The aim of this study is to synthesize a material with high thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), useful as a heat sink. Carbon nanofibres (CNF) are first coated with copper by an electroless plating technique and then sintered to a solid sample by either spark plasma sintering (SPS) or hot pressing (HP). The final product is a carbon nanofibre reinforced copper composite. Two different fibre structures are considered: platlet (PL) and herringbone (HB). The influence of the amount of CNF reinforcement (6-24 %wt), on the thermal conductivity and CTE is studied. CNF has an excellent thermal conductivity in the direction along the fibre while it is poor in the transverse direction. The CTE is close to zero in the temperature range of interest. The adhesion of Cu to the CNF surface is in general poor and thus improving the the wetting of the copper by surface modifications of the fibres are of interest such that thermal gaps in the microstructure can be avoided. The poor wetting results in CNF agglomerates, resulting in an inhomogeneous microstructure. In this report a combination of three different types of surface modifications has been tested: (1) electroless deposition of copper was used to improve Cu impregnation of CNF; (2) heat treatment of CNF to improve wetting; and (3) introduction of a Cr buffer layer to further enhance wetting. The obtained composite microstructures are characterized in terms of chemical composition, grain size and degree of agglomeration. In addition their densities are also reported. The thermal properties were evaluated in terms of thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and CTE. Cr/Cu coated platelet fibres (6wt% of CNF reinforcement) sintered by SPS is the sample with the highest thermal conductivity, ~200 W/Km. The thermal conductivity is found to decrease with increasing content of CNFs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 colabone_ro_me_rcla.pdf: 419969 bytes, checksum: b55e9d70dce4440eb255d7f239205b76 (MD5) / A questão da disposição final dos resíduos sólidos, gerados pelas indústrias e pela população, é um grande desafio a ser solucionado pelas empresas e entidades ligadas à conservação do meio ambiente. Uma das alternativas para o descarte racional destes resíduos é a sua incorporação ao solo. O conhecimento das propriedades térmicas de um solo incorporado com resíduo é importante para garantir que esta alternativa não interfira, por exemplo, na capacidade do solo em difundir energia necessária para o crescimento das plantas. Este trabalho envolveu a determinação da difusividade térmica de amostras de um solo incorporado com resíduo gerado por uma Estação de Tratamento de Água, da cidade de Rio Claro. A determinação da difusividade térmica das amostras foi baseada no método utilizado por CLIVATI (1991). A partir da medição da temperatura em função do tempo, numa determinada posição, foi possível obter as difusividades térmicas de cada amostra em duas condições de umidades diferentes. Para as umidades utilizadas, os resultados mostraram que a incorporação do resíduo de E.T.A nas proporções especificadas não alterou, significativamente, os valores da difusividade térmica do solo estudado. Estes resultados indicam que o fluxo de calor no solo praticamente não é afetado pela incorporação do resíduo. / The question of the final disposition of the solid residues generated by the industry and the population is a big challenge to be solved by the corporations and entity concerned with the preservation of the environment. One of the alternatives for the rational dump of these residues is its incorporation to the soil. The knowledge of the thermal properties of a soil incorporated with residue is important to assure that this alternative, for example, doesn't interfere in the capacity of the soil to diffuse the necessary energy for the growth of the plants. This work has involved the determination of the thermal diffusivity in the samples of a soil incorporated with residue generated by a Treatment Water Station (T.W.S.), in the city of Rio Claro. The determination of the thermal diffusivity of the samples was based in the method used by CLIVATI (1991). From the temperature measurement in time function, in the certain position, it was possible to obtain the thermal diffusivities of each sample in two conditions of different moisture. For the used moisture, the results showed that the incorporation of the T.W.S. residue, at the specified proportions, did not change, the thermal diffusivities values of the studied soil in a significant manner. These results indicate that the heat flux in the soil practically is not affected by the residue incorporation.

