One way to engage with ethics is in a thoughtful way. Chapter 1 shows that there is disagreement about the value of ethical thoughtfulness. Chapter 2 gives a careful account of ethical thoughtfulness in terms of four norms. Chapter 3 shows that being ethically thoughtful is possible for many of us, but is also likely to be costly. Chapter 4 argues that connections between ethical thoughtfulness and behavior do not provide compelling reasons to pursue ethical thoughtfulness. Chapter 5 argues that ethical thoughtfulness is not significant because of connections to moral epistemology, moral accountability, or moral standing. Chapter 6 argues that it is unlikely that ethical thoughtfulness is good for all humans, but that it may be a good for some people in some circumstances.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if relationships existed between the dependent variables Initiating Structure and Consideration of Others leadership behaviors of adult education administrators in Indiana and the following selected independent variables: (1) size of the public school corporation, (2) size of the adult education program and characteristics of the administrator, (3) age, (4) gender, (5) years of experience in adult education, and (6) educational attainment levels. Also examined was a comparison of vector scores of adult education administrators and adult education teachers on the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (Form 12).A demographic survey and the (LBDQ) (Form 12) were mailed to 80 adult education administrators in Indiana for an assessment of self-perceived leadership behaviors Initiating Structure and Consideration of Others. The LBDQ (Form 12) was mailed to 345 adult education teachers with three or more years of teaching experience in adult education for a staff-perceived assessment of the leadership behaviors of adult education administrators in Indiana. Statistical analysis revealed that no significant (.05) differences existed between the leadership behaviors Initiating Structure and Consideration of Others and (1) size of the school corporation, (2) size of the adult education program, (3) years of experience of the administrator in adult education.Statistical analysis revealed a significant (.05) difference existed between the leadership behavior Consideration of Others and (1) age, (2) gender, and (3) educational attainment, and between the adult education administrators and the adult education teachers.Interviews were conducted with 10 adult education administrators that revealed a strong self-perception of both Initiating Structure leadership behavior and of Consideration of Others leadership behavior. Interviews were also conducted with a random sample of 30 adult education teachers that revealed a leadership perception that adult education administrators were strong when Initiating Structure, but the adult education administrators were viewed as being deficient in the leadership behavior Consideration of Others.A recommendation is made that adult education administrators attend workshops, university classes, and seminars in management effectiveness and human relations skills to develop and/or review the leadership skill Consideration of Others. / Department of Educational Leadership

Empatitrötthet knackar på  Abstrakt Bakgrund: Begreppet empatitrötthet beskrivs som ett successivt och tilltagande slitage på vårdarens förmåga att engagera, känna med och bry sig om sina patienter. Ett biologiskt, psykologiskt och socialt tillstånd av utmattning och dysfunktion som kommer av långvarig exponering för andras lidande. Empatitrötthet kan skapa negativa känslor som skam, sorg, skuld, irritation, otålighet, otillräcklighet och ökad rädsla. Andra faktorer i privatlivet som sitt eget mående, hälsa eller missnöje kan också öka risken för empatitrötthet. Motiv: Empatitrötthet är ett problem i vården. Förhoppningen för studien är att det kan belysa kunskapsluckor i hur personalen upplever empatitrötthet och vad som kan förbättras för att minska risken. Syftet med studien var att utforska personals upplevelser av empatitrötthet, belyst från deras erfarenheter av att arbeta på en psykiatrisk slutenvårdsavdelning.  Metod: Studien genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer och materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Samtliga deltagare i studien arbetar som vårdpersonal på en sluten psykiatrisk vårdavdelning. Tio individuella intervjuer genomfördes med fem sjuksköterskor samt fem undersköterskor. Resultat: Resultatet visade att Empatitrötthet skapar processer i arbetsgruppen, Patientmötet påverkas, Empatitrötthet går under radarn och Frustration leder till likgiltighet. Konklusion: Empatitrötthet finns inom den psykiatriska vården, det är något som de flesta upplever och som hämmar personalen i sitt dagliga liv. Det leder till frustration och irritation mot både kollegor och patienter. Med hjälp av varandra och insatser och strategier från arbetsledning kan det minskas eller hållas i schack. Genom att uppmärksamma hur viktig gruppdynamiken är i kampen mot empatitrötthet kan omvårdnaden och bemötandet förbättras. Denna studie kan bidra till en djupare förståelse för empatitrötthet och vad som anses viktigt av vårdpersonal när man hamnar i det. Eventuellt kan det även leda till att man pratar mer öppet och uppmärksammar det i arbetsgruppen. / Compassion fatigue comes knocking  Abstract Background: The term compassion fatigue as a successive and increasing wear on the staff’s ability to engage, feel and care with its patient. Biological, psychological and social condition of exhaustion and dysfunction that comes from a prolonged exposion of others suffering. Compassion fatigue can create negative feelings of guilt, shame, sorrow, irritation, impatience, inadequacy and increased fear. Other factors are problems in the private life and that health or dissatisfaction can increase compassion fatigue. Motive: Compassion fatigue is a problem in health care. Our hope is that the study can enlighten the knowledge gap on how the staff experience compassion fatigue. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore staff's experiences of compassion fatigue, highlighted from their experiences of working in a psychiatric inpatient ward. Methods: The study was conducted with interviews and the data vas analyzed with qualitative content analysis. All participants work as staff in an inpatient psychiatric ward. Ten individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with five registered nurses and five undergraduated nurses. Result: The result shows that Compassion fatigue creates processes in the work group, The patient meeting is affected, Compassion fatigue goes under the radar and Frustration leads to indifference. Conclusion: Compassion fatigue exists in the psychiatric care, and is hampering the staff’s social life. It leads to frustration and irritation towards booth patient and colleagues. With the help of each other and strategies from the work management, it can be reduced. By paying attention to how important group dynamics are in the fight against compassion fatigue, care and treatment can be improved. This study can contribute to a deeper understanding of compassion fatigue. It can also lead to talking more openly and paying attention to it in the work group.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om upplevd impulsivitet hos en potentiell vän kan påverka män respektive kvinnors vilja att vara vän med den personen.   Studien genomfördes med en 2x2 oberoende mätning med mellangruppsdesign. Den beroende variabeln var skattning av viljan till vänskap. Första oberoende variabeln var personlighetstyp som presenterades i två olika scenarier med två betingelser; impulsiv och eftertänksam. Den andra oberoende variabeln var kön med två betingelser; man och kvinna. Båda scenarier var identiska förutom omformuleringar beroende på betingelse. Självskattad vänskapskvalité och självskattat personlighetsdrag kontrollerades för. Tidigare forskning baserad på barn har visat att impulsiva barn blivit mer avvisade och mer impopulära än andra barn. Genom att undersöka hur vuxnas vilja att vara vän med en person påverkas beroende på hur personen beter sig är därför aktuellt eftersom det då kan framkomma om detta förekommer även i vuxen ålder. En 2x2 oberoende ANOVA visade att det fanns en interaktionseffekt mellan Kön x Scenario vilket indikerar att kön och scenario spelade stor roll för den beroende variabeln. Studien visade att kön hade en påverkan på resultatet; kvinnor var mindre benägna till att vara vän med en impulsiv person jämfört med en eftertänksam person. För männen i undersökningen spelade inte scenario någon roll gällande viljan att vara vän vilket indikerar på att de bryr sig mindre om en potentiell vän är impulsiv eller eftertänksam. Möjligen kan det vara att kvinnor lägger mer energi på sina vänskapskretsar och hur en potentiell vän ska bete sig i större utsträckning än vad män gör. / The aim with this study was to investigate whether perceived impulsivity of a potential friend can affect men’s and women’s willingness to be friends with that person. The study was conducted with a 2x2 independent measurement with a between groups design. The dependent variable was a self-assessed rating of the will of friendship. The first independent variable was the personality type that was presented in the two different scenarios with two conditions; impulsive and thoughtful. The second independent variable was gender which also had two conditions; men and women. The scenarios was identical except for some language changes depending on the condition. Self-assessed rating of friendship quality and self-assessed rating of personality traits were controlled for. Previous research based on children has shown that impulsive children become more peer rejected and unpopular than other children. By examining how adults’ willingness to be friends with a person is affected, depending on the other person’s behavior, it may be concluded that this rejection even occurs in adulthood. A 2 x 2 independent ANOVA indicated that there was an interaction effect between Gender x Scenario which means that gender and scenario had a great influence on the dependent variable. The study indicated that gender had an impact on the result; women were less likely to be friends with an impulsive person compared to a person that is thoughtful. The two different scenarios did not matter for the men in this study regarding the will to be friends, which indicates that they did not care about if a potential friend was impulsive or thoughtful. This could possibly depend on that women put greater effort in their relationships with their friends and more thought in how a potential friend should behave to a greater extent than men do.