The topic of structural damage caused by fires following an earthquake (FFE) has been discussed extensively by many researchers for over a decade in order to bring the two fields closer together in the context of performance based structural engineering. Edinburgh University, Heriot-Watt University, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee) and Indian Institute of Science initiated a collaboration to study this problem under a UK-India Engineering Research Initiative (UKIERI) funded project. The first construction of a single-storey reinforced concrete frame at IIT Roorkee was completed in summer 2011; this is known as the Roorkee Frame Test 1 throughout this thesis. This thesis presents the modelling of the Roorkee Frame Test 1 using the finite element method and assesses the capability of the numerical methodologies for analysing these two sequential events. Both two and three dimensional finite element models were developed. Beam and shell elements were chosen for the numerical modelling, which was carried out using the general purpose finite element package ABAQUS (version 6.8). The variation in material properties caused by these two types of loading, including strength and stiffness degradation, compressive hardening, tension stiffening, and thermal properties, is implemented in the numerical modelling. Constitutive material calculations are in accordance with EC4 Part 1.1, and all loading is according to IS 1893:2002 Part 1 (Indian Standard). The time-temperature curve used in the analysis is based on data from the test carried out. The behaviour of the Roorkee Frame Test 1 when subjected to monotonic, cyclic lateral loading followed by fire is presented. The capacity of the frame when subjected to lateral loading is examined using a static non-linear pushover method. Incremental lateral loading is applied in a displacement-controlled manner to induce simulated seismic damage in the frame. The capacity curve, hysteresis loops and residual displacements are presented, discussed and compared with the test results. The heat transfer analysis using three dimensional solid elements was also compared against temperature distributions recorded during the Roorkee frame fire test. Based on the smoke layer theory, two emissivity values were defined. In this study, the suitability of numerical modelling using ABAQUS to capture the behaviour of Roorkee frame test is examined. The results from this study show that the 3D ABAQUS model predicted more reliable hysteresis curves compared to the 2D ABAQUS model, but both models estimated the lateral load capacity well. However neither model was able to simulate the pinching effect clearly visible in the hysteresis curves from the test. This was due to noninclusion of the bond slip effect between reinforcing bars and concrete. The residual displacement obtained at the end of the cyclic lateral loading analysis from the 2D ABAQUS model is higher than that seen in the test. However, the result in the 3D ABAQUS model matched the trend obtained in the test. The both columns appear to stiffen under the heating and the residual displacement seems to recover slightly. Lateral displacements, obtained in the thermo-mechanical analysis of the numerical models, show that thermal expansion brings the frame back towards its initial position. Finally, correlation studies between analytical and experimental results are conducted with the objective to establish the validity of the proposed model and identify the significance of various effects on the local and global response of fire resistance earthquake damaged of reinforced concrete frames. These studies show that the effect of tension stiffening and bond-slip are very important and should always be included in finite element models of the response of reinforced concrete frame with the smeared crack model when subjected to lateral and thermal loading. The behaviour of reinforced concrete frames exposed to fire is usually described in terms of the concept of the fire resistance which defined in terms of displacement limit. This study shows the global displacement of the frame subjected to fire recover slightly due to the thermal expansion during the heating.

