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Three groups of subjects were tested with three self concept measures. The normal children and normal adult groups were matched to the subnormal group on control variables. The self concept measures used were the Piers-Harris Self Concept Scale for Children, the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and a modified Kelly rating repertory grid. Not all subnormals responded to assessment. Results suggest that subnormal adults and normal adults report similar self concept and that children report self concept which is different from these adult groups. Results also suggest that level of mental age determines the ability to complete a self concept assessment and chronological age determines positive score on self concept assessment. Most of the research in subnormality and self concept has been completed with mildly subnormal subjects. This research is reviewed. There is little previous research in subnormality to which to compare the results of this study.

The aim of this thesis is to offer up a structure of what I call Emotional Self-Knowledge—roughly, knowledge of one’s own emotions. I begin with a broad understanding of an emotion event, according to which emotion events include a set of bodily feelings in response to some object. I then argue that knowledge of the object and the feeling of the emotion are required parts of knowing one’s own emotions if we expect emotional self-knowledge to be prudentially useful. I then outlining three levels of emotional self. The first requires knowledge of the feeling on is experiencing; the second requires that knowledge plus knowledge of the emotionally-salient object. The final level is knowledge of one’s emotional dispositions, and as such is the most robust form of emotional self-knowledge. I conclude by examining some cases in which emotional self-knowledge can be usefully applied towards an agents own prudential goals.

Applications that require electrical energy storage are becoming increasingly diverse. This development is caused by a number of factors, such as an increasing global energy demand, the advent of electric vehicles, the utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources, and advances in disposable and organic electronics. These applications will set different demands on their electrical energy storage and, thus, there will be no single technology used for all applications. For some applications the choice of energy storage materials will be extremely important. Conventional batteries and supercapacitors rely on the use of nonrenewable inorganic materials mined from depleting ores, hence, requiring large amounts of energy for their processing. Such materials also add a significant cost to the final product, making them less attractive for large scale applications. Conducting polymers, on the other hand, constitute a class of materials that can be used for organic matter based energy storage devices. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the use of a composite consisting of the conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) and cellulose derived from Cladophora sp. algae for electrical energy storage. The polymer was coated onto the cellulose fibers by chemical polymerization resulting in a flexible material with high surface area. By using this composite as electrodes, electrochemical cells consisting of disposable and non-toxic materials can be assembled and used as energy storage devices. The resistances of these prototype cells were found to be dominated by the resistance of the current collectors and to scale with the thickness of the separator, and can hence be reduced by cell design. By addition of nanostructured PPy, the weight ratio of PPy in the composite could be increased, and the cell voltages could be enhanced by using a carbonized negative electrode. Composites of cellulose and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) could also be synthesized and used as electrode materials. The porosities of the electrodes were controlled by mechanical compression of the composite or by coating of surface modified cellulose fibers with additional PPy. Finally, the self-discharge was studied extensively. It was found that oxygen was responsible for the oxidation of the negative electrode, while the rate of self-discharge of the positive electrode increases with increasing potential. Through measurements of the charge prior to and after self-discharge, as well as with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, it was found that the self-discharge of the positive electrode was linked to an exchange of the counter ions by hydroxide ions. It is also demonstrated that the self-discharge rate of a symmetric PPy based device can be decreased dramatically by proper balancing of the electrode capacities and by reducing the oxygen concentration. The results of this work are expected to contribute towards future industrial implementation of electric energy storage devices based on organic materials.

Jean Rhys's primary concern in her fiction is the fragmentation of the self. Her Caribbean/postcolonial experience, her gender positioning and her encounter with modernism contribute to her experience of fragmentation. Lacanian theory provides a plausible framework to understand the idea of fragmentation in Rhys's fiction. Through the use of the mirror image across her longer fiction, Rhys presents her heroines' fragmented subjectivity. She further elaborates it through her heroines' engagement with language and its impact on their subject position. Rhys's engagement with the mirror image and the role of language in creating an individual's subject position aligns with the Lacanian theory of subject formation. In Rhys's vision death is the only possible resolution of the fundamental fragmentation of the self.