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T12:08:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrepinheirodasilva.pdf: 29097377 bytes, checksum: 94bcde5f459e88c78cffbdf774e348a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T13:30:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrepinheirodasilva.pdf: 29097377 bytes, checksum: 94bcde5f459e88c78cffbdf774e348a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T13:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandrepinheirodasilva.pdf: 29097377 bytes, checksum: 94bcde5f459e88c78cffbdf774e348a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / Neste trabalho vamos apresentar a implantação de duas técnicas fototérmicas: a fotoacústica de câmara aberta que possibilita encontrarmos a difusividade térmica dos materiais, e a técnica pc que fornece o valor do produto da densidade pelo calor específico da substância, conhecido como capacidade térmica volumétrica. Utilizamos também a técnica de lente térmica para a medida da difusividade térmica e do parâmetro dS/dT (taxa de variação do caminho óptico S). As técnicas mencionadas fornecem os parâmetros termo-ópticos (Difusividade Térmica, Condutividade Térmica e dS/dT ) para materiais vítreos como os vidros ferro fosfato, telurito, borossilicato e simulado lunar JSC-1. Modelos teóricos são apresentados e testados. Mostramos que o modelo da flexão termoelástica é dominante na maioria das amostras estudadas. Exceção foi observado no caso de vidros semicondutores (ferro fosfato). Neste caso, correções foram necessárias para o modelo da flexão termoelástica, possibilitando obter: difusividade térmica, coeficiente de difusão de portadores, velocidade de recombinação dos portadores na superfície e tempo de recombinação na superfície. As técnicas foram testadas com amostras de alumínio com 99,99 % de pureza, que possuem as informações térmicas disponíveis na literatura. Nos resultados, identificamos, através da técnica fotoacústica, que o vidro ferro fosfato é um vidro semi-condutor. Vidros ferro fosfato são candidatos para aplicações de vitrificação de resíduos nucleares. Comparações foram feitas com vidros borossilicato que são atualmente usados na vitrificação dos resíduos nucleares. Obtivemos a difusividade térmica, a capacidade térmica volumétrica e a condutividade térmica dos vidros do simulado lunar JSC-1 e telurito. O primeiro se mostrou eficiente para aplicações em exploração espacial e o segundo tem potencial aplicação em dispositivos fotônicos. / In this work we present the implantation of two photothermal techniques : the open cell photoacoustic which allows one to find thermal diffusivity of materials, and pc technique which gives the value of the product of density by specific heat of substance, known as the volumetric heat capacity. We also used the technique of thermal lens for measurement of thermal diffusivity and the parameter dS/dT (the temperature coefficient of the optical path S). The mentioned techniques furnished the thermo-optical parameters (Thermal Diffusivity, Thermal Conductivity and dS/dT) of glassy materials such as iron phosphate, tellurite, borosilicate glasses and lunar simulate JSC-1. Theoretical Models are presented and tested. It was shown that the model of thermoelastic bending is dominant in most samples studied. Exception is observed in the case of semiconducting glasses (iron phosphate). In this case, corrections were necessary to the bending model, and allowed one to obtain: thermal diffusivity, carrier 's diffusion coefficient, carriers surface recombination velocity and surface recombination time. Techniques were tested with aluminum samples with 99.99 % purity, which have the thermal information available in the literature. As a result, we identified, through the photoacoustic technique, that iron phosphate glass is a semiconductor glass. Iron phosphate are candidates for nuclear waste vitrification applications. Comparison was made with borosilicate glasses that are currently used for nuclear waste vitrification. We also obtained the thermal diffusivity, the volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity of simulated lunar JSC-1 and tellurite glasses. The former proved efficient applications in space exploration and the latter has potential applications as photonic device.