Polymer hydrogel films change their properties in response to environmental change. This remarkable phenomenon results in many potential applications of polymer hydrogel films. In this thesis colored thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel film was prepared by firstly synthesizing polymer latex and secondarily crosslinking the nanoparticles and casting the polymers onto glass. The shape-memory effect has been observed when changing the environmental temperature. The temperature-dependent of turbidity of polymer hydrogel film was measured by HP UVVisible spectrophotometer. This intelligent hydrogel might be used in chemomechanical systems and separation devices as well as sensors. Polymer adsorption plays an important role in many products and processes. In this thesis, surfactant-free three-dimensional polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle network has been prepared. The infrared spectroscopy and solubility experiment are performed to prove the crosslinking mechanism, also the BET method was used to measure the adsorption and desorption of polystyrene network. The BET constant (C) is calculated (C=6.32). The chemically bonded polymer nanoparticle network might have potential applications as catalyst or used for chromatographic columns.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The invention of electric arc welding revolutionized the steel construction industry, but also brought some problems when the welded region has inferior properties compared to the plate metal. A major cause of brittle failure was identi ed as hydrogen embrittlement of the weld zone, although a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon is not, even now, available. Hydrogen in solution in the weld zone is found in arc welds, due to the intense conditions in the welding arc. There is invariably a sufficient source in the form of moisture and hydrocarbon residue to give a few parts-per-million (ppm) by mass of hydrogen in the weld pool, which is a sufficient concentration to bring the possibility of hydrogen cold cracking in the completed weld. Hydrogen is significantly mobile in steels at room temperature, which is certainly why a few ppm of hydrogen can concentrate on a microscopic scale and initiate cracks, but also means that on a macroscopic scale there is hydrogen dispersion, which can relieve the cracking risk or place hydrogen in hydrogen cracking susceptible regions. The understanding of solubility and mobility of hydrogen in steels of different compositions and microstructures is therefore paramount. The question investigated in this work is whether the characteristics of the weld hydrogen cracking tendency can be explained by the features of weld hydrogen transport, especially when steel selection is a variable. Plate steel ranging from a 0.22%C pearlitic steel to a 0.05%C thermo-mechanically controlled-rolled and accelerated-cooled (TMCR-AC) high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel with no pearlite, plus a 0.4%C non-plate steel, were included in the experimental program. Welds were made with rutile ux-cored-wire (R-FCW) at two hydrogen levels, together with rutile shielded-metal-arc (R-SMA) welds. In order to investigate the di usion rates, a novel experiment has been devised. The welded plate has been milled away at an angle from the underside of the weld to provide increasing distances between the fusion boundary and the plate under-surface. The formation of hydrogen bubbles in glycerol enabled the measurements of the time dependent diffusion distances. The results clearly show a square root time correlation, as expected from the Fickian mechanism and enabled the calculation of diffusion coefficients for different steels. A nearly four fold difference was found between the steels, with the fastest hydrogen movement in the TMCR-AC steel. To reveal the initial distribution of hydrogen some samples were frozen immediately after welding and machined under liquid nitrogen. This test ruled-out any signi cant hydrogen dispersion during the deposition of the weld and during the cooling down period. The experimental data were interpreted using a new numerical computer model, based on random jumps of hydrogen between equivalent lattice sites. It is shown that this numerical model gives identical results to the analytical Fickian approach, but has the advantage that it can be used for any boundary shape. When this model has been applied to the experimental data, some unexpected features have been found. The amount of hydrogen emerging at surfaces distant to the weld was higher than expected from a concentration-driven mechanism; suggesting that a di erent transport mechanism should be applied. The numerical model has also indicated a discontinuity in the hydrogen concentration at the fusion boundary. It is a consequence of the model that hydrogen solubilities and di usivities are inversely related properties of the metal; a feature which is supported by experimental evidence. The tendency of hydrogen cracking to appear in the weld metal rather than in the heat-a ected-zone (HAZ) can thus be explained by higher di usivity of hydrogen in the plate metal. It appears that there is a relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure, particularly when the content and form of carbon is considered.