Syfte Att undersöka hur yoga- och crossfitinstruktörer försöker motivera sina deltagare med utgångspunkt från basic psychological needs theory (BPNT) i Self determination theory (SDT). 1. Vilka metoder använder sig instruktörerna av för att skapa motivation? 2. Finns det någon skillnad mellan instruktörernas sätt att instruera sina deltagare och vad skiljer dem i så fall åt? 3. Hur uppfylls autonomi/meningsfullhet, tillhörighet och kompetens? Metod En kvalitativ intervjumetod användes där åtta informanter rekryterades, där hälften var yogainstruktörer och andra hälften var crossfitinstruktörer. Intervjun utformades för att undersöka instruktörernas arbetssätt i relation till BPNT i SDT. Induktiv dataanalys genomfördes för att belysa instruktörernas arbetssätt. Resultat Crossfitinstruktörerna kunde ge praktiska exempel på sitt arbetssätt i detalj. De ville gärna jobba med progressionsutveckling samt förmedla träningskunskap till deras deltagare. Det kunde påverka autonomistödet till deltagarna då crossfitinstruktörerna behövde vara mer strikta och noggranna i sitt ledarskap för att minska skaderisken. Tillhörighet och känsla av kompetens fick deltagarna genom att ingå i grupper och jobba med varandra. Yogainstruktörerna styrde bort fokus från kompetens i utförandet då de ansåg att prestation inte ingick i deras aktivitetsform. Genom att jobba utifrån sina egna förutsättningar i en autonomistödjande miljö visade de på fysiska och mentala fördelar med träningen. Yogainstruktörerna jobbade inte aktivt med begreppet tillhörighet i träningsformen. Slutsats Aktivitetsformerna skiljde sig i hur de uppfyllde begreppen i BPNT, där yogainstruktörer förmedlade mer autonomi till sina deltagare och där crossfitinstruktörer förmedlade kompetens i högre grad genom progressions- och prestationsutveckling. Arbetet kring tillhörighet skilde sig mellan träningsformerna. Yogainstruktörerna arbetade inte aktivt med tillhörighet bland deltagarna. Crossfitinstruktörerna arbetade mer med att integrera deltagare med varandra och att skapa en familjär känsla i gruppen.

This thesis aims to elaborate a plausible conception of self-realization and defend the claims that: {a} the concept in general is a valid concern of modern political theory; {b} the conception it proposes provides an ideal which can play a workable and desirable role in shaping the structure of modern political institutions and the content of specific policies. I begin by examining the conceptual definition of "modern" thought, proposing to explore how "self-realization" may be conceived in a way which respects the terms of this definition. I justify the separate existence of my proposed theory by showing that its conception of self-realization is clearly distinct from, but compatible with, autonomy and that its consequences for political practice are also interestingly different from policies promoting autonomy alone. The relevance of this is justified by a general defence of perfectionism in politics. I develop the theory by examination of conceptions of self-realization in the political thought of Aristotle, John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx. The structure, underlying assumptions and political import of each is considered in order to understand how selfrealizationist theories work and to see what, if anything, from these thinkers remains pertinent. My ("general") theory of self-realization is built from a critique of the Marxist concept of communism. The final chapter consolidates these foundations, constructing the "general conception" with some of the critically-tested ideas from earlier chapters. A new way of conceptualizing the self for the purposes of political theory is offered, justifying this melding of ideas from disparate traditions into one conception. Possible policy consequences of the latter are summarized, drawing heavily on the conclusions of the author-based chapters. The study concludes by presenting an argument which might be offered for the claim that this new conception of self-realization is worth promoting through political action.

The origins of self-criticism were investigated with 507 participants. A questionnaire assessed parental behaviours, attachment, peer victimization, and self-compassion. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to assess parental attachment’s association with self-criticism, parental criticism’s mediating effects, and moderating effects of self-compassion, peer victimization, gender, parental substance abuse, and parental divorce. Low parental attachment predicted self-criticism; maternal criticism mediated maternal attachment’s effects on self-criticism; peer victimization moderated paternal attachment’s effects on self-criticism; and maternal substance abuse moderated maternal attachment’s effects on self-criticism. Self-compassion, parental divorce, and gender did not moderate any relationships. Secure attachment to parents decreased participants’ likelihood of developing self-criticism; protective factors of paternal attachment appear vulnerable to peer victimization; and maternal influences on the development of self-criticism may reflect that mothers being more influential than fathers in molding how their children view themselves and others. Results may reflect qualitative or quantitative differences in mothers’ relationships with their children. / October 2016

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the relationship between creativity and self-concept in grade school children, and (2) to discover if creative children see themselves as having traits that past studies have indicated are characteristic of creative individuals.