Toracoscopia é o método de visibilização da cavidade torácica, tendo sua indicação como exame auxiliar para diagnóstico de afecções como pleuropneumonia, neoplasias, aderências, metástases, pericardites, abscessos pulmomares e hérnias. O aprimoramento da equipe cirúrgica e o avanço tecnológico dos equipamentos endoscópicos fizeram com que esta técnica passasse a ser denominada cirurgia torácica vídeo-assistida, pela sua indicação não somente diagnóstica, mas terapêutica. Este trabalho visou à realização de ressecção da porção dorsocaudal do lobo pulmonar caudal esquerdo com auxílio de sutura mecânica por via toracoscópica. Foram utilizados seis eqüinos clinicamente sadios, machos e fêmeas, de peso, raça e idade variáveis. Estes animais foram avaliados nos períodos pré e pós-operatórios através de exame físico, coleta de material para hemograma e fibrinogênio plasmático, e exame ultra-sonográfico torácico. O local da ressecção pulmonar foi avaliado através de novo procedimento toracoscópico no 30º dia de pós-operatório. Em todos os animais a realização da técnica transcorreu de forma adequada, tendo sido possível o controle do pneumotórax, assim como foi observada evolução clínica satisfatória durante o período pós-operatório. Os resultados obtidos indicam que através de técnica cirúrgica vídeo-assistida pode-se realizar ressecção pulmonar parcial com uso de sutura mecânica em eqüinos, e sua aplicação na rotina hospitalar poderá contribuir para resolução das enfermidades sediadas na cavidade torácica. / Thoracoscopy is a method used to evaluate the thoracic cavity and as such, it is indicated as an auxiliary exam in the diagnosis of diseases as pleuropneumonia, neoplasias, adhesions, metastasis, pericarditis, pulmonary abscesses and herniation. Due to the refinement of the surgical team and the technological advance of endoscopic equipment this technique is currently denominated video-assisted thoracic surgery, which is more adequate, since it is indicated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this thoracoscopic study we performed a resection of the dorsocaudal portion of the left caudal lung lobe with the aid of endoscopic stapler. For the purpose of this study we used six healthy horses, females and males, of different weights, breeds and ages. During the pre and postoperative periods, these horses were evaluated by means of physical examination, hemogram and plasmatic fibrinogen dosage, and thoracic ultrasound. The site of lung resection was evaluated by means of a second thoracoscopy on the 30th postoperative day. In all animals the performance of the technique was adequate, it was possible to control the pneumothorax, and furthermore, clinical recovery during the postoperative period was adequate. The results of this study determined that the video-assisted surgical technique provided partial lung resection in horses with the use of endoscopic staplers. Its use in hospital routine may contribute to the resolution of thoracic diseases.

Introdução. Apesar dos recentes e importantes avanços no tratamento das Doenças Cardiovasculares, a cirurgia cardíaca ainda pode ser a única opção de tratamento para alguns pacientes. Os pacientes que vivenciam sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão no pré-operatório podem sofrer influência destes na recuperação pós-operatória. Objetivos. Avaliar a relação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão pré-operatórios com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e avaliar a relação desses sintomas com a presença de complicações no pós-operatório (PO), durante a permanência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), dos pacientes submetidos às cirurgias cardíacas eletivas. Método. Estudo observacional analítico, de coorte prospectiva, desenvolvido nas unidades de internação de clínica médica e clínica cirúrgica de um hospital universitário do interior paulista. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por pacientes submetidos à primeira cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) e à primeira cirurgia para correção de valvopatia, entre setembro de 2013 e setembro de 2015. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas individuais e consulta aos prontuários. Para a avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, foi utilizado o instrumento Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), com a avaliação das respostas considerando o valor total de cada subescala (HADS-ansiedade e HADS depressão), variando de 0 - 21 (quanto maior o valor maior o transtorno emocional). Foram investigados complicações pulmonares, cardíacas, neurológicas, endócrinas, infecciosas, digestivas, sensoriais e o óbito. Para investigarmos a relação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão com as características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, estado civil e situação profissional) e com a presença de complicações PO (sim/não), foi utilizado o teste de Mann Whitney. Para investigarmos a correlação dos sintomas com as características clínicas (tempos de internação pré-operatória, de cirurgia e de permanência na UTI), foi utilizado o teste de Correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados. A amostra foi constituída por 145 pacientes, sendo 75 pacientes