De nos jours, l’apport de la miniaturisation a permis d’innombrables progrès scientifiques et techniques : de la microélectronique à la microfluidique et dernièrement les nanotechnologies. Autant de domaines où les enjeux économiques de suivi de qualité ou d’optimisation de production peuvent nécessiter une étape de caractérisation des propriétés intrinsèques des constituants. Parmi ces propriétés, les données thermophysiques permettent notamment de définir la capacité à stocker ou diffuser la chaleur (conductivité, effusivité ou conductivité thermique par exemple). Une manière d’estimer ces propriétés passe par la connaissance du champ de température. Aux échelles microscopiques, seules des mesures de températures sans contact sont plus adaptées. Les travaux de cette thèse rentrent dans cette catégorie en présentant une méthode de caractérisation de propriétés thermophysiques aux échelles microscopiques par le biais de la thermographie infrarouge. En prenant exemple sur les méthodes hétérodynes développées pour la thermoréflectance, nous avons mis au point un stroboscope électronique dédiée à la thermographie infrarouge et permettant de suivre des excitations thermiques locales et périodiques de fréquences caractéristiques de l’ordre du kilohertz avec fréquence d’acquisition caméra de 25 Hz. En couplant cette méthode, que nous qualifierons de méthode d’Hétérodynage, avec une observation microscopique nous pouvons ainsi observer des phénomènes de diffusion longitudinale localisée à la surface d’échantillons diffusifs tels que les métaux et impossible à obtenir avec les applications standard de thermographie infrarouge. A partir de ces données expérimentales, nous montrons sur deux échantillons la manière de remonter à des valeurs de diffusivité dans le plan et dans l'épaisseur. De ces résultats, nous discuterons sur les limitations des estimations notamment dues à l'effet filtre passe bas du temps d'intégration de la caméra prépondérant lorsque l'excitation devient haute fréquence ou à la présence d'une couche émissive (dépôt de spray de peinture noire pour augmenter le contraste thermique) qui peut empêcher la propagation des ondes thermiques de la source au sein du matériau à caractériser dés que la fréquence d'excitation dépasse un seuil dépendant des propriétés thermiques du bicouche étudié. D'une autre manière, nous montrerons que des estimations de diffusivité thermique dans le plan ou transverse peuvent également être possible par une méthode d'hétérodynage en flash périodique. A titre d'applications futures, nous présenterons une première approche académique de modèle de diffusion avec transport sur un disque tournant pour des futures applications d'écoulement en goutes pour la microfluidique, une extension des estimations de diffusivité dans le plan pour obtenir des cartographies en scannant la zone étudiée et des résultats d'hétérodynage en régime périodique transitoire qui pourraient s'assimiler à une réponse de température en échelon. / Nowadays, the contribution of the miniaturization has led to countless advances in science and technology: microelectronics, microfluidics, nanotechnologies... All areas where the economics of quality monitoring and the optimization of production may require a step of characterizing the intrinsic properties of these constituents. Among these porperties, the thermophysical datas can defined the ability to store or distribute the heat (thermal conductivity, effusivity, diffusivity for example). A way to estimate these properties needs the knowledge of the temperature field. At microscale, the measurement temperature without contact is well adapted. The work of this thesis fall into this category by offering a method to characterize the thermophysical properties at microscopic scales by means of infrared thermography. With the help of the heterodyne methods developed for the Thermoreflectance, an electronic stroboscope has been developped. This method is dedied to the infrared thermography and allowing to follow thermal local and periodical excitations with a characteristic frequency around with a frame camera frequency of . By coupling this heterodyne method with microscope lens, it is possible to observe thermal diffusion phenomena longitudinal and transverse localized to the surface of the diffusive sample like metals and impossible to obtain with standard infrared thermography. From experimental data, the values of in-plane or transverse thermal diffusivity are obtained on two samples. Depending of these results, a debate is organized about the limitation of these estimations as the lowpass filter effect of the intregation time of the infrared camera which becomes important with high frequency excitation or the presence of an emissive of thin layer on the surface of the sample (dark spray coating for enhancing the thermal contrast) which can stopped the thermal waves propagation into the layer sample to characterize soon as the excitation frequency exceeds a threshold dependent on the thermal properties of the sample studied. In another way, the estimation of thermal in-plane or transverse diffusivity with an heterodyne method with repeated flash is shown in first results. For future applications, a first academic approach of thermal diffusion model with transport on rotating disk, an extension of the thermal in-plane diffusivity estimation to obtain cartography by scanning the sample area and few heterodyne results in transient periodic regime which are assilimated to a response level were shown.

