Atualmente, o mercado no Brasil de adjuvantes é de aproximadamente 400 milhões de dólares, sendo que a maior parte são os óleos, o que demonstra o pouco conhecimento sobre o uso de adjuvante organossiliconado. Foi realizada extensa revisão de literatura na Internet, Associações, Empresas privadas, bem como opinião de Especialistas. Pode-se concluir que os organossiliconados podem ser usados para herbicidas, fungicidas, inseticidas, reguladores vegetais, fertilizantes foliares e biopesticidas, devido às características toxicológicas e ambientais favoráveis, bem como os benefícios de melhoria da ação dos produtos, destacando-se a melhor performance em termos de penetração, absorção, retenção e cobertura de ingrediente ativo devido ao conceito de fluidez estomatal e penetração cuticular, que pode permitir redução do volume de água evitando a perda por escorrimento e permitindo melhor eficiência no manejo de problemas fitossanitários. Os adjuvantes organossiliconados não são iguais. Para se obter melhores resultados, é importante considerar: (i) as condições ambientais, (ii) as espécies vegetais, (iii) os sistemas de aplicação, (iv) o sistema de cultivo como um todo, (iv) os ingredientes ativos e (v) o alvo. A criação de uma regulamentação clara e simples é necessária, utilizando a normatização existente nos Estados Unidos como referência. Conforme discutido no Workshop sobre Adjuvantes Agrícolas no Brasil, promovido pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, o adjuvante deve ser tratado como um produto químico, o qual estará sendo combinado com os produtos agroquímicos existentes no mercado. Quanto às demandas de pesquisa, sugere-se estudar os diferentes adjuvantes organossiliconados com relação às suas propriedades, bem como as possibilidades de novas combinações personalizadas que forneçam o melhor desempenho quanto à melhoria da retenção e espalhamento para melhor cobertura das superfícies. Sugere-se ainda o levantamento de patentes existentes, bem como de material não compilado, incluindo produtos novos e do passado para criação de banco de dados. Um dos grandes usos dos siliconados tem sido com glifosato, visando reduzir perdas por lavagem e melhoria da eficácia. Para tanto, foi feito um ensaio sob condições controladas em casa de vegetação, na Universidade de São Paulo, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de surfactante organossiliconado juntamente com glifosato sob condições de chuva simulada. Utilizou-se a espécie Brachiaria decumbens, cultivada em vasos. Aplicações foram realizadas quando as plantas apresentavam um perfilho de cerca de 30 cm, 30 dias após a semeadura. Os experimentos conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, sendo cinco doses de glifosato (0, 135, 270, 540 e 1080 g.ha-1 do i.a.) e três doses do organossiliconado Break Thru ® (0, 50 e 100 mL.ha-1), com três repetições cada tratamento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos sem e com chuva simulada de 10 mm, 30 minutos após a aplicação dos tratamentos, sendo as avaliações (controle das plantas daninhas, índice Spad, peroxidação lipídica e massa seca) efetuadas aos 7 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Observou-se o aumento do percentual de controle e redução no teor de clorofila na dose de 135 g.ha-1 de glifosato com 100 mL.ha-1 do surfactante com chuva simulada. / Nowadays, the Brazilian adjuvant market is approximately 400 million dollars. The most part are oils, that demonstrating low knowledge about organosilicone adjuvants. It was made an extensive literature revision in the Internet, Associations, Private companies, as well specialist opinion. Conclusions were that due to favorable toxicological and environmental characteristics, organosilicone adjuvant can be used with herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, foliar fertilizers and biopesticides. The benefits are improved efficacy of products. The improvement can result from enhanced penetration, uptake, retention or covering of active ingredients. Organosilicones are unique adjuvants in that they can produce stomatal flooding. There are different adjuvant organosilicone. To obtain better results is important taking in consideration: (i) environment conditions, (ii) vegetal species, (iii) application system, (iv) crop management, (iv) active ingredient and (v) target. The creation of simple and clear /regulatory rules for adjuvants in Brazil is needed, using the existent normatization in the USA as reference. According discussions in the Workshop about Adjuvants in the Agriculture in Brazil, promoted by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, the adjuvant must be treated as a chemical product, which will be combined with the existed agrochemicals products in the market. In relation of Research demands, suggesting study the different organosilicone products in relation the properties. As well the possibilities of new personalized combinations that supplying better performance in relation retention improvement and spreading to better surface covering. Suggesting to review all the existed intellectual properties, as well not compiled materials including new products and from past for creating of database. One of big uses of organosilicone had with glyphosate, for reducing wash off losses and efficacy improvement. However, it was carried a trial under controlled conditions in greenhouse, in the University of São Paulo, with objective of evaluate the application of organosilicone surfactant with glyphosate under conditions of simulated rain. The Brachiaria decumbens specie was cultivated in pots. Applications were made when the plants were one tiller of about 30 cm, 30 days after seeding. The experiments were carried out in randomized design, using a factorial scheme, five doses of glyphosate (0, 135, 270, 540 and 1080 g.ha-1 of a.i.), and three doses of silicone adjuvant Break Thru® (0, 50 and 100 mL.ha-1) with three replications for each treatment. Two experiments have been conducted without and with simulated rainfall of 10 mm, 30 minutes after application of the treatments. Seven and 21 days after treatment application the percentage of weed control, Spad index, lipid peroxidation and dry matter were evaluated. This effect was more dramatic in dose of 135 g.ha-1, as well as decreased Spad value, dry matter and lipid peroxidation increase, when associated with a dose of 100 mL.ha-1 surfactant.

Atualmente, o mercado no Brasil de adjuvantes é de aproximadamente 400 milhões de dólares, sendo que a maior parte são os óleos, o que demonstra o pouco conhecimento sobre o uso de adjuvante organossiliconado. Foi realizada extensa revisão de literatura na Internet, Associações, Empresas privadas, bem como opinião de Especialistas. Pode-se concluir que os organossiliconados podem ser usados para herbicidas, fungicidas, inseticidas, reguladores vegetais, fertilizantes foliares e biopesticidas, devido às características toxicológicas e ambientais favoráveis, bem como os benefícios de melhoria da ação dos produtos, destacando-se a melhor performance em termos de penetração, absorção, retenção e cobertura de ingrediente ativo devido ao conceito de fluidez estomatal e penetração cuticular, que pode permitir redução do volume de água evitando a perda por escorrimento e permitindo melhor eficiência no manejo de problemas fitossanitários. Os adjuvantes organossiliconados não são iguais. Para se obter melhores resultados, é importante considerar: (i) as condições ambientais, (ii) as espécies vegetais, (iii) os sistemas de aplicação, (iv) o sistema de cultivo como um todo, (iv) os ingredientes ativos e (v) o alvo. A criação de uma regulamentação clara e simples é necessária, utilizando a normatização