submetidos à CRM e 70 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar. Entre os pacientes submetidos à CRM, a idade média encontrada foi de 61,8 anos, a maioria do sexo masculino (69,3%), e a principal complicação no PO foi a hiperglicemia (97,3%). As mulheres submetidas à CRM apresentaram maiores médias para os sintomas de ansiedade, quando comparadas com os homens. Pacientes submetidos à CRM, com maiores médias para os sintomas de ansiedade, apresentaram com maior frequência a instabilidade hemodinâmica no PO. Aqueles pacientes que apresentaram maior média para os sintomas de depressão apresentaram com maior frequência a náusea, a agitação, o déficit neurológico e permaneceram mais tempo entubados no PO. Entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar, a idade média foi de 54,4 anos, maioria do sexo masculino (61,4%), e a principal complicação no PO foi a hiperglicemia (92,9%). As mulheres apresentaram maiores médias para os sintomas de depressão, quando comparadas com os homens. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar com maiores médias para os sintomas de depressão apresentaram com maior frequência a agitação no PO. Conclusão. Dos pacientes submetidos à CRM, encontramos relação dos sintomas de ansiedade pré-operatória com o sexo e com a presença de instabilidade hemodinâmica no PO, bem como dos sintomas de depressão com a ocorrência de náusea, agitação, presença de cânula orotraqueal (COT) por mais de 48 horas e déficit neurológico. Entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar, encontramos relação dos sintomas de depressão com o sexo e com a agitação no PO / Introduction. Despite the recent and important advances in the treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, cardiac surgery can still be the only treatment option for some patients. The patients who experience symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative phase can be subject to the influence of these symptoms during the postoperative recovery. Objectives. Assess the relation between the preoperative anxiety and depression symptoms and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the relation between these symptoms and the presence of postoperative (PO) complications while staying at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of patients submitted to elective cardiac surgeries. Method. Analytical and observational prospective cohort study, developed at the medical and surgical clinical inpatient units of a teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study sample consisted of patients submitted to the first coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the first valve correction surgery between September 2013 and September 2015. The data were collected through individual interviews and consultation of patient histories. To assess the anxiety and depression symptoms, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. In the assessment of the answers, the total value of each subscale was used (HADS-anxiety and HADS-depression), ranging between 0 - 21 (the higher the score, the higher the emotional disorder). Pulmonary, cardiac, neurological, endocrine, infectious, digestive, sensory complications and death were investigated. To investigate the relation between the anxiety and depression symptoms and the sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status and professional situation) and the presence of postoperative complications (yes/no), the Mann-Whitney test was used. To investigate the correlation between the symptoms and the clinical characteristics (lengths of preoperative hospitalization, surgery and stay at the ICU), Spearman\'s correlation test was used. The significance level adopted was 0.05. Results. The sample consisted of 145 patients, being 75 patients submitted to CABG and 70 patients to valve surgery. Among the patients submitted to CABG, the mean age was 61.8 years; mostly male (69.3%), and the main PO complication was hyperglycemia (97.3%). The women submitted to CABG presented higher means for anxiety symptoms when compared to men. Patients submitted to CABG with higher averages for anxiety symptoms presented PO hemodynamic instability more frequently. Patients with higher mean scores for depressive symptoms most frequently presented nausea, agitation and neurological deficit and spent more time intubated during the PO. Among the patients submitted to valve surgery, the mean age was 54.4 years, mostly male (61.4%) and the main PO complication was hyperglycemia (92.9%). The women presented higher averages for depressive symptoms when compared to the men. Patients submitted to valve surgery with higher means for depressive symptoms most frequently presented PO agitation. Conclusion. Among the patients submitted to CABG, we found a relation between preoperative anxiety symptoms and sex and the presence of hemodynamic instability in the PO period, as well as between depressive symptoms and the occurrence of nausea, agitation, presence of endotracheal tube for more than 48 hours and neurological deficit. Among the patients submitted to valve surgery, we found a relation between depressive symptoms and sex and PO agitation