This thesis deals with an experimental study regarding the effects of the thermal conductivity of contact bodies on the friction, lubricant film thickness and temperature distribution in EHL contact. The thesis focuses on the configuration of the ball on disc contact. The contact body materials are characterized by a wide range of thermal properties. New contact pairs are proposed and used in the study in order to make the contact bodies’ thermal properties dependent on the behaviour of EHL contact. The colorimetric interferometry method is used to measure the lubricant film thickness and the infrared thermography method is used to observe the temperature distribution in EHL contact. The author presents the assumed mechanism of heat transfer within EHL contact on the basis of different heat transfer mechanisms. The same conditions – such as the Hertz pressure, mean entrainment speed, sliding speed and ambient temperature – are induced for all the contact pair combinations. That is why the differences in the results are attributed to the different thermal phenomena in the contact, caused by the thermal properties of the contact bodies. In the case of contact bodies with a reduced heat dissipation capability, a reduction of the friction coefficient of up to 50 % is observed, which is attributed to an increase in the lubricant temperature, resulting in a decrease in its viscosity. This is confirmed by the infrared thermography method, whereby a significantly higher lubricant temperature is observed in the case of a combination of contact materials with a lower heat dissipation capability.

No description available.

Le sujet de l'étude concerne la caractérisation thermique à hautes températures de matériaux anisotropes dont la diffusivité thermique varie selon la direction considérée. Cette mesure de la diffusivité est permise par l'observation des variations transitoires de température d'un matériau soumis à un flux de chaleur de type impulsionnel. L’excitation provient d’un Laser et la mesure de température est réalisée par thermographie infrarouge sur la face opposée à l'excitation thermique. Le champ de température ainsi obtenu permet de déterminer les trois diffusivités du matériau selon ses directions d'anisotropie. En effet, grâce à des transformations intégrales du champ de température, il est possible d'obtenir un modèle théorique décrivant les variations de température au sein du matériau. Les estimations des diffusivités s'obtiennent alors par la minimisation de la somme des écarts quadratiques entre les modèles théoriques et leurs équivalents expérimentaux. Il s'agit de problèmes d'optimisation non linéaire et les estimations sont réalisées dans le domaine des fréquences spatiales et dans le temps grâce à une inversion numérique de Laplace. Basée sur des dispositifs optiques, cette méthode est non intrusive et grâce aux modèles analytiques les mesures sont rapides et précises même à haute température. La méthode ainsi que le nouveau banc expérimental mis en place rendent possible la mesure des trois diffusivités en une unique expérience pour des excitations de forme quelconque en espace et non nécessairement Dirac en temps / The study concerns the thermal characterization at high temperatures of anisotropic materials whose thermal diffusivity varies according to the direction considered. This measurement of diffusivity is allowed by the observation of the transient variations of temperature of a material subjected to a heat pulse source. The excitation is performed by a Laser and the temperature measurement is carried out by infrared thermography on the opposite face of the thermal excitation. The temperature field thus obtained makes it possible to determine the three diffusivities of the material according to its directions of anisotropy. Indeed, thanks to integral transforms of the temperature field, it is possible to obtain a theoretical model describing the temperature variations within the material. The estimates of diffusivities are then obtained by the minimization of the sum of squared residuals between the theoretical models and their experimental equivalents. These are problems of nonlinear optimization and the estimations are carried out in the spatial frequency domain and in time thanks to a numerical inversion of Laplace. Based on optical devices this method is non-intrusive and thanks to the use of analytical models the estimations are fast and accurate even at high temperatures. The method and the new experimental facility make it possible to estimate the three thermal diffusivities in a single experiment and this for excitations of any shape in space and not necessarily Dirac’s delta function in time

