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Estudo computacional da difusão térmica em proteínas termoestáveis / Computational study of thermal diffusion in thermostable proteinsHeloisa dos Santos Muniz 19 February 2013 (has links)
Mecanismos de difusão de energia vibracional em biomoléculas têm sido relacionadas a função, alosterismo e sinalização intramolecular. Neste trabalho nós utilizamos uma metodologia computacional para analisar o fluxo de energia em proteínas. Simulações de Dinâmica Molecular são utilizadas para o estudo de difusão térmica, provendo artifícios que não são possíveis experimentalmente: a proteína é esfriada a baixas temperaturas e apenas um resíduo é aquecido através do acoplamento de um banho térmico. Consequentemente, o calor flui do aminoácido aquecido para a proteína, revelando os caminhos da difusão da energia vibracional. Pelo fato de que proteínas termoestáveis possam ter particulares mecanismos de relaxação, distribuição e dissipação da energia vibracional, elas são sistemas interessantes para serem utilizadas por este método. Um padrão de difusão de calor de uma proteína termofílica pode ser identificado e comparado com outro de uma proteína homóloga mesofílica. Aqui estudamos um conjunto de proteínas em particular, as pertencentes à família 11 de Xilanases. O mapa de difusão térmica obtido da proteína no vácuo mostrou diferenças entre xilanases mesofílica e termofílica, e termofílica e hipertermofílica: qualquer que seja o resíduo aquecido, aminoácidos específicos respondem com alta temperatura. Esta resposta em alta energia de certas regiões é decorrente de processos de relaxação. Simulações adicionais e outras análises, como da mobilidade de cada resíduo, levam à hipótese que estas regiões de superfície possuem grande flexibilidade e uma importante interação estrutural com a água. Mapas de difusão térmica para duas proteínas homólogas, diferindo em apenas 7 mutações, sendo 6 delas no N-terminal, apresentam-se diferentes nesta região. Em especial, a mutação Ser35Glu se destaca tanto no mapa quanto em outras medidas realizadas, apresentando-se na proteína mais estável com um maior nível de mobilidade, solvatação e energia de interação. Simulações em água não resultaram em padrões de difusão diferentes, por não apresentarem processos de relaxação. Entretanto, elas evidenciaram as mesmas regiões frias para cinco xilanases da família 11, especialmente o núcleo e a região de ligação do substrato, sugerindo uma possível característica funcional de difusão de calor. Por fim, evidenciado pelos mapas, observou-se que a região do cordão de xilanases termoestáveis, em especial a hipertermoestável, é maior se comparado à proteína mesofílica. Desta forma, através de comparações entre mapas de difusão e estruturas de proteínas similares, esta metodologia pode sugerir novas abordagens em engenharia racional de proteínas com estabilidade modulada. / Vibrational energy dissipation in biomolecules have been related to function, in particular alosterism and intramolecular signaling. In this work, we use a computational method to analyze the energy flux through proteins. Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to study thermal diffusion in protein structure, in an artificial way which is not accessible experimentally: the protein is cooled down to very low temperatures and a single residue is heated by coupling a thermal bath to it. Heat flows from the heated residue to the rest of the protein, revealing the paths of vibrational energy dissipation. Since thermostable proteins may have specific mechanisms for vibrational energy relaxation, dissipation and distribution, they are interesting subjects for the application of the present methodologies. The heat dissipation patterns of thermophilic proteins can be compared to the ones of less stable structures. Here, we focus in a specif set of proteins known as Xylanases of Family 11. The thermal diffusion maps obtained for hiperthermostable, thermostable and mesphilic xylanases in vacuum were different, some of them displaying apparent thermal responses whatever the heated residue. These high temperature regions appeared because of differential structural relaxation processes in each structure. The analysis of the mobility of the structures in equilibrium simulations revealed that these regions are mobile and belong to the surface of the proteins, thus interacting significantly with water molecules. Thermal diffusion maps for homologous proteins differing in only 7 residues, being 6 of them at the N-terminal region of the proteins, were different in this region. One particular mutation was determined to be more mobile in the less thermostable protein, as well as displaying a higher solvation and stronger interaction energies with remaining protein structure. Thermal diffusion simulations in water were not able to discern any difference between the structures, particularly because the relaxation processes observed in vacuum were suppressed. Nevertheless, these maps reveal that every Xylanase display the same cold regions, which were observed to belong the protein core and the catalytic site, suggesting that thermal diffusion may have some functional role. Finally,we observed that a loop which relaxed systematically in thermostable protein resulting in high temperatures is larger than in non-thermostable structures. The addition of the loop to nonthermostable proteins make the maps equivalent. Therefore, the comparison of the thermal diffusion maps of similar structures highlight important structural differences which may be useful for providing insights into the design of proteins with modulated thermal stability.
