atividade, fortemente atrelada às linguagens de programação e metodologias de desenvolvimento de software, é requerida para a concepção do programa de computador em um processo de criação de softwares por meio de softwares. Nesse tipo de produção, um software assume o papel de ferramenta de concepção e desenvolvimento de um produto que é também um software. Em outros termos, os sistemas CAD/CAM são construídos a partir de ferramentas de software cujo processo de desenvolvimento é marcado por fases similares às da produção industrial automatizada: concepção e execução. O segundo tipo de subsunção é decorrente do produto originado do primeiro tipo. Os softwares desenvolvidos para a indústria, tal como o CAD/CAM, permitem tanto a concepção planejada dos produtos industriais quanto a execução objetivada operada pelas máquinas automatizadas controladas por softwares. Os softwares industriais desenvolvidos para serem executados nas máquinas automatizadas são passíveis de reprogramação no chão de fábrica através de interfaces simplificadas nos Controles Numéricos Computadorizados CNC, expandindo dessa forma as atividades dos operadores das máquinas e consequentemente ampliando os limites de subsunção de trabalho no capital.

This study deals with the historical compromise between Labour and Capital—the so-called “Swedish model”—and the abandonment of this compromise in connection with the third industrial revolution. The focus of the study lies in the transformations in working life and labour internationalism from 1973 to 1993. The strategies of the trade union regarding the protection of workers’ rights at local, national and international levels are of particular interest. The relations between the Company Union Group at LM Ericsson, the Swedish Metalworkers’ Federation and the local union at Ericsson’s work premises in Colombia (Sintraericsson) are examined in depth. The research is conducted through archive studies and interviews according to oral history theories. The theoretical perspectives in the dissertation are mainly inspired by postcolonial and materialist world system theories. The examined relations took place in a time that from the point of view of the trade union was characterized by uncertainty and anxiety about the future. The visible effects of the technological and industrial processes of transformation in Sweden as well as in Colombia had increased, and one of the main manifestations of the changes was the decreasing demand of manual labour. The introduction of the electronic AXE-system at LM Ericsson industries constituted a significant pass toward increasingly minimized and decreasing labour-intensive telecommunication systems. In Colombia, the local management took advantage of both the political unrest and instability and the absence of functional legislation praxis of work in order to set back and, finally, repudiate Sintraericsson. Many obstacles were mounted impeding the realization of collected and vigorous international labour actions which, had these been successful, would have constituted a response to the union-hostile actions initiated by the company. The Swedish Metalworkers’ Federation and the Company Union Group at LM Ericsson in Sweden were faced with several strategical and ideological issues resulting in their support of Sintraericsson appearing as obligatory or even absent. The study further shows that LM Ericsson as a company had advantages when compared with the Labour Organizations in Sweden and Colombia. The company early established business connections in Colombia and had knowledge about, and was an active part of, the Colombian society. The company was not driven by moral principles though it on the one hand could point at Colombian laws and norms, and on the other hand at overreaching economical “laws” when it came to motivating the politics vis-à-vis the employees, the local union and the frequent dismissals of union activists at Ericsson de Colombia.

Este trabalho visou analisar as transformações relativas ao setor de bem-estar social dos Estados nacionais, responsável pelos direitos sociais e econômicos, inseridos na Era da Informação. Para tanto, fez-se um apanhado histórico das razões político-filosóficas que deram causa à construção do Estado Social, desde seus primórdios até sua consolidação como fundamento da cidadania inerente à um Estado Democrático de Direito, momento em que se analisou o conteúdo desse modelo estatal para a formulação de um conceito que propiciasse melhor entendimento do objeto. Posteriormente, tendo Manuel Castells por marco teórico, os esforços se focaram em uma análise ampla das transformações política, econômica e culturais ocorridas a partir da Terceira Revolução Industrial com o advento das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, e que criaram a sociedade em rede. Nesse contexto, verificou-se que os Estados-Nação contemporâneos passam por uma crise, em que parte de sua soberania é abalada (sobretudo sua autonomia econômica) pelo poder dos fluxos das redes - é o processo de disfonia estatal - levando-os à condição de Estado Virtual, um estágio em que o Estado deverá optar por um caminho a ser seguido (atualização), o que implicará em grandes modificações para seu setor de bem-estar. Ao final, fez-se uma análise das consequências de uma atualização voltada para a desconstrução do Estado do Bem-Estar Social, a partir dos estudos de Loïc Wacquant sobre os Estados Unidos da América, local considerado, ao mesmo tempo, berço da revolução informacional e das políticas de retração do Estado Social, cujos deslindes terminaram na construção de um outro paradigma: o Estado Penal, caracterizado pela punição dos pobres, abandonados pelo recuo do Estado Social e abraçados pela malha punitiva, em que as novas tecnologias típicas da Era da Informação assumem um novo propósito - as funções de vigiar e punir. / This work aimed to analyze the transformations related to the welfare sector of national states, responsible for social and economic rights, inserted in the Information Age. In order to do so, it was made a historical survey of the political-philosophical reasons that gave rise to the construction of the Social State, from its beginnings until its consolidation as a foundation of citizenship inherent to the Democratic Rule of Law, at which point the content of this state model was analyzed for the formulation of a concept that provided a better understanding of the object. Later, with Manuel Castells as a theoretical framework, the efforts focused on a broad analysis of the political, economic and cultural transformations that occurred since the Third Industrial Revolution started with the advent of new information and communication technologies, and which created the networked society. In this context, it was found that the contemporary nation-states go through a crisis, in which part of their sovereignty is shaken (mainly their economic autonomy) by the power of the networks flows - it\'s the state dysphonia process - leading them to the condition of a Virtual State, a stage in which the State must choose a path to be followed (update), which will result in major changes to its welfare sector. At the end, it was analyzed the consequences of an update turned to the dismantlement of the welfare state, up from the studies from Loïc Wacquant about the United States of America, a place considered at the same time as the cradle of the informational revolution and of the retraction policies of the Welfare State, whose delineations ended in the construction of another paradigm: the Penal State, characterized by the punishment of the poor, abandoned by the retreat of the Welfare State and embraced by the punitive network, in which the typical technologies of the information age take on a new purpose - the functions of discipline and punish.