Introduction An increasing proportion of the patients undergoing cardiac surgery have diabetes mellitus, in particular type II diabetes. In spite of this, diabetic patients have received limited attention in this setting. Although diabetes is a metabolic disease cardiac metabolism in association with surgery has previously not been explored in diabetics. This investigation was carried out to describe the metabolic state of the heart in diabetics after cardiac surgery and to study if it is accessible to metabolic intervention with high-dose GIK. Also, the potential hazards associated with such a regime in clinical practice were evaluated. Furthermore, a comparison of the outcome in diabetic and nondiabetic patients after coronary surgery was done. Methods Myocardial metabolism and how it was influenced by high-dose GIK was assessed with coronary sinus catheter technique in a prospective randomized study on 20 type II diabetic patients undergoing CABG (paper I, II). Safety issues concerning high-dose GIK were assessed in two retrospective studies. The potential role of metabolic interventions for neurological injury was assessed in a cohort of 775 consecutive patients undergoing CABG or combined CABG + valve surgery, in whom metabolic interventions gradually replaced traditional treatment for postoperative heart failure (paper III). A detailed analysis of blood glucose and electrolyte control was done in all cases (n=89) receiving high-dose GIK during one year (paper IV). The hemodynamic impact of highdose GIK was assessed with standard postoperative monitoring including Swan-Ganz catheters (paper II, IV). Outcome and prognosis after CABG in diabetic patients (n=540) were compared with nondiabetics (n=2239) with the aid of the institutional database comprising all isolated CABG procedures from 1995-1999 (paper V). Results The metabolism of the diabetic heart after CABG was characterized by predominant uptake of FFA and restricted uptake of carbohydrate substrates. A high extraction rate of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and glutamate was also found. Alanine was released from the heart (paper I). High-dose GIK induced a shift towards uptake of carbohydrates, in particular lactate, at the expense of FFA and betahydroxybutyric acid (paper II). A substantial systemic glucose uptake was found during high-dose GIK treatment but the uptake tended to be lower and blood glucose higher if adrenergic drugs were used or/and if the patient was a diabetic (paper IV). High-dose GIK was associated with beneficial effects on cardiac output both in the prospective and retrospective analyses (paper II, IV). No evidence for untoward neurological effects associated with GIK treatment was found. History of cerebrovascular disease was the most important risk factor for postoperative cerebral complications and in general markers for advanced atherosclerotic disease were found to be of importance (paper III). High-dose GIK in clinical practice was associated with acceptable blood glucose and electrolyte control and no serious adverse events were recorded (paper IV). Patients with diabetes undergoing CABG had an acceptable short-term mortality that did not differ significantly from non-diabetic patients. However, diabetic patients had a higher early postoperative morbidity particularly with regard to stroke, renal- and infectious complications. Also, long-term survival was markedly reduced in diabetic patients, particularly in insulin treated patients (paper V). Comments FFA were the main source of energy for the heart in type II diabetics after CABG whereas the uptake of carbohydrates was restricted. The high extraction rates of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and glutamate may represent an adaptation to the unfavorable metabolic situation of the post-ischemic diabetic heart. High-dose GIK can be used in type II diabetic patients after cardiac surgery to promote carbohydrate uptake at the expense of FFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. The magnitude of this shift was sufficient to account for the entire myocardial oxygen consumption assuming that the substrates extracted were oxidized. This could have implications for the treatment of the diabetic heart in association with surgery and ischemia. Provided careful monitoring high-dose GIK can be safely used in clinical practice and this treatment deserves further evaluation in the treatment of postoperative heart failure. High-dose GIK also provides a means for strict blood glucose control and as substantial amounts of glucose can be infused even in critically ill patients, it may prove useful for nutrition in critical care. Several of the risk factors for neurological injury identified constitute markers for advanced atherosclerotic disease, thus, also providing an explanation for the increased risk of neurological injury in diabetics after cardiac surgery. Short-term mortality was acceptable in diabetics after CABG. However, further efforts are warranted to address postoperative morbidity and late outcome. This represents a challenge as diabetic patients are accounting for an increasing proportion of the patients undergoing CABG. / On the day of the public defence the status of article IV was: Submitted and the title of article IV was in the printed version: High-dose GIK in cardiac surgery - clinical safety issues and lessons learned.

Chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) of varying degree affects 13% of men and 8.5% of women. In persons with severe AR, the expected length of life and its quality are influenced. Some individuals remain asymptomatic for a long period, due to effective compensatory mechanisms, but dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) usually begins before symptoms appear and can be irreversible by then. This thesis addresses questions of LV function and optimal time for operation of patients suffering from chronic AR. Moreover, detailed echocardiographic studies of the anatomy of the normal aortic valve have been performed to obtain a better understanding of the in vivo anatomic relations within the aortic root. Patients with chronic AR, without concomitant cardiac disease, were studied both retrospectively (n=88) and prospectively (n=29) and the aortic valves of persons (n=32) free from cardiac disease were investigated. For the retrospectively studied patients, survival was 82% at 10 years which is an improvement compared with previously published results. The majority of the patients, however, had LV dysfunction preoperatively. By studying patients prospectively by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography (MUGA) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) our aim was to evaluate the predictive value of measurements of LV function at rest and during exercise for postoperative outcome. LV diameters were markedly elevated prior to and diminished significantly after surgery. Patients with an abnormal exercise ejection fraction (EF) response by MUGA preoperatively, presented the same reaction postoperatively. This could not be predicted by LV function determination at rest, or by NYHA functional class. In spite of median NYHA class II, these patients had a low work capacity on CPET, which was neither improved 6 months postoperatively nor correlated to echocardiographic LV dimensions. Thus, both MUGA and CPET may be useful complements for timing of surgery in patients with chronic AR. Assuming that patients would benefit from preservation of their native valves the normal aortic valve was studied to gain detailed information about the echocardiographic anatomy and relations within the normal aortic root. This extended examination of the aortic root may facilitate a better planning of aortic valve‐preserving interventions in the future.

Introduction: Neurological complications and stroke in association with cardiac surgery is a serious problem. The stroke event can occur during surgery (early stroke) or in the postoperative period with a symptom free interval (delayed stroke). Particle embolization due to aortic manipulation during surgery has been suspected as a mechanism for early stroke. The present thesis address mechanisms and survival effects of stroke both clinically (I-III) and experimentally (IV-V). Methods: Study I) Within a cohort of 2641 consecutive cases, a group of cardiac surgery patients with stroke and evaluated by computed tomography (CT) were studied (n=77). CT-findings were analyzed in relation to stroke symptoms. Study II) Data from 9122 patients undergoing coronary surgery were analyzed. Records of patients with any signs of neurological complications were reviewed to extract 149 subjects with stroke at extubation (early, 1.6%) versus 99 patients having a free interval (delayed, 1.1%). Early and delayed stroke were evaluated separately. Independent risk factors for stroke were analyzed by logistic regression and survival by Cox regression (9.3 years median follow-up). Study III) Patients with early (n=223) and delayed stroke (n=116) were identified among 10809 patients undergoing cardiac and aortic surgery, both groups exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke patients were subdivided by the hemispheric location of lesions. Subgroups were compared and their associated pre- and peroperative variables and survival were analyzed. Study IV) Aortic cross-clamp manipulation was studied in a human cadaveric perfusion model. The pressurized aorta was repeatedly cross-clamped and washout samples were collected before and after clamp maneuvers. Particles in the washout samples were evaluated by microscopy and by digital image analysis. Study V) Pig aortas were pressurized and cannulated. Washout samples were collected before and after cannulation (n = 40). Particles were deposited onto a 10-μm filter to be evaluated by microscopy and digital image analysis. Results: Study I) In the group of