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Características quantitativas e qualitativas da proteína do leite produzido na região sudeste / Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk protein produced in Southeast regionLuiz Carlos Roma Junior 22 February 2008 (has links)
A maior valorização da proteína dentre todos os constituintes do leite foi o foco do presente estudo. Foi abordado a variação e fraude no teor de proteína e também o aspecto de qualidade da proteína produzida em propriedades leiteiras. Todos os experimentos foram realizados durante o período de outubro de 2005 a julho de 2007, em propriedades leiteiras da região sudeste, bem como, ensaios laboratoriais para estudo de fraudes em Piracicaba, SP. A variação do teor proteína e outros componentes do leite, foi acompanhada pela avaliação das condições climáticas encontrando influência significativa sobre a qualidade do leite. Com isso pôde ser observado que a época de outono destacou-se como mais vantajosa para produção de leite, atingindo bonificação de até 8,5% dentro de um programa de pagamento por qualidade. Sendo que, a contagem de células somáticas foi o item que mais colaborou com a penalização dos produtores. Assim, o efeito da contagem de células somáticas e da época do ano, deveriam ser contemplados dentro das tabelas de pagamento por qualidade. O segundo aspecto estudado foi a qualidade da proteína, mais especificamente Proteína Instável. A Proteína Instável seria o leite com coagulação na prova do álcool, sem relação alguma com acidez elevada, mastite ou alta contagem bacteriana. Para este estudo, foram acompanhadas propriedades leiteiras para a quantificação do problema de proteína instável e a identificação dos fatores relacionados com sua ocorrência. Como resultado, foi identificada uma ocorrência de 7% do volume total de leite produzido ao longo de um ano, com concentração maior dos casos no período de início de outono e final de inverno. Como fatores ligados a ocorrência, identificou-se o estágio de lactação avançado e diminuição do escore de condição corporal dos animais. Esta relação dos fatores está ligada à queda significativa da lactose no leite explicado pelo baixo teor energético da dieta, ou baixo consumo de matéria seca. Como último aspecto estudado, a influência da fraude no teor de proteína sobre a qualidade do leite e a detecção através de equipamentos automatizados. Foram utilizados como agentes de fraude: soro de leite, urina bovina e uréia pecuária. Todos os tipos de fraude alteraram significativamente a qualidade do leite. Estas alterações podem ser detectadas através dos equipamentos automatizados para análise do leite. Com isso, a detecção da fraude por estes equipamentos é possível através de análise conjunta de alguns componentes do leite. A abrangência do presente estudo nos três aspectos expostos, contribui com a importância da busca por qualidade da matéria-prima dentro dos programas de pagamento, principalmente para o componente proteína. / A higher valorization of the protein amongst all the milk components is the focus of the present study. The variation and the adulteration in the protein content have been studied as much as the aspect of quality of the protein produced in milk facilities. All the experiments have been carried through during the period between October 2005 and July 2007, at dairy properties in the Brazilian Southeastern region, and the laboratorial assays for study of adulterations have been performed in Piracicaba, SP. The variation of the content protein and other components of milk was followed by the evaluation of the climatic conditions and it has been considered as of a significant influence in the milk quality. Thus, it could be observed that the autumn season has been considered the most advantageous one for milk production reaching an additional benefit of up to 8,5% of a program for payment related to quality. The somatic cells count has been the item that has influenced the most with the penalization of the producers. Thus, the effect of the somatic cells count and the season should be contemplated when analyzing the tables of payment related to quality. The second studied aspect there is the protein quality, more specifically the Unstable Protein. The Unstable Protein should be the milk with coagulation in the test of the alcohol, without any relations concerning elevated acidity, mastitis or high bacterial count. For this study, milk farms have been observed for the quantification of the Unstable Protein problem and the identification of the factors related to its occurrence. As a result, an occurrence of 7% of the total volume of the produced milk throughout one year has been identified, with higher concentration of the cases in the months of the beginning of autumn and of the end of winter. As related factors to the occurrence, it has been identified the advanced period of lactation and reduction of the score of the corporal condition of the animals. This relation of the factors is linked to the lactose decreasing in the milk which is explained by the low energy content into the nourishment or low consumption of dry substance. As the last studied aspect was the influence of the adulteration in the protein content on the quality of milk and its detection through computerized equipment. As adulteration agents the following items have been considered: whey milk, bovine urine and urea. All kinds of adulteration have significantly modified the quality of milk. These alterations can be detected through the computerized equipment for milk analysis. Thus, the detection of the adulteration through this equipment is possible through the joint analysis of some of the milk components. The comprehension of the present study in the three observed aspects contributes to the research importance for quality of the raw material in the payment programs, mainly for the component protein.