L’hyperthermie guidée par IRM permet l’ablation thermique des tumeurs, l’activation de l’expression d’un transgène sous contrôle d’un promoteur thermo-sensible ainsi que le dépôt local de médicaments à l’aide de nanovéhicules sensibles à la température ou à la pression locale. L’imagerie de température par IRM, basée sur la technique du décalage de la fréquence de résonance du proton permet le monitorage des interventions d’hyperthermie. Les procèdes interventionnels guides par IRM sur cible mobile requièrent des séquences d’imagerie rapides afin d’obtenir des images de phases ayant une résolution spatio-temporelle élevée. Nous avons démontré l’efficacité de l’association des méthodes adaptatives d’imagerie parallèle telles que TSENSE et TGRAPPA et de la méthode multi-référence de l’atlas de mouvement afin de compenser les variations du champ magnétique induites par les organes en mouvement. Les procédés interventionnels guides par IRM sont basés sur des séquences d’imagerie rapides capables de fournir des images en temps-réel ayant une relation précise entre la position de la cible représentée dans l’image et sa vraie position spatiale. Les séquences écho-planar sont très rapides mais possèdent des distorsions géométriques. Nous avons proposé une méthode de correction des distorsions des images EPI. Cette technique est basée sur des approches existantes utilisant l’acquisition de deux images EPI ayant deux temps d’écho différents. L’efficacité de la méthode proposée a été démontrée pour une expérience de thermométrie par IRM. La rapidité du traitement des données, associée à une faible diminution de la rapidité d’acquisition, rend cette méthode particulièrement adaptée pour les procédés interventionnels guides par IRM. La perfusion sanguine, la diffusion thermique ainsi que le coefficient d’absorption des ondes acoustiques ou électromagnétiques déterminent la distribution de la température durant les procédés interventionnels. Certaines tumeurs ont des taux de perfusion élevés conduisant à une évacuation importante de la chaleur et par conséquent, un refroidissement rapide de la cible. Cet effet réduit la température maximale atteinte pour une puissance donne et peut conduire à des zones d’ablation plus petites réduisant ainsi l’efficacité de l’intervention. La connaissance précise des paramètres thermiques du tissu peut aider à la planification des procédés interventionnels. Dans ce but, nous avons proposé une méthode permettant la détermination précise des paramètres cités précédemment. / MR-guided HIFU-induced hyperthermia allows for thermal ablation of tumors, for gene therapy by thermal induction of transgenic expression (based on a thermo-sensitive promoter) and for local drug delivery using thermo-sensitive liposomes. These applications require accurate temperature measurement during the therapeutic intervention. Dynamic MR-temperature imaging based on the proton resonance frequency shift technique allows monitoring the local temperature evolution during hyperthermia. MR-guided thermotherapy on moving organs requires imaging sequences providing phase images with high temporal and spatial resolution. We demonstrated the feasibility of combining adaptive parallel imaging techniques such as TSENSE or TGRAPPA with the atlas-based multi-baseline method for compensating the magnetic field variations produced by moving organs during the respiratory cycle. Many MR-guided interventional procedures rely on real-time imaging sequences for providing precise relations between the target position in the image and the true position in the scanner. Although echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences are very fast, they are prone to geometric distortions. For correcting these distortions, we proposed a real-time correction method by applying existing approaches based on a dual EPI acquisition with varying echo times. It is demonstrated that this method works well in combination with MR-thermometry for guiding thermal therapies. Short data-processing times as well as a small penalty in acquisition speed make this method well-adapted for MR-guided interventions. Local blood perfusion, thermal conductivity and the absorption coefficient of acoustic or electro-magnetic waves determine the temperature distribution in living tissue. Some tumors have high perfusion rates resulting in considerable heat evacuation. This effect reduces the maximal temperature increase achievable for a given deposited energy and produces smaller ablation zones, which can impair the efficiency of the therapeutic procedure. A method for accurately estimating the above mentioned tissue parameters, was presented. This method could thus be useful in quantifying the influence of perfusion during thermal interventions.