patients exposed to routine cardiac surgery (i.e., clamping and cannulation) and with early stroke, right-hemispheric lesions were more frequent than of the contra-lateral side (P=0.005). Patients with aortic dissections had a strong dominance of bilateral findings, which was different from the unilateral pattern in the routine-surgery group (P<0.001). Study II) Early and delayed stroke did not share any risk factors. Both early and delayed stroke explained mortality in the early postoperative period (P<0.001, P<0.001 respectively) but also at long term follow-up (P=0.008, P<0.001 respectively). For patients surviving their first postoperative year, delayed but not early stroke influenced long-term mortality (P=0.001 and P=0.695, respectively). Study III) Stroke lesions in association to cardiac surgery were near exclusively ischemic. Early stroke had a preponderance for right-hemispheric lesions (P=0.009). In contrast, patients with early stroke that had undergone surgery of the aorta with circulatory arrest showed a pattern with more bilateral lesions compared to ‘cardiac-type’ operations (P<0.001). Patients with bilateral lesions had a dramatically impaired survival compared to those with unilateral lesions (P<0.001). Study IV) In the cadaveric perfusion model, cross-clamping produced a significant output of particles, which was seen for size intervals of 1 mm and smaller (P=0.002 to P=0.022). In all size intervals the particle output correlated with the degree of overall aortic calcification (P =0.002 to P=0.025). Study V) At cannulation of the pig aorta, more particles were noted after cannulation compared to before the maneuver (P<0.001). This increase included small (<0.1 mm, P<0.001) and intermediate-size particles (0.1-0.5 mm, P< 0.001). Particles above 0.5 mm were few and were not associated with cannulation. Conclusions: The influence of stroke on mortality was devastating, for both early and delayed stroke. These two stroke groups had obvious differences in both their risk factors and their hemispheric distribution. It is here emphasized that early and delayed stroke should be considered as two separate entities with suggested mechanistic differences. Ischemic lesions accounted for near all stroke events seen in association to cardiac surgery. For early stroke, these were mostly located within the right hemisphere. Results from the experimental studies underscore microembolic risks associated with aortic manipulation.

Thoraxkirurgiska ingrepp har väldokumenterade ökade risker för svåra smärtor postoperativt och tidigare forskning visar om den postoperativa smärtlindringen underbehandlas ökar risken att utveckla en kronisk smärta (CPSP) som drabbar 30-50% av alla som genomgår thoraxkirurgi. Detta leder till högre vårdkostnader för samhället, en kraftig försämring av patientens livskvalitet och ett vårdlidande för patienten. Sjukvården borde fokusera på att möta patienternas lidande och ge redskap och möjlighet för vårdarna att lindra lidandet och stärka patientens förmåga till egenvård av smärta i hemmet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelse av vad som behövs för att ge en bra smärtbehandling till patienter som genomgått större kirurgi exempelvis thoraxkirurgi och vilka hinder som måste överstigas för att lyckas. Examensarbetet genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie där innehållet från elva artiklar analyserades och sammanställdes. I analysen av resultatet framkom två teman; Upplevda hinder och sjuksköterskans strategier. De beskriver hur sjuksköterskan på olika sätt arbetar med smärtskattning och vilka hinder som kan uppstå. Resultatet visar på stora problem i smärtbehandling, både vad gäller att smärtskatta som att lindra lidandet och berodde bland annat på bristande kunskap hos både patient och sjuksköterska. Slutsatsen är att sjukvården borde satsa på mer individualiserad patientinformation både preoperativt och innan hemgång, så patienten förstår varför smärtlindring är viktigt. Om detta görs kan man förhindra postoperativa komplikationer och kronisk smärta, som leder till lägre vårdkostnader och minst lika viktigt att bibehålla en patient med god livskvalitet.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