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Características do colágeno, textura e cor da carne (músculos Longissimus, Semitendinosus, Supraspinatus e Infraspinatus) de fêmeas bovinas adultas de quatro grupos genéticos / Characteristics of collagen, texture and color (muscles Longissimus, Semitendinosus, Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus) fof mature female of four genetics groupsToneto, Edsom Roberto Lorenci 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felicio, Gelson Luís Dias Feijó / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campin as, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:44:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A genética, a maturidade e as variações entre músculos podem influir sobre a qualidade da carne. A avançada idade ao abate de fêmeas da subespécie Bos indicus, que constitue a grande maioria do rebanho, tem determinado a oferta de carnes menos macias para os consumidores brasileiros. A maciez é o principal atributo de qualidade da carne e o aspecto mais considerado pelo consumidor na hora da compra. A proteólise miofibrilar devido ao sistema enzimático calpaínas - calpastatina tem sido apontada como o principal mecanismo envolvido no amaciamento da carne post mortem. Entretanto, o conteúdo, a solubilidade e a estabilidade térmica do colágeno presente na musculatura também podem influir na maciez. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito das características do colágeno (conteúdo, solubilidade e estabilidade térmica) textura e cor sobre a qualidade da carne de vacas contemporâneas, sendo 19 ½ Angus x ½ Nelore, 16 ½ Canchim x ½ Nelore, 13 ½ Simental x ½ Nelore e 15 da raça Nelore com idade média de 10 anos provenientes do CPPSE da Embrapa de São Carlos, SP e abatidas em frigorífico comercial. Foram realizadas análises de pH, perda por cocção, força de cisalhamento, comprimento de sarcômero, quantidade, solubilidade e estabilidade térmica de colágeno, avaliação instrumental da cor e composição centesimal da carne dos músculos Longissimus (contrafilé), Semitendinosus (lagarto), Supraspinatus (peixinho) e Infraspinatus (raquete). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de grupo genético no conteúdo de colágeno total, porém os músculos diferiram (P<0,001) nos teores de colágeno total, insolúvel e na solubilidade do colágeno. Os grupos genéticos diferiram (P<0,001) colágeno solúvel (%), em 24 horas e 14 dias, post mortem apenas nos músculos Longissimus e Semitendinosus. Ocorreu efeito (P<0,001) de músculo (Semitendinosus, Supraspinatus e Infraspinatus) na força de cisalhamento Warner Bratzler e de grupo genético (P<0,001), nos músculos Longissimus e Semitendinosus. A estabilidade térmica do colágeno foi diferente nos quatro músculos. As temperaturas inicial e de encolhimento térmico foram influenciadas (P<0,001) pelos grupos genéticos no músculo Longissimus. Ocorreram correlações negativas e significantes da força de cisalhamento com colágeno solúvel (%) nos músculos Longissimus (r=-0,373; P<0,01), Semitendinosus (r=-0,525; P<0,01), Supraspinatus (r=-0,323; P<0,05) e Infraspinatus (r= -0,263; P<0,05) e, também, significantes, porém baixas de colágeno solúvel (%) com a temperatura de encolhimento térmico. Existiram correlações positivas altas do conteúdo de colágeno total com o de colágeno insolúvel nos músculos Longissimus (r=0,912; P<0,01), Semitendinosus (r=0,908; P<0,01), Supraspinatus (r=0,723; P<0,01) e Infraspinatus (r=0,761; P<0,01) e do conteúdo de colágeno total com a porcentagem de colágeno solúvel nos músculos Longissimus (r=0,466; P<0,01), Semitendinosus (r=0,697; P<0,01), Supraspinatus (r=0,863; P<0,01) e Infraspinatus (r=0,794; P<0,01). A maturação por 14 dias aumentou a porcentagem de colágeno solúvel e foi importante para reduzir a força de cisalhamento e as diferenças entre os grupos genéticos verificadas no primeiro dia post mortem. As vacas dos cruzamentos com Angus ou Canchim apresentaram vantagens sobre as do cruzamento com Simental ou as da raça Nelore, porque o seu músculo Longissimus (contrafilé) apresentou menor (P<0,01) força de cisalhamento Warner Blatzler e maior (P<0,01) porcentagem de colágeno solúvel um dia post mortem. Além disso, a carne do mesmo músculo do cruzamento com Angus apresentou temperatura de encolhimento térmico inferior (P<0,01) à da raça Nelore / Abstract: Genetics, maturity, and variation among the muscles can influence on the meat quality. The advanced age at slaughter of the female cattle in the Bos Indicus subspecies, which constitutes the majority of the herd, have determined the supply of less tender meat to the Brazilian consumers. The tenderness is the main attribute of meat quality and the most considered aspect by the consumers when purchasing beef. The myofibrillar proteolysis due to the calpain - calpastatin enzymatic system has been pointed out as the main mechanism involved on the post mortem meat tenderization. Nevertheless, the content, the solubility and the thermal stability of the collagen present in the muscles can also influence the tenderness. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the collagen features (content, solubility and thermal stability) texture and color on the meat quality of contemporary cows, such as 19 ½ Angus x ½ Nelore, 16 ½ Canchim x ½ Nelore 13 ½ Simental x ½ Nelore and 15 of Nelore breed around ten years old, from CPPSE of São Carlos, Embrapa, SP and harvested in a freezer commercial slaughterhouse. Analysis were carried out on pH measurements, cooking loss, WB-shear force, sarcomere lengh, collagen quantity, solubility, and thermal stability, instrumental color and proximate analysis of the muscles Longissimus, Semitendinous, Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus. There was no effect (P>0.05) of genetic group on the total collagen content, However, the muscles differed (P< 0.001) on the total collagen content insoluble collagen and on the collagen solubility. The genetic groups differed (P< 0.001) in soluble collagen (%) in 24 hours and 14 days post mortem only in the Longissimus and Semitendinous muscles. There were effects (P<0.001) of muscles (Semitendinous, Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus) on the WB-shear force and of genetic group (P< 0.001) in the Longissimus and Semitendinous muscles. The collagen thermal stability was different in the four muscles. The initial temperatures and thermal shrinkage were influenced (P< 0.001) by genetic group on the Longissimus muscles. Negative and significant correlations were found on WB-shear force with the soluble collagen (%) on the Longissimus (r= -0.373; P<0,01), Semitendinous (r=-0.525; P<0.01), Supraspinatus (r= -323; P< 0.05) and Infraspinatus (r= -0.263; P<0.05) muscles and also significant, However, the coefficient was lower for soluble collagen percentage with the temperature of thermal shrinkage correlation. There were hight and positive correlations for total collagen with the insoluble collagen of the muscles Longissimus (r= 0.912; P<0.01), Semitendinous (r= 0.908; P< 0.01), Supraspinatus (r= 0.723; P< 0.01) and Infraspinatus (r= 0.761; P< 0.01) muscles and between total collagen content and the soluble collagen (%) on the muscles Longissimus (r= 0.466; P<0.01), Semitendinous (r= 0.697; P< 0.01) , Supraspinatus (r= 0.863; P< 0.01) and Infraspinatus (r = 0.794; P< 0.01). Aging for 14 days increased the soluble collagen (%) and it was important to reduce the WB-shear force and the differences among the genetic groups verified on the on the first day post mortem. The crossbred cows from Angus or Canchim had advantages over the ones from Simental and the Nelore breed, because its Longissimus muscle showed lower (P<0.001) Warner Blatzler shear force and higher (P< 0.001) percentage of soluble collagen one day post mortem. Besides, meat from the same muscle from the cows bred with Angus presented lower thermal shrinkage temperature (P< 0.001) than Nelore breed / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Chrome tanning process and the leather properties under microwave irradiationZhang, Jinwei, Chen, Wuyong, Gaidau, Carmen 26 June 2019 (has links)
Content:
In leather making processes, the thermal and non-thermal effect of microwave, especially non-thermal effect, strengthen the combination between collagen and chemicals. Although tanning under microwave
makes the leather have better thermal stability, the tanning process and leather properties have not been studied in detail. For illustrating the influence of microwave on chrome tanning process, pickled skin was tanned for 6h as penetration procedure and then basified for another 4h as fixation procedure. The tanning under microwave heating (MW) was experimental sample and under water bath heating was control. UVVis, ICP-OES and pH meter were used to measure the changes of tanning effluent during tanning, and Shrinkage temperature meter, DSC, TG, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and XPS were applied to determine the differences between MW and WB in aspect of leather property and structure. The results indicated microwave accelerated chrome tanning agent penetration and had better promotion effect on chromium
complex hydrolysis and olation. The leather tanned with microwave assisting had special effect on improve tanning effect which led better thermal stability and resistance of leather, but the collagen structure,
including triple helix structure, stayed as WB and the combination mechanism between collagen and chromium was also same with conventional. In sum, microwave had positive effect on accelerating tanning
rate and resulting in better leather without any negative effect on leather structure. Therefore, microwave would be a potential for achieving clean and sustainable chrome tanning by making tanning much faster and more efficiency.
