Orientadores: Inacio Maria Dal Fabbro, Adilson Machado Enes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fracarolli_JulianaAparecida_D.pdf: 5319280 bytes, checksum: 4488936faca98d4c091c7703b2fd0ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Técnicas ópticas vêm sendo utilizadas para diversas finalidades técnicas e científicas. Algumas técnicas ópticas se caracterizam como métodos robustos, de baixo custo, não invasivos e não destrutivos para avaliação de materiais diversos, como produtos agrícolas, havendo aplicações desde a engenharia até a área da saúde humana e animal. Neste trabalho propõem-se a avaliação de frutos através da combinação de duas técnicas ópticas cujos estudos vêm comprovando suas aplicabilidades como métodos alternativos e inovadores, os quais empregam equipamentos de baixo custo na aquisição dos dados, permitindo automação de processos de seleção e classificação de produtos. Uma dessas técnicas é conhecida como Biospeckle, a qual fornece informações referentes à qualidade do material biológico em nível de estruturas celulares e a outra é o escaneamento com linha laser, que permite a obtenção de geometria do objeto nos eixos Xi (i = 1,2,3). O objetivo é proceder a um levantamento topográfico digital de materiais biológicos combinando o posicionamento geométrico dos pontos da imagem com informações referentes à atividade biológica. Foi realizada ainda a diferenciação entre frutos de formato variado, a classificação de frutos por formato, classe, coloração e defeitos por meio de processamento de imagens. Dessa forma é possível observar frutos com irregularidades superficiais, maturidade, danos mecânicos e latentes, entre outros. Esta pode se tornar a base para a seleção automática de produtos agrícolas. Foram utilizados um emissor de linha laser de diodo com 632 nm de comprimento de onda, luz branca difusa, câmera CCD, computador, mesa óptica, mamões, peras, tomates e esferas de isopor, bem como softwares ImageJ, Octave, Matlab. Foram desenvolvidos cinco programas computacionais para processamento das imagens. Foram realizados cinco experimentos, a saber: (1) Avaliação da Maturidade de Frutos; (2) Reconstrução Tridimensional e Mapeamento da Bioatividade; (3) Detecção de Formato Variado; (4) Mapeamento por Formato, Classe e Coloração; (5) Detecção de Defeitos. Na Avaliação da Maturidade foram correlacionados índices de maturidade tradicionais (parâmetros de Hunter L a b, pH, Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST), a relação Sólidos Solúveis Totais e Acidez Total Titulável (SST/ATT), Módulo de Elasticidade, massa e diâmetro) e a técnica óptica Biospeckle, pelo cálculo do Momento de Inércia (MI). Para a Reconstrução Tridimensional os frutos foram rotacionados através de um motor de passo. A cada passo do motor, o fruto foi iluminado pela linha laser projetada e fotografado para obtenção dos dados de geometria e Biospeckle pelo método LASCA (Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis). Foi analisada a correlação entre os índices de maturidade tradicionais e os valores de MI na avaliação da maturidade. Esta tese mostra que é possível avaliar a maturidade dos frutos através do Biospeckle. Obteve-se um mapa tridimensional que integra as informações de topografia e bioatividade do fruto. Obteve-se, ainda, a detecção de formato variado, a classificação de frutos por mapeamento por formato, classe e coloração e detecção de defeitos através de software / Abstract: Optical techniques have been used for both technical and scientific purposes. Optical techniques are usually characterized as being robust, inexpensive, non-invasive and non-destructive methods in to evaluate a diversity of materials which include agricultural derived products. It also shows applications ranging from engineering to human and animal health. In this doctoral dissertation, a new technique to evaluate some fruit properties is proposed. It combines two optical techniques (i.e. Biospeckle and Scan-line laser) whose applicability has been demonstrated as being alternative and innovative. The new proposed technique allows low-cost data acquisition, automation of the entire process, and a proper selection and classification method of vegetable bodies (e.g. fruits). Biospeckle allows obtaining information regarding the quality level of biological material into cellular structures. Scan-line laser enables the attainment of the object geometry on the axes Xi (i=1,2,3). The main purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to obtain a digital survey of biological materials (i.e. papaya, pear and tomato) integrating both geometric positioning and information concerning to its biological activity. The differentiation between different fruit shapes, fruit sorting by size, class, color and defects through image processing was also carried out. Thus it was also possible to observe fruits with surface irregularities, maturity, and mechanical damage, among others. This is the basis proposed for the automatic selection of agricultural products. The following materials were employed in the tests: a line-emitting diode laser with a wavelength of 632 nm, diffuse white light, CCD camera, computer, optical table, papaya, pear and tomato fruits and polystyrene spheres. The softwares utilized were: ImageJ, Octave, Matlab. A total of five computer programs were developed for the image processing procedures. Five experiments were performed: (1) Maturity Assessment of Fruits; (2) Three Dimensional Reconstruction and Mapping of Bioactivity; (3) Miscellaneous Format Detection; (4) Mapping Format, Class and Coloration; (5) Defect Detection. In Maturity Assessment there were correlated traditional methods to verify the maturity (the Hunter parameters L a b, pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), the relationship between Total Soluble Solids and Titratable Acidity (TSS/TA), Modulus of Elasticity, weight and diameter) and the optical technique Biospeckle by calculating the Moment of Inertia (MI). For the Three Dimensional Reconstruction the fruits were rotated by a stepper motor. At every step of the motor, the fruit was illuminated by the projected laser line and photographed in order to obtain both geometric and biospeckle data by the LASCA (Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis) method. The correlation between traditional methods for the maturity assessment and values of MI was analyzed. This doctoral dissertation shows that it is possible to evaluate the maturity of fruits through Biospeckle. A three-dimensional map that includes topographical information and bioactivity of the fruit was generated. Also a software can now detect variations in size, classify fruit shapes, color and class as well as defect detection efficiently. / Doutorado / Maquinas Agricolas / Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

