Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo sobre o controle de velocidade sensorless aplicado ao Motor de Indução Trifásico (MIT) visando sobretudo, melhorar o desempenho da máquina de indução em aplicações na região de baixa frequência de operação. Para tanto, propõe-se uma abordagem utilizando a técnica de controle Direct Torque Control (DTC) com Space Vector Modulation (SVM) em conjunto com o Observador de Fluxo com Modelo de Tensão e Corrente (OFMTC), o que possibilita a estimação precisa da posição do vetor de fluxo do estator em baixa velocidade. Para a estimativa da velocidade do rotor é utilizado a estratégia Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) com mecanismo de adaptação fuzzy, a fim de se diminuir a sensibilidade aos parâmetros da máquina. O desempenho da estratégia de controle de velocidade sensorless proposta é testada em simulações com diferentes condições de operação buscando reproduzir alguns dos problemas encontrados em aplicações práticas, utilizando o software Matlab. Os resultados obtidos foram condizentes com resultados encontrados na literatura, comprovando o bom desempenho do sistema de controle de velocidade proposto. / This work deals with the sensorless speed control for Three-phase Induction Motor in order to improve its operation at low speed and low frequency. At first, a Direct Torque Control employing Space Vector Pulse with Modulation (SVPWM) based on Flux Observer (voltage and current model) is studied and evaluated due to its high accuracy of estimating the stator-flux at low speed. The Model Adaptive Reference (MRAS) with Fuzzy Controler is chosen in order to estimate the rotor speed. This choice is based on its capability of high performance during Three-phase Induction Motor operation even if the machines parameters and the load change during the operation. At last, some simulations with diferent operational conditions at low speed are carried out in order to test the sensorless control. The results show a good perfomance and agreed with the results shown in recent papers.

O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia denominada modelo de núcleo reduzido, aplicada para avaliar o desempenho de máquinas elétricas no que tange a geometria e materiais empregados na fabricação do núcleo completo. Para fins de validação da metodologia utiliza-se um Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico com dois graus de liberdade, comparando os resultados numéricos e experimentais. Através desta metodologia, pode-se realizar a análise dos fenômenos eletromagnéticos ocorridos no núcleo completo por meio da avaliação de seu modelo reduzido, composto neste caso por 33% do núcleo completo empregado no Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico. A comprovação da metodologia do modelo de núcleo reduzido ocorreu através da fabricação de uma bancada de testes, composta por uma célula de carga para realizar aquisição da força de propulsão planar, interface de potência e os núcleos reduzidos com seguintes materiais ferromagnéticos: compósitos SMC 1P Somaloy 500®, Ferro resinado e Aço ABNT 1020. Com auxilio da estrutura de testes, validou-se o modelo numérico dos três núcleos reduzidos quanto a força de propulsão planar. Na análise dos dados experimentais e numéricos, o material Ferro resinado apresentou a diferença 14% referente a força de propulsão planar, sendo a maior diferença entre os materiais estudados. Com a convergência dos resultados experimental e numéricos, realiza-se a comparação numérica entre os núcleos reduzidos e completos utilizando-se os três materiais ferromagnéticos. A análise numérica do núcleo reduzido com o material SMC 1P Somaloy 500® apresentou o fator de relação médio da força de propulsão planar de 2,65 em relação ao núcleo completo. O núcleo completo com Aço ABNT 1020 resultou no consumo médio de 56,7Watts para gerar a força de propulsão planar de 1 Newton. Dessa forma, proporciona-se uma ferramenta de maior rapidez para fabricação e avaliação do desempenho de materiais ferromagnéticos utilizados no núcleo completo da máquina elétrica. / This paper presents the development of a methodology denominated low core model applied to evaluate the performance of electrical machines with respect to geometry and materials used in manufacturing of the complete core. For validation purposes of the methodology is used a Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator with two degrees of freedom, comparing the experimental and numerical results. Through this methodology, it is possible to perform the analysis of electromagnetic phenomena occurring in the complete core based evaluation of the reduced model, made in this case with 33% of the full core employed in the Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator. The verification of the reduced core model methodology occurred through the manufacture of a testing bench, which is composed of a load cell to realize the acquisition of the planar propulsion force, potency interface and reduced cores with the following ferromagnetic materials: SMC 1P Somaloy 500® composites, resinated Iron and Steel ABNT 1020. With the help of the test structure, it was validated the numerical model of the three reduced cores regarding to the planar propulsion force. In the analysis of experimental and numerical data, the resinated Iron material showed a 14% difference concerning the strength of the planar propulsion, which is the biggest difference between the materials studied. With the convergence of the experimental and numerical results, a numerical comparison is performed between the reduced and complete cores using the three ferromagnetic materials. The numerical analysis of the reduced core with the SMC 1P Somaloy 500® material showed the average ratio of the planar factor propulsive force of 2.65 when compared with the complete core. The complete core with ABNT 1020 Steel resulted in an average consumption of 56.7 Watts to generate a planar propulsive force of 1 Newton. Thus, it is provided a faster tool for manufacturing and evaluation of ferromagnetic materials performance used in the complete core of the electric machine.