Cette étude est consacrée à la modélisation du comportement thermo-mécanique des argiles raides saturées et au développement d'un algorithme d'intégration efficace de contrainte correspondant. Le comportement mécanique de l'argile de Boom naturelle dans des conditions isothermes a été caractérisé. Le modèle Cam Clay modifié (MCC) a été ensuite appliquée pour simuler le comportement de l'argile de Boom naturel. Il a été constaté que le MCC donne des prédictions de mauvaise qualité pour le comportement de l'argile de Boom naturel. Ainsi, un modèle Cam Clay (ACC-2) adapté a été développé en introduisant une nouvelle surface de charge et un nouveau potentiel plastique ainsi que d'un mécanisme plastique de Deux surfaces. Ce modèle permet la description satisfaisante des caractéristiques principales du comportement mécanique de l'argile de Boom naturelle. De plus, les équations de ce modèle peuvent être formulées mathématiquement comme dans un modèle élasto-plastique classique. L'algorithme d'intégration de contrainte classique peut donc être appliqué. Les effets thermiques ont été examinés par l'évaluation de la pertinence de trois lois thermomécaniques avancées (Cui et al, 2000; Abuel-Naga et al, 2007; Laloui et François, 2008; 2009). Il apparaît que tous les trois modèles peuvent décrire les caractéristiques principales du comportement thermo-mécanique des argiles saturées. Cependant, chaque modèle a ses limites ou des points peu clairs du point de vue théorique. L'algorithme d'intégration de contrainte du modèle thermo-mécanique de Cui et al. (2000) au point de contrainte a également été développé spécifiquement en utilisant une méthode adaptive du pas de temps. Le temps de calcul nécessaire pour obtenir une précision donnée est ainsi largement réduit pour des chemins de chargements thermiques et mécaniques. Un modèle thermo-mécanique à Deux surfaces (modèle TEAM) a été développé en se basant sur le mécanisme plastique de Deux surfaces. Le modèle proposé a étendu le modèle de Cui et al. (2000) à une formulation de Deux surfaces considérant le couplage entre les déformations plastiques des chemins de chargements thermiques et mécaniques. La simulation des essais drainés montre que ce modèle peut décrire les caractéristiques principales thermo-mécaniques de l'argile de Boom naturelle le long de différents chemins de chargements. Le modèle TEAM a finalement été étendu à des conditions non drainées. Après la clarification du concept des contraintes effectives et la définition d'une condition de déformation volumique, le processus d'échauffement non drainé est analysé. La validité des équations thermo-hydro-mécaniques de ce modèle a été examinée en se basant sur des résultats d'essais typiques / This study is devoted to the thermo-mechanical constitutive modeling for saturated stiff clays and the development of a corresponding efficient stress integration algorithm. The mechanical behavior of natural Boom Clay in isothermal conditions was first characterized. The Modified Cam Clay model (MCC) was then applied to simulate the natural Boom Clay behavior. It has been found that the MCC gives poor-quality predictions of the natural Boom Clay behavior. Thereby, an adapted Cam Clay model (ACC-2) was developed by introducing a new yield surface and a new plastic potential as well as a Two-surface plastic mechanism. This model allows satisfactory prediction of the main features of the mechanical behavior of natural Boom Clay. Moreover, the constitutive equations of this model can be formulated mathematically as in a classic elasto-plastic model. Thus, the classic stress integration algorithm can be applied. The thermal effects were considered by assessing the performance of some advanced thermo-mechanical models (Cui et al., 2000; Abuel-Naga et al., 2007; Laloui and François, 2008; 2009). It appears that all the three models can capture the main features of the thermo-mechanical behavior of saturated clays. However, each constitutive model has its own limitations or unclear points from the theoretical point of view. The stress integration algorithm of the thermo-mechanical model proposed by Cui et al. (2000) at the stress point level was also developed using a specifically designed adaptive time-stepping scheme. The computation time required to achieve a given accuracy is largely reduced with the adaptive sub-stepping considered for both mechanical and thermal loadings. A Two-surface thermo-mechanical model (TEAM model) was developed based on the Two-surface plastic mechanism. The proposed model extends the model of Cui et al. (2000) to a Two-surface formulation, considering the plastic strain coupling between the thermal and the mechanical loading paths. The simulation of drained tests shows that this model can capture the main thermo-mechanical features of natural Boom Clay along different loading paths. The TEAM model was finally extended to undrained conditions. After setting up an appropriate effective stress principle and defining a volumetric strain condition, the undrained heating process was analyzed. The validity of the thermo-hydro-mechanical constitutive equations was examined based on the data from typical tests