As afecções pulmonares são muito comuns na rotina clinica de pequenos animais. No entanto, por apresentarem sintomas inespecíficos, muitas vezes o diagnóstico dessas doenças torna-se limitado. Recursos de imagem como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia torácica são válidos como exames de triagem, mas somente a biopsia pulmonar garante um diagnóstico especifico da doença. Desse modo a toracoscopia fornece um meio minimamente invasivo de diagnóstico para as doenças torácicas e oferece os benefícios de melhor iluminação e ampliação da imagem, quando comparado com a toracotomia. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliadas as técnicas de biópsia pulmonar através da agulha cortante guilhotinada e da pinça de biopsia, guiadas por toracoscopia pelo acesso transdiafragmático em cães que apresentavam imagem sugestiva de nódulo pulmonar em exame radiográfico prévio. Foram utilizados 14 cães da rotina de atendimento do Hospital de Clinicas Veterinárias (HCV) da Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET) da UFRGS, independente de raça, sexo, idade e peso corporal. Somente animais com nódulos visíveis na radiografia torácica e que apresentaram exames pré-cirúrgicos sem alterações que impediam de serem anestesiados foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e foram feitos dois acessos à cavidade torácica, um primeiro portal intercostal, para introdução dos dispositivos de biopsia, e outro portal paraxifoide transdiafragmático para introdução do endoscópio. Com cada instrumento de biopsia foram coletadas três amostras do mesmo nódulo ou de nódulos macroscopicamente semelhantes e próximos quando o tamanho destes era inferior a um centímetro. As amostras foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico no laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da FAVET/UFRGS. A frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação de oxigênio (SpO2) e pressão arterial média (PAM) foram aferidas em seis momentos diferentes do procedimento: após a indução da anestesia (T1), Após o estabelecimento do pneumotórax (T2), após a introdução do primeiro trocarte (T3), após a introdução do segundo trocarte (T4), após a coleta dos fragmentos da biopsia (T5) e após reestabelecer a pressão negativa no tórax (T6). O tempo cirúrgico foi cronometrado da incisão ao fechamento da ferida, e foram registradas quaisquer complicações cirúrgicas. No pós-operatório os animais foram avaliados quanto à presença de enfisema subcutâneo, hematoma, seroma, infecção local e deiscência de pontos. Não foi necessário converter os procedimentos toracoscópicos para cirurgia convencional em nenhum dos animais. Concluiu-se tratar de uma técnica segura, rápida sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Ambos dispositivos permitiram aquisição de material suficiente para analise histopatológica das alterações pulmonares, no entanto a agulha cortante guilhotinada apresentou maior eficácia principalmente em nódulos pulmonares de maior diâmetro. O acesso transdiafragmático mostrou-se eficiente para exploração de ambos os hemotóraces. / Lung diseases are common in the small animals clinical routine. However, diagnosis is usually affected due to nonspecific symptoms. Imaging features such as radiography and chest ultrasound are acceptable screening tests, although lung biopsy can provides precise diagnosis. Thus, thoracoscopy provides a minimally invasive diagnostic assessment for chest diseases and offers the benefits such as improved illumination and magnification of the image when compared to thoracotomy. In this study we evaluated the transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopic-assisted techniques of lung biopsy through the guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps, in dogs presenting radiographic suspicion on pulmonary tumors. Fourteen dogs regardless of breed, gender, age and body weight admitted at the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of the Veterinary College (FAVET) of UFRGS were assessed. Inclusion criteria was presence of nodules on chest radiography and triage tests without changes that could hinder general anesthesia and surgical approach. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbence and two thoracoscopic ports were established: the first port for working instruments; the second paraxyphoid port for the telescope. Three samples were collected using each sampling method from each lesion or from tumors macroscopically similar whenever their size was less than one centimeter. The samples were sent for histopathological examination in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the FAVET / UFRGS. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in six time points during the procedure: after induction of anesthesia (T1); after the establishment of pneumothorax (T2); after introduction of the first trocar (T3); after insertion of the second trocar (T4); after biopsy sampling (T5); and after reestablishment of the thoracic negative pressure (T6). The animals were evaluated for the presence of subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma, seroma, local infection and dehiscence. No conversion to open surgery was necessary during the thoracoscopic procedures in any patient. Thoracoscopic-assisted biopsy using both guillotine needle and biopsy forceps was a safe and fast technique, without perioperative complications. Both devices provided good quality samples for histopathological analysis of lung abnormalities. However, the cutting guillotine needle was more efficient especially in larger pulmonary nodules. The transdiaphragmatic access provided optimal approach for both hemithoraces.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Objetivo: Analisar as diferenças histopatológicas entre os lobos pulmonares submetidos a biópsia cirúrgica de pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiopática. Métodos: Foram incluídos 16 pacientes com resultados de biópsias concordantes de dois sítios pulmonares, o lobo médio ou o segmento lingular. Técnicas semiquantitativas foram utilizadas na avaliação histológica pulmonar, aplicando-se um escore com base nas alterações encontradas no padrão histológico de pneumonia intersticial usual (PIU). Resultados: Encontrou-se maior incidência de foco fibroblástico em lobo inferior esquerdo e maior volume médio dos fragmentos pulmonares originários do lobo médio. Nenhuma diferença significante, que viesse a mudar o estadiamento da doença, e independentemente do local de origem da biópsia, foi encontrada. Conclusão: Não há dados que fundamentem a rejeição ao uso dos lobos médios e segmentos lingulares na investigação histológica de doenças intersticiais, em especial a fibrose pulmonar idiopática.. / Objective: To analyze the histopathology differences between the pulmonary lobes submitted to surgical biopsy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: Sixteen patients with usual interstitial pneumonia and concordant biopsies of two distinct lobes (the middle lobe or the lingula) were included in this study. Semiquantitative techniques were used in the histological evaluation of fragments of different lobes of the lung. A score was applied for the evaluation of usual interstitial pneumonia. Results: A greater incidence of fibroblastic foci was found in the left inferior lobe, and a greater mean volume of pulmonary fragments was obtained from the middle lobe. No significant difference was found in variables related to disease staging, no matter what was the pulmonary lobe. Conclusion: There is no reason to despise the middle lobe and the lingula in the histopathological investigation of interstitial diseases of the lung, especially the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Submitted by Monica Carolina Nery Wittmaack null (wittmaackm@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-24T17:33:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Monica REPOSITORIO.pdf: 823655 bytes, checksum: 8398eed1ebfc0f7a0a80cb4b2b7c70a4 (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: No campo “Versão a ser disponibilizada online imediatamente” foi informado que seria disponibilizado o texto completo porém no campo “Data para a disponibilização do texto completo” foi informado que o texto completo deverá ser disponibilizado apenas 12 meses após a defesa. Caso opte pela disponibilização do texto completo apenas 12 meses após a defesa selecione no campo “Versão a ser disponibilizada online imediatamente” a opção “Texto parcial”. Esta opção é utilizada caso você tenha planos de publicar seu trabalho em periódicos científicos ou em formato de livro, por exemplo e fará com que apenas as páginas pré-textuais, introdução, considerações e referências sejam disponibilizadas. Se optar por disponibilizar o texto completo de seu trabalho imediatamente selecione no campo “Data para a disponibilização do texto completo” a opção “Não se aplica (texto completo)”. Isso fará com que seu trabalho seja disponibilizado na íntegra no Repositório Institucional UNESP. Por favor, corrija esta informação realizando uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-08-25T13:14:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Monica Carolina Nery Wittmaack null (wittmaackm@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-29T17:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Monica