Esta tese consiste em desenvolver um sistema de identificação e classificação de falhas em motores de indução trifásico. As falhas analisadas foram simuladas em laboratório e envolvem problemas elétricos, como curto-circuito no estator, e problemas mecânicos, como barras quebradas no rotor. O sistema computacional proposto é formado pela transformada discreta wavelet, pelo cálculo de variáveis estatísticas e por redes neurais artificiais. A partir dos sinais elétricos da corrente do estator, a transformada wavelet produz os coeficientes característicos das falhas, os quais são usados no cálculo das variáveis estatísticas, como a média, root mean square, skewness e kurtosis. Estes valores são transmitidos como dados de entrada para as redes neurais que identificam as falhas e classificam a natureza das mesmas. Por fim, resultados obtidos visam validar a metodologia sugerida, que buscou nos sistemas inteligentes soluções eficazes para diagnosticar falhas em máquinas elétricas. / This thesis consists in developing a system for the identification and classification of faults in three-phase electric motors. The faults were analyzed and simulated in the laboratory and involve electrical problems, such as short circuit in the stator, and mechanical problems, such as broken rotor bars. The proposed computer system is formed by discrete wavelet transform, by calculation of statistical variables and for artificial neural networks. From the electrical signals of the stator current, the wavelet transform produces characteristic coefficients of faults, which are extracted by calculating of statistics variables, such as mean, root mean square, skewness and kurtosis. These values are passed as input to the neural networks that identify faults and the severity of it. Finally, results aimed at validating the methodology suggested that sought effective solutions in intelligent systems to diagnose faults in electrical machines.

Carbon dioxide hydrates were synthesized in a 0.10m I.D. and 1.22m tall bubble column equipped with a cooling jacket for heat removal. Visual observations at different driving forces (pressures between 2.75 and 3.60 MPa and temperatures between 0 and 8ºC) were recorded with a digital camera through a sight glass of 118.8 by 15.6 mm. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 20 to 50 mm/s to attain different levels of turbulence in the liquid. The growth rate was found to be dependent on the sequence/method used to reach the operating temperature and pressure. A greater supersaturation was obtained when the system temperature and pressure were reached with very low or no bubble-induced mixing. As a result, hydrates nucleated and grew immediately when starting the gas flow with the reactor volume being quickly filled with hydrates. Moreover, the hydrate growth rate and solution final density were higher when operating conditions partially condensed CO2 resulting in greater interphase mass transfer rates. In parallel, since hydrate formation is an exothermic process and the reaction is often limited by the rate of heat removal, heat transfer measurements were achieved in a simulated hydrate environment. The instantaneous heat transfer coefficient and related statistics gave insight on the role of bubbles on heat transfer and hydrodynamics.

Carbon dioxide hydrates were synthesized in a 0.10m I.D. and 1.22m tall bubble column equipped with a cooling jacket for heat removal. Visual observations at different driving forces (pressures between 2.75 and 3.60 MPa and temperatures between 0 and 8ºC) were recorded with a digital camera through a sight glass of 118.8 by 15.6 mm. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 20 to 50 mm/s to attain different levels of turbulence in the liquid. The growth rate was found to be dependent on the sequence/method used to reach the operating temperature and pressure. A greater supersaturation was obtained when the system temperature and pressure were reached with very low or no bubble-induced mixing. As a result, hydrates nucleated and grew immediately when starting the gas flow with the reactor volume being quickly filled with hydrates. Moreover, the hydrate growth rate and solution final density were higher when operating conditions partially condensed CO2 resulting in greater interphase mass transfer rates. In parallel, since hydrate formation is an exothermic process and the reaction is often limited by the rate of heat removal, heat transfer measurements were achieved in a simulated hydrate environment. The instantaneous heat transfer coefficient and related statistics gave insight on the role of bubbles on heat transfer and hydrodynamics.

In this study, three different programs are developed for the analysis of the three-phase induction motor, single-phase capacitor type induction motor and switched reluctance motor. The programs are developed by using Pascal and C++ programming languages. In the performance calculations of motors, analytical methods are used and these methods are tested for accuracy. These programs have also capabilities to design an optimum motor, which meets a set of performance, material and manufacturing constraints while minimizing the weight or any other defined objective function. In addition, in this study, an optimization tool is used to obtain an appropriate optimization method for the design of different types of motors. The software is tested over different commercial motors. The results illustrates that the performance calculations and optimization approach of the programs lead to good results.

The purpose of this thesis has been to convert two softwares called TPCAD (Three Phase Induction Machine Computer Aided Desing) and SPCAD (Single Phase Induction Machine Computer Aided Design) developed earlier for the design and analysis of three and single phase induction machines to meet the needs of motor manufacturing industry so that they can be run in windows environment. Furthermore, it was aimed to include features such as double cage motor analysis and design, to provide a facility designed motor lamination can be drawn for the user to see and facilitate sharing the designed lamination with other professional programs such as finite element analysis or thermal analysis etc. As a result of this study, a user friendly design tool facilitating the design process of induction motors has been upgraded by using C++ Microsoft Visual Studio .Net programming language. TPCAD and SPCAD are tested with different commercial motors. The results show that the full load performance calculations are within the range of 5% error for both programs. However, starting performance calculation errors are within 10% for TPCAD, and 8% for SPCAD.

Miscible gas flooding is a common method for enhanced oil recovery. Reliable design of miscible gas flooding requires compositional reservoir simulation that can accurately predict the fluid properties resulting from mass transfer between reservoir oil and injection gas. Drawbacks of compositional simulation are the efficiency and robustness of phase equilibrium calculations consisting of flash calculations and phase stability analysis. Simulation of multicontact miscible gas flooding involves a large number of phase equilibrium calculations in a near-critical region, where the calculations are time-consuming and difficult. Also, mixtures of reservoir oil and solvent such as CO₂ and rich gas can exhibit complex phase behavior at temperatures typically below 120°F, where three hydrocarbon-phases can coexist. However, most compositional simulators do not attempt to solve for three hydrocarbon-phases because three-phase equilibrium calculations are more complicated, difficult, and time-consuming than traditional two-phase equilibrium calculations. Due to the lack of robust algorithms for three-phase equilibrium calculations, the effect of a third hydrocarbon-phase on low-temperature oil displacement is little known. We develop robust and efficient algorithms for phase equilibrium calculations for two and three phases. The algorithms are implemented in a compositional reservoir simulator. Simulation case studies show that our algorithms can significantly decrease the computational time without loss of accuracy. Speed-up of 40% is achieved for a reservoir simulation using 20 components, compared to standard algorithms. Speed-up occurs not only because of improved computational efficiency but also because of increased robustness resulting in longer time-step sizes. We demonstrate the importance of three-phase equilibrium calculations, where simulations with two-phase equilibrium approximations proposed in the literature can result in complete failure or erroneous simulation results. Using the robust phase equilibrium algorithms developed, the mechanism is investigated for high efficiency of low-temperature oil displacements by CO₂ involving three hydrocarbon-phases. Results show that high displacement efficiency can be achieved when the composition path goes near the critical endpoint where the gaseous and CO₂-rich liquid phases merge in the presence of the oleic phase. Complete miscibility may not be developed for three-phase flow without considering the existence of a tricritical point. / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη, το σχεδιασμό και την εξομοίωση ενός σύγχρονου κινητήρα μόνιμου μαγνήτη οδηγούμενο από ελεγχόμενο τριφασικό αντιστροφέα. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός λοιπόν της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η μελέτη και προσομοίωση ενός σύγχρονου κινητήρα μόνιμου μαγνήτη μέσω της μεθόδου των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων, με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού Opera σε δύο διαστάσεις (2d). Στο περιβάλλον σχεδίασης κυκλωμάτων του ίδιου προγράμματος, μοντελοποιήθηκε και ο τριφασικός αντιστροφέας ισχύος για την οδήγηση του κινητήρα. Στην συνέχεια, έγινε διασύνδεση του λογισμικού Opera με το πρόγραμμα Simulink του λογισμικού Matlab, με απώτερο σκοπό να επιτευχθεί έλεγχος κλειστού βρόχου της ταχύτητας περιστροφής του κινητήρα Συγκεκριμένα, έγινε μελέτη και προσομοίωση ενός συγκεκριμένου 8πολικού κινητήρα τύπου Brushless DC, ονομαστικής ισχύος 660 W, ονομαστικής τάσης 48 V, και ονομαστικής ταχύτητας 3000 rpm ο οποίος τροφοδοτήθηκε στην είσοδό του με τριφασικό αντιστροφέα. Ιδιαίτερη προσοχή δόθηκε, στην εξομοίωση του τρόπου λειτουργίας των αισθητήρων Hall, μέσω των ημιαγωγικών διακοπτικών στοιχείων του αντιστροφέα, τα οποία ρυθμίστηκαν για να λειτουργούν σε κατάλληλες, για την υπό μελέτη μηχανή, χρονικές περιόδους. Κρίσιμη ήταν επίσης, η διαδικασία εύρεσης των κατάλληλων κερδών των ελεγκτών PI, έτσι ώστε να βελτιωθεί η μεταβατική απόκριση του συστήματος κλειστού βρόχου και να μειωθεί το σφάλμα μόνιμης κατάστασης ταχύτητας. Αναλυτικά, στο κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται αναφορά στα θεμελιώδη μεγέθη του μαγνητικού πεδίου, καθώς και στις ιδιότητες των μαγνητικών υλικών που χρησιμοποιούνται στην κατασκευή σύγχρονων μηχανών μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 αναλύονται οι σύγχρονοι κινητήρες μόνιμου μαγνήτη και γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στα κατασκευαστικά χαρακτηριστικά, στη βασική αρχή λειτουργίας και στις μαθηματικές εξισώσεις που τους περιγράφουν. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 περιγράφεται η διάταξη οδήγησης του κινητήρα και αναλύονται λεπτομερώς η λειτουργία και του αντιστροφέα και του κυκλώματος ελέγχου κλειστού βρόχου. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφεται η διαδικασία διεξαγωγής μετρήσεων και σχεδιασμού του μοντέλου πεπερασμένων στοιχείων της μηχανής στο περιβάλλον του υπολογιστικού προγράμματος Opera-2d. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 περιγράφεται η διαδικασία σχεδιασμού του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα και παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα εξομοίωσης για το σύστημα ανοικτού βρόχου. Στο κεφάλαιο 6 εξηγείται η διαδικασία διασύνδεσης των δύο προγραμμάτων (Matlab-Opera) και παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της εξομοίωσης για το σύστημα ελέγχου κλειστού βρόχου. / In this dissertation, the design and simulation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor driven by a three-phase inverter, is presented. The work was conducted at the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras. The objective of this dissertation is the study and simulation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor employing the finite element method, with the help of Opera-2d simulation software. In the Circuit Editor environment of the same software, a three-phase inverter for driving the motor was designed, utilizing the PWM method and achieving open loop control of the motor rotation speed under constant loads. In addition, a closed loop control system was designed on Simulink user interface of Matlab software and making use of the interconnection capability of the two programs (Matlab-Opera) closed loop control of the motor rotation speed was achieved. Specifically, chapter 1 gives reference to fundamentals of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of materials used in the construction of modern permanent magnet machines. Chapter 2 analyzes synchronous permanent magnet motors and makes an extensive reference to the constructional features, basic operation principle and the mathematical equations that describe them. Chapter 3 describes the motor driving converter and analyzes in detail the operation of the inverter and the closed loop control circuit. Chapter 4 describes the procedure for carrying out measurements and designing the finite element model of the machine in the environment of Opera-2d software. Chapter 5 describes the three-phase inverter design process and presents the simulation results for the open loop system. Chapter 6 explains the interconnection process of the two programs (Matlab-Opera) and presents the results of the simulation for the closed loop control system.

Carbon dioxide hydrates were synthesized in a 0.10m I.D. and 1.22m tall bubble column equipped with a cooling jacket for heat removal. Visual observations at different driving forces (pressures between 2.75 and 3.60 MPa and temperatures between 0 and 8ºC) were recorded with a digital camera through a sight glass of 118.8 by 15.6 mm. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 20 to 50 mm/s to attain different levels of turbulence in the liquid. The growth rate was found to be dependent on the sequence/method used to reach the operating temperature and pressure. A greater supersaturation was obtained when the system temperature and pressure were reached with very low or no bubble-induced mixing. As a result, hydrates nucleated and grew immediately when starting the gas flow with the reactor volume being quickly filled with hydrates. Moreover, the hydrate growth rate and solution final density were higher when operating conditions partially condensed CO2 resulting in greater interphase mass transfer rates. In parallel, since hydrate formation is an exothermic process and the reaction is often limited by the rate of heat removal, heat transfer measurements were achieved in a simulated hydrate environment. The instantaneous heat transfer coefficient and related statistics gave insight on the role of bubbles on heat transfer and hydrodynamics.