Take-Away:
Microwave promotes chrome tanning agent penetration and combination
Microwave has positive effect on tanning effect further as the leather tanned by microwave assisting has higher thermal stability.
Although microwave promotes chrome tanning process, the collagen structure and tanning mechanism remained as normal.
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Vliv vnitřního stínění na tepelnou stabilitu místnosti / The impact of inner shielding on the thermal stability of roomKantor, Robert January 2013 (has links)
This thesis deals with internal shading devices and their influence on the thermal stability of the room. Furthermore, compares the differences in the behavior of different materials. Finally, compares the measured values with the computational models.
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Vliv vnitřního stínění na tepelnou stabilitu místnosti / The impact of inner shielding on the thermal stability of roomHalva, Jiří January 2014 (has links)
This thesis deals the internal shielding elements and their influence on the thermal stability of the room and compares the differences in their characteristics.
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Design of high-temperature solar-selective coatings based on aluminium titanium oxynitrides AlyTi1-y(OxN1-x). Part 2: Experimental validation and durability tests at high temperatureEscobar-Galindo, R., Guillén, E., Heras, I., Rincón-Llorente, G., Alcón-Camase, M., Lungwitz, F., Munnik, F., Schumann, E., Azkona, I., Krause, M. 07 May 2019 (has links)
The durability of two solar-selective aluminium titanium oxynitride multilayer coatings was studied under conditions simulating realistic operation of central receiver power plants. The coatings were deposited by cathodic vacuum arc applying an optimized design concept for complete solar-selective coating (SSC) stacks. Compositional, structural and optical characterization of initial and final stacks was performed by scanning electron microscopy, elastic recoil detection, UV-Vis-NIR-IR spectrophotometry and X-Ray diffraction. The design concept of the solar selective coatings was validated by an excellent agreement between simulated and initial experimental stacking order, composition and optical properties.
Both SSC stacks were stable in single stage tests of 12 hours at 650°C. At 800°C, they underwent a structural transformation by full oxidation and they lost their solar selectivity. During cyclic durability tests, multilayer 1, comprised of TiN, Al0.64Ti0.36N and an Al1.37Ti0.54O top layer, fulfilled the performance criterion (PC) ≤ 5% for 300 symmetric, 3 hours long cycles at 600°C in air. Multilayer 2, which was constituted of four AlyTi1-y(OxN1-x) layers, met the performance criterion for 250 cycles (750 hours), but was more sensitive to these harsh conditions. With regard to the degradation mechanisms, the coarser microstructure of multilayer 1 is more resistant against oxidation than multilayer 2 with its graded oxygen content. These results confirm that the designed SSCs based on AlyTi1-y(OxN1-x) materials withstand breakdown at 600ºC in air. Therefore, they can be an exciting candidate material for concentrated solar power applications at high temperature.
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Sustainable High Filler Content Composite for Use in High-Volume Applications: Mechanical Performance, Thermal Stability, and Flammability of Value-added Coal Plastic CompositeAl-Majali, Yahya T. 23 May 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Thermal Stabilization of Nanocellulose by Chemical Modification / 化学修飾によるナノセルロースの耐熱性向上Melissa, Agustin 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20449号 / 農博第2234号 / 新制||農||1050(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5070(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 木村 恒久, 教授 髙野 俊幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Synthesis, thermal stability and electrochemical behavior of lithium boron nitride intercalation compounds / リチウム窒化ホウ素層間化合物の合成と熱安定性および電気化学的挙動Jungryang, Kim 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20476号 / エネ博第345号 / 新制||エネ||69(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 石原 慶一, 教授 野平 俊之, 准教授 奥村 英之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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