Advancements in computational capabilities have allowed researchers to turn towards modeling as an efficient tool to replicate and predict outcomes of complex systems. Computational models of the musculoskeletal system have gone through various iterations with early versions employing dramatic simplifications. In this work, a three-dimensional computational model of the wrist joint was developed. It accurately recreated the skeletal structures of the hand and wrist and represented the constraints imposed by soft tissue structures like ligaments, tendons, and other surrounding tissues. It was developed to function as a tool to investigate the biomechanical contributions of structures and the kinematic response of the wrist joint. The model was created with the use of a commercially available computer-aided design software employing the rigid body modeling methodology. It was validated against three different cadaveric experimental studies which investigated changes in biomechanical response following radioscapholunate fusion and proximal row carpectomy procedures. The kinematic simulations performed by the model demonstrated quantitatively accurate responses for the range of motions for both surgical procedures. It also provided some understanding to the trends in carpal bone contact force changes observed in surgically altered specimens. The model provided additional insight into the importance of structures like the triangular fibrocartilage and the capsular retinacular structures, both of which are currently not very well understood. As better understanding of components of the wrist joint is achieved, this model could function as an important tool in preoperative planning and generating individualized treatment regiments.

Tracking of human motion and object identification and recognition are important in many applications including motion capture for human-machine interaction systems. This research is part of a global project to enable a service robot to recognize new objects and perform different object-related tasks based on task guidance and demonstration provided by a general user. This research consists of the calibration and testing of two vision systems which are part of a robot-vision system. First, real-time tracking of a human hand is achieved using images acquired from three calibrated synchronized cameras. Hand pose is determined from the positions of physical markers and input to the robot system in real-time. Second, a multi-line laser camera range sensor is designed, calibrated, and mounted on a robot end-effector to provide three-dimensional (3D) geometry information about objects in the robot environment. The laser-camera sensor includes two cameras to provide stereo vision. For the 3D hand tracking, a novel score-based hand tracking scheme is presented employing dynamic multi-threshold marker detection, a stereo camera-pair utilization scheme, marker matching and labeling using epipolar geometry and hand pose axis analysis, to enable real-time hand tracking under occlusion and non-uniform lighting environments. For surface-geometry measurement using the multi-line laser range sensor, two different approaches are analyzed for two-dimensional (2D) to 3D coordinate mapping, using Bezier surface fitting and neural networks, respectively. The neural-network approach was found to be a more viable approach for surface-geometry measurement worth future exploration for its lower magnitude of 3D reconstruction error and consistency over different regions of the object space.

Tracking of human motion and object identification and recognition are important in many applications including motion capture for human-machine interaction systems. This research is part of a global project to enable a service robot to recognize new objects and perform different object-related tasks based on task guidance and demonstration provided by a general user. This research consists of the calibration and testing of two vision systems which are part of a robot-vision system. First, real-time tracking of a human hand is achieved using images acquired from three calibrated synchronized cameras. Hand pose is determined from the positions of physical markers and input to the robot system in real-time. Second, a multi-line laser camera range sensor is designed, calibrated, and mounted on a robot end-effector to provide three-dimensional (3D) geometry information about objects in the robot environment. The laser-camera sensor includes two cameras to provide stereo vision. For the 3D hand tracking, a novel score-based hand tracking scheme is presented employing dynamic multi-threshold marker detection, a stereo camera-pair utilization scheme, marker matching and labeling using epipolar geometry and hand pose axis analysis, to enable real-time hand tracking under occlusion and non-uniform lighting environments. For surface-geometry measurement using the multi-line laser range sensor, two different approaches are analyzed for two-dimensional (2D) to 3D coordinate mapping, using Bezier surface fitting and neural networks, respectively. The neural-network approach was found to be a more viable approach for surface-geometry measurement worth future exploration for its lower magnitude of 3D reconstruction error and consistency over different regions of the object space.