A motivação deste trabalho vem da necessidade de agilizar, de maneira segura, o processo dos cálculos neutrônicos e termo-hidráulicos durante a realização da mudança de configuração do reator nuclear de pesquisas IEA-R1. A metodologia de cálculo existente envolve a execução de vários programas computacionais e códigos nucleares nas áreas de física de reatores e termo-hidráulica. Para tanto, foi elaborado uma plataforma de gerenciamento que conjuga os cálculos dos programas já consagrados (\"Two Db\", \"Leopard\", \"Citation\", \"Dens\" e \"Cobra\") numa única ferramenta computacional. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a concepção de uma interface que simplificará a rotina de cálculos executados no reator IEA-R1, tendo um aspecto didático e uma aparência mais amigável e moderna. / The motivation for this work comes from the need for the process of neutronic and termo-hidraulic calculation to becomes faster, in a safe way, during the configuration change of the research nuclear reactor IEA-R1. The current calculation methodology requires the execution of several softwares and nuclear codes in the areas of Reactor Physics and Thermo-Hidraulic. Therefore, a software was elaborated, which will combines the calculation mentioned in a single computational tool. The main contribution of this work is the creation of an interface that makes the IEA-R1 research reactor executed calculation routine simpler, having didactic aspect e a more friendly and modern appearance.

Neste trabalho foi realizado uma comparação entre três tipos de alvos (UAl2-Al, U-Ni cilíndrico e U-Ni placa) para a produção de 99Mo por fissão do 235U. Para isso foram desenvolvidas análises neutrônicas e termo-hidráulicas. Também foram realizados experimentos para se validar as metodologias de cálculo termo-hidráulica e neutrônica utilizadas neste trabalho. Para os cálculos neutrônicos foram utilizados os programas NJOY99.0, AMPX-II e HAMMERTECHNION, para geração das seções de choque, e os programas SCALE 6.0 e CITATION para os cálculos tridimensionais dos núcleos, queima do combustível e produção de 99Mo. Para os cálculos termo-hidráulicos foram utilizados os programas MTRCRIEAR1 e ANSYS CFX para calcular as variáveis térmicas e hidráulicas dos dispositivos de irradiação e compará-las a limites e critérios de projeto estabelecidos. Primeiro foram realizadas análises neutrônicas e termo-hidráulicas para o reator IEA-R1 com os alvos de UAl2-Al (10 miniplacas). As análises demonstraram que a atividade total obtida para o 99Mo nas miniplacas não atende à demanda dos hospitais brasileiros (450 Ci/semana) e que nenhum limite de projeto termo-hidráulico é ultrapassado. Em seguida foram realizados os mesmos cálculos para os três tipos de alvo no Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB). As análises neutrônicas demonstraram que os três alvos podem atender à demanda dos hospitais brasileiros. As análises termo-hidráulicos demonstram que será necessário uma velocidade mínima no dispositivo de irradiação de 7 m/s para o UAl2, de 8 m/s para o alvo de U-Ni cilíndrico e de 9 m/s para o alvo de U-Ni placa para que nenhum limite de projeto seja ultrapassado. Foram realizados experimentos em uma bancada de aferição de vazão para se validar a metodologia de cálculo termo-hidráulico. Os experimentos realizados para se validar os cálculos neutrônicos foram feitos no reator IPEN/MB-01. Todos os experimentos foram simulados com as metodologias acima descritas e os resultados comparados entre si. Os resultados das simulações apresentaram boa concordância com os resultados experimentais. / In this work neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyses were made to compare three types of targets (UAl2-Al, U-Ni cylindrical and U-Ni plate) used for the production of 99Mo by fission of 235U. Some experiments were conducted to validate the neutronic and thermal-hydraulics methodologies used in this work. For the neutronic calculations the computational programs NJOY99.0, AMPX-II and HAMMERTECHNION were used to generate the cross sections. SCALE 6.0 and CITATION computational programs were used for three-dimensional calculations of the reactor cores, fuel burning and the production of 99Mo. The computational programs MTRCR-IEAR1 and ANSYS CFX were used to calculate the thermal and hydraulic parameters of the irradiation devices and for comparing them to limits and design criteria. First were performed neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyzes for the reactor IEA-R1 with the targets of UAl2-Al (10 miniplates). Analyses have shown that the total activity obtained for 99Mo on the miniplates does not meet the demand of Brazilian hospitals (450 Ci/week) and that no limit of thermo-hydraulic design is overtaken. Next, the same calculations were performed for the three target types in Multipurpose Brazilian Reactor (MBR). The neutronic analyzes demonstrated that the three targets meet the demand of Brazilian hospitals. The thermal hydraulic analysis shows that a minimum speed of 7 m/s for the target UAl2-Al, 8 m/s for the cylindrical target U-Ni and 9 m/s for the target U-Ni plate will be necessary in the irradiation device to not exceed the design limits. Were performed experiments using a test bench for validate the methodologies for the thermal-hydraulic calculation. The experiments performed to validate the neutronic calculations were made in the reactor IPEN/MB-01. All experiments were simulated with the methodologies described above and the results compared. The simulations results showed good agreement with experimental results.

Les transistors bipolaires à hétérojonctions (TBH) de la filière InP offrent aujourd’hui des fréquences de coupure supérieures à 400GHz pour le système InP/GaAsSb. Grâce à ces fréquences, les transistors bipolaires sont utilisés pour la réalisation de circuits performants dans des applications millimétriques telle que les communications optiques. Ainsi, pour atteindre ces performances remarquables, les dimensions verticales et latérales des TBH ont été considérablement réduites, entraînant l’auto-échauffement dans les TBHs aux densités de courant élevées. Cette thèse a donc pour objet l’étude et le développement de TBH InP/GaAsSb reportés sur un substrat hôte de silicium en vue de l’amélioration de la dissipation thermique. Une technique de transfert des couches épitaxiales a d’abord été présentée. Nous étudions ensuite les problématiques liées à la technique choisie et les paramètres de report par thermo-compression à basse température ont été optimisés. Le développement de la technologie InP/GaAsSb sur silicium a ensuite été effectué en partant d’une technologie classique de TBH non reportés. La réalisation du contact de collecteur, notamment, a fait l’objet d’une attention particulière. La réduction de l’épaisseur des couches actives ainsi que la technologie employée ont permis d’atteindre une fréquence de transition Ft supérieure à 400GHz. L’étude du comportement thermique des TBH a enfin été présentée grâce à l’extraction de la résistance thermique. Des valeurs très faibles ont été obtenues sur la technologie reportée de 800 à 1300W/K.m selon les dimensions des transistors ; ces valeurs sont très proches de celles simulées pour la même technologie. Elles constituent les premières mesures effectuées sur des TBH InP/GaAsSb transférés sur un substrat de silicium à haute conductivité thermique. Le report des TBHs sur silicium a ainsi permis une amélioration de la résistance thermique de 70% par rapport à une technologie standard de TBH non reportés. Ces résultats permettent de conclure quant à l’efficacité du report pour la réduction drastique de l’auto-échauffement dans les transistors bipolaires. / The InP heterojonctions bipolar transistors (HBT) offer today cut-off frequencies larger than 400GHz for the InP / GaAsSb system. Thanks to these performances, these transistors are used for the realization of successful circuits in millimeter-wave applications such as the optical communications. So, to reach these remarkable performances, the HBT are subject to a notorious self-heating phenomenon due to high current density of collector. This thesis thus has for object the study and the development of InP / GaAsSb HBT transferred on a host substrate of silicon with the aim of the improvement of the thermal behavior. We report first of all the principles of the bipolar transistor as well as the state of the art of the various materials used for fast transistors. A transfer technique of epitaxial layers was then presented. We study bounding problems resulting from the chosen technique and transfer parameters for valid thermo-compression at low temperature were optimized. The development of InP / GaAsSb transferred technology on silicon was then made. In particular, the collector contact realization has needed particular attention. Active layers thickness reduction as well as device fabrication process technology allowed reaching transition frequency Ft higher than 400GHz. The study of HBT thermal behavior was finally presented with thermal resistance extraction. Very low values were obtained on the transferred technology, from 800 to1300 W/K.m according to transistors size; these values are very close to those obtained by TCAD simulation for such a technology. It is the first measurement on InP / GaAsSb transferred-HBT on high thermal conductivity silicon substrate. This transfer technology has so allowed thermal resistance improvement of 70 % compared with that of standard HBT technology. This work leads to the influence of transferred-substrate for the severe reduction of self-heating in bipolar transistors technology.