REPOSITORIO.pdf: 823655 bytes, checksum: 8398eed1ebfc0f7a0a80cb4b2b7c70a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T17:38:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wittmaack_mcn_me_jabo.pdf: 823655 bytes, checksum: 8398eed1ebfc0f7a0a80cb4b2b7c70a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T17:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wittmaack_mcn_me_jabo.pdf: 823655 bytes, checksum: 8398eed1ebfc0f7a0a80cb4b2b7c70a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-15 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A toracoscopia é importante para o diagnóstico e terapia de afeções pulmonares na medicina veterinária. Estudos mostram que procedimentos toracoscópicos causam menor dor e recuperação pós-operatória mais rápida. Desta forma, objetivou-se com o presente estudo propor acesso toracoscópico menos invasivo com dois portais para obtenção de biopsia pulmonar em pacientes abaixo de 5 kg, além de descrever e avaliar a técnica de nó extracorpóreo para animais de baixo peso. Sendo assim, 10 coelhos foram utilizados como modelo experimental; foi descrita a técnica de toracoscopia através de dois portais, com acesso paraxifoide transdiafragmático para o primeiro portal, e acesso intercostal para o segundo portal. Nesse estudo, a insuflação da cavidade torácica não foi realizada. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico não houve complicações associadas à impossibilidade de deslizamento e cerramento do nó, nem como escape do nó após biopsia pulmonar. Em todos os animais verificou-se congestão de tecido pulmonar distal à endoligadura devido à oclusão de vasos e vias aéreas. O tempo total de cirurgia dos dez animais, desde a primeira incisão de pele até o término da dermorrafia foi de 41,4 ±14,5 minutos. As amostras pulmonares obtidas tiveram média de 1x0,64x0,45cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias segundo avaliação histopatológica. Radiografias torácicas pré e pós-operatórias foram realizadas e comparadas a fim de verificar-se ausência de pneumotórax e hemotórax. A necropsia foi realizada no décimo quinto dia de pós-operatório. Aderências do sítio de biopsia à membrana mediastínica e aderência do sítio de biopsia a pleura parietal foram achados macroscópicos em cinco animais. O nó extracorpóreo estava corretamente posicionado sem sinais de deslizamento e verificou-se margem de 2 a 4 mm de tecido pulmonar distal à ligadura. A técnica proposta permite apropriado acesso à cavidade pleural com mínimo trauma às estruturas torácicas e possibilitou a realização de biopsia pulmonar pelo nó extracorpóreo, com baixa ocorrência de complicações trans e pós-operatórias. / The aim of this study was suggest minimally invasive thoracoscopic technique using a biportal approach to perform lung biopsy in animals weighing less than 5 kg, moreover, it is intended to describe and evaluate the hand tied loop technique for low-weight animals. So ten rabbits were used as an experimental model, it was described thoracoscopy technique through two portals, with paraxiphoid transdiaphragmatic approach for the first portal, and intercostal approach for the second portal. In this study insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. During surgery no complications associated with the impossibility of sliding and tightening knot or as escape knot after lung biopsy. In all animals, distal of the ligature were observed lung tissue congestion due to occlusion of vessels and airways. The miniloop system was considered effective for air leakage and hemorrhage after lung biopsy. The total surgical time from skin incision to suture was 41.4 ± 14.5 minutes. Tissue sample sizes obtained averaging 1x0,64x0,45cm and were considered satisfactory second histopathological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were performed and compared in order to verify the absence of pneumothorax and hemothorax. The necopsy was performed on the 15th day after surgery. Adhesions between biopsy site and mediastinal membrane and adhesion between biopsy site and parietal pleura were findings in five animals. The hand tied loop were properly positioned and a margin of the pulmonary parenchyma 2 to 4 mm distal to the ligature was left to avoid complication as slipping knot. The proposed technique allowed access to the pleural cavity with minimal trauma to the thoracic structures and made possible the development of lung biopsy by extracorporeal knot with low occurrence of trans and postoperative complications. / FAPESP: 2015/19965-1