No description available.

Cette thèse, consacrée à la mesure endoscopique de formes tridimensionnelle, se place dans un double contexte applicatif : tout d'abord industriel, avec l'inspection endoscopique de pièces mécaniques en milieu contraint (notamment tubulaire) à des résolutions micrométriques. Le second contexte est médical avec la détection de formes tridimensionnelle lors de coloscopies pour l'aide au diagnostic. L'endoscopie souple est obtenue par l'utilisation de guides optiques, la méthode de mesure tridimensionnelle est basée sur la stéréovision active avec la génération de lumière structurée par une matrice de micro-miroirs. Après avoir établi l'état de l'art, une méthode de conception et d'évaluation optique appliquée à la stéréovision en endoscopie souple est décrite. C'est ensuite la réalisation instrumentale, son évaluation métrologique, et une méthode innovante de basculement de modes dynamique entre stéréovision active et passive qui sont détaillées. Des méthodes algorithmiques de reconstruction tridimensionnelle adaptées à ce type d'instrument sont enfin proposées. Les contributions scientifiques de cette étude sont multiples. Une méthode d'analyse optique basée sur l'utilisation de fonctions de transfert de modulation pour la conception d'un endoscope mesurant par stéréovision est proposée. Des méthodes de traitement d'image pour un étalonnage robuste malgré une défocalisation optique ainsi qu'un nouvel algorithme à décalage de phase constituent également des contributions de l'étude. L'association de ces méthodes a permis d'extraire un principe de réalisation permettant la mesure tridimensionnelle par endoscopie souple. / This thesis aims at developing a tri-dimensional measurement endoscopic device in a double context: the first one is industrial with endoscopic inspection of mechanical pieces (tubular inspection, for example) at micrometric resolution. The second context is medical with tri-dimensional shape detection during colonoscopy to help the surgeon diagnosis. In this study, flexible endoscopy is made possible by using image guides and the tri-dimensional reconstruction method is based on active stereovision where a digital micro-mirror device is used to spatially structure the incoming light. After developing the state of the art, an optical conception and evaluation method, applied to stereovision for flexible endoscopic devices is described. The instrumental realization is then detailed and metrologically evaluated. An innovative method that allows to switch dynamically between active and passive stereovision is then detailed. Finally, 3D reconstruction algorithms adapted to this endoscopic instrument are proposed. The scientific contributions of this study are multiple. Firstly, an optical analysis method based on the modulation transfer function to design an endoscopic stereovision system is proposed. An image processing method for robust calibration in a defocused optical environment and a new phase-shifting algorithm for 3D reconstruction are proposed. Finally, a realization principle for 3D measurement in flexible endoscopy was extracted from the combination of all these methods.

No description available.

Différents éléments vasculo-nerveux participent à la constitution de l'angle ponto-cérébelleux. Dans certaines conditions pathologiques dont la genèse est encore imparfaitement connue actuellement, des conflits peuvent apparaître entre des vaisseaux battants autour du tronc cérébral et des nerfs crâniens. L'objectif de ce travail en trois parties distinctes est consacré à certaines bases anatomiques et physiologiques permettant de mieux appréhender ces conflits vasculo-nerveux. La première partie s'intéresse à la morphogenèse du système vertébrobasilaire. La conception d'un logiciel original de reconstruction tridimensionnelle a permis la modélisation de quatre embryons à partir de coupes histologiques. Les images obtenues permettent de confirmer la morphogenèse décrite dans la littérature et jette les bases d'une étude plus exhaustive. La deuxième partie démontre pour la première fois la mobilité physiologique du nerf vestibulo-cochléaire au niveau de l'angle ponto-cérébelleux, par l'utilisation d'une séquence IRM en contraste de phase. Les directions crânio-caudale et antéro-postérieure et leur amplitude ont été étudiées. Ces mouvements sont dépendants de l'onde de pouls. De façon plus générale, ils peuvent être modélisés sous la forme d'une corde oscillant entre le tronc cérébral et le fond du méat acoustique interne. La troisième partie traite d'une étude de faisabilité qui jette les bases informatiques permettant d'apprécier le vieillissement artériel par la variabilité morphologique du point de confluence des artères vertébrales. Au laboratoire, nous avons conçu un programme de normalisation à partir des scanographies de neuf patients. Il autorise ainsi la création d'un tronc cérébral moyen, et la comparaison de la topographie de ces points de confluence. / Several vascular and nervous structures are located within the cerebello-pontine angle. In certain pathological conditions, microvascular compression syndroms may occur, where an artery or a vein is compressing a cranial nerve. The purpose of this work in three parts is to investigate some anatomical and physiological bases of these microvascular compression syndroms. The first part focuses on the vertebrobasilar system morphogenesis. A special designed 3D reconstruction original software allowed us to reformate four human embryos from histological serial sections. The three-dimensional views are confirming the classical features thus creating the basis of a larger study based on multiple embryos. The second part shows for the first time the physiological motion of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve at the level of the cerebello-pontine angle, with the help of a phase-contrast MRI sequence. The cranio-caudal and antero-posterior directions and their amplitudes have been studied. These motions are cardiac-cycle-dependant. We used an "oscillating string" model to explain the VCN motion between the brain stem and the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus. The third part of this work is focused on a preliminary study of the variability of the vertebro-basilar arterial fusion along the lifetime. An original software has been designed and allowing the normalisation from nine post-contrast cerebral CT scanners. A ?mean? brain stem was obtained and visualized in front of nine arterial fusion points.