This thesis is concerned with the design, analysis and optimisation of semi-solid or non- pneumatic tyres. More specifically, the thesis is intended to show how the FEA software package Abaqus can be used to determine whether or not an AirBoss tyre meets performance criteria in regards load/deformation criteria and if there is a likelihood of failure through overheating of the tyre during service.The work is intended to clearly explain the nature of natural rubber from a molecular description through to phenomenological descriptions used to solve for stresses, strains, creep and relaxation phenomena and temperature generation through hysteresis losses within the structure of the rubber compound.The thesis examines practical ways to obtain data for use in the analysis and describes test equipment (both "off-the-shelf" and purpose built) to obtain the required information.The objective is to progress, step by step, through the stages of analysis beginning with information to predict static loading conditions for the tyre. Viscoelastic behaviour, such as creep and relaxation are predicted and then tested to determine the correlation and refine test data before proceeding to the next stage of analysis.Ultimately, a prediction is made as to the temperature distribution throughout a section of the non-pneumatic tyre. A testing rig is described which has been built to test the analysis and enable a comparison to be made between FEA prediction and "real life".

Les études relatives aux réacteurs nucléaires font appel `a plusieurs disciplines dont les principales sont la neutronique et la thermo-hydraulique. Les phénomènes physiques qui se déroulent dans le coeur d'une centrale nucléaire comme la réaction en chaîne des fissions nucléaires, le mouvement des fluides et les transferts de chaleur se couplent de manière forte et complexe. De part l'avancement des connaissances dans ces disciplines et la croissance massive de la puissance des ordinateurs, cette complexité phénoménologique peut aujourd'hui être simulée en des temps raisonnables. C'est pour cette raison que les codes de neutronique stochastiques, dits Monte Carlo, sont bien plus utilisés de nos jours que par le passé. Un grand intérêt de ce type de code probabiliste réside dans leur aptitude `a reproduire ”fidèlement” la réalit´e sans recours à des approximations de modélisation. C'est dans ce contexte que cette thèse a être initiée : coupler un code Monte Carlo de neutronique `a un code de thermo-hydraulique coeur afin d'assurer une description la plus précise possible des conditions de fonctionnement d'un coeur de réacteur nucléaire. Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans une démarche évolutionnaire motivée par les exigences accrues de la sˆuret´e, d'optimisation des ressources et de minimisation des déchets pour les systémes nucléaires du futur. Ce manuscrit présente la méthodologie employée pour le développement d'un couplage externe automatisé entre le code Monte Carlo MCNP et le code de thermo-hydraulique/thermique COBRA-EN. Cette recherche d'une meilleure performance et précision des outils de calcul s'accompagne de nouveaux types de problèmes physico-numériques `a résoudre, dont les principaux sont exposés dans ce mémoire. La validation du schéma couplé a été réalisée sur un cas très complexe de coeur de réacteur et a permis de prouver la robustesse des développements entrepris et la faisabilité d'un tel couplage.