La réponse thermique, électrochimique et mécanique d'un électrolyseur de la vapeur d'eau à haute température (EVHT) a été analysée dans ce travail. Pour ce faire, une approche de modélisation multi-physique et multi-échelle a été employée : • Un modèle local, à l'échelle de la microstructure des électrodes, a été utilisé pour analyser le comportement électrochimique apparent des électrodes de la cellule d'électrolyse étudiée. Le fonctionnement du système au sein d'un empilement de plusieurs cellules a ensuite été analysé grâce à un modèle thermoélectrochimique à l'échelle macroscopique de l'EVHT. Un élément de validation expérimentale du modèle accompagne les résultats. • Un modèle thermomécanique pour le calcul de l'état de contrainte de l'EVHT a été développé. Celui-ci tient compte des phénomènes physiques intrinsèques à la cellule et à son fonctionnement sous courant à hautes températures et à ceux imputables aux interactions mécaniques entre la cellule et son environnement. Les données manquantes nécessaires à l'exécution des modèles ont été obtenues par la caractérisation et par des calculs d'homogénéisation de la microstructure tridimensionnelle des électrodes. Par ailleurs le comportement viscoplastique du matériau de la cathode a été mis évidence par des essais de fluage en flexion quatre points. L'étude a permis de définir un domaine de fonctionnement optimal garantissant des performances électrochimiques élevées avec des niveaux de température acceptables. Des propositions visant à réduire l'endommagement mécanique du système ont également été produites. / The thermal, electrochemical and mechanical response of a high temperature steam electrolyzer (HTSE) has been analyzed in this work. To this end, a multi-physics and multi-scale modelling approach has been employed: • A local model, at the microstructure scale of the electrodes, has been used to analyze the apparent electrochemical behavior of the electrodes related to the studied electrolysis cell. System operation, in a stack of several cells, has been then analyzed using a thermoelectrochemical model at the macroscopic scale of the HTSE. An element of experimental validation of the model comes with the results. • A thermomechanical model for the calculation of the stress state of the HTSE has been developed. In this model, the intrinsic physical phenomena of the cell, of its operation under current at high temperatures and those ascribable to the mechanical interactions between the cell and its environment have been considered. The unknown data required for the models have been obtained by the characterization and homogenization calculations of the three-dimensional microstructure of the electrodes. Besides, the viscoplastic behavior of the cathode material has been determined by a four-point bending creep test. The study made it possible to define an optimal operating zone, ensuring both high electrochemical performances and acceptable temperature levels. Proposals aiming to reduce the mechanical damage of the system have been also produced.

Microscopic analysis of biological structures can be significantly enhanced by representing the object of study as a three-dimensional entity. To assist neurobiologists investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in neurite formation requires an adequate visual model or at least some measurable data. Reconstruction helps analysis of biological structures by representing the object of study as a three-dimensional entity. It helps gain insight into the morphological variation observed in each class of neurons and for simulations of neuronal behavior. To perform the reconstruction, biologists today have to rely on time-consuming manual or semi-manual methods which either doesn't exhibit robustness against noise of microscopy images or fail to capture precise dendritic structures, thus necessitating the need of fully-automated reconstruction methods for neuronal structures. In our work, we designed a framework with the goal of enabling automation and yet produce flexible outputs to ensure a high quality reconstruction with minimal user intervention. Our framework is also not bound by varying contrast, size or resolution of data, thus capable of working on data obtained from wide variety of acquisition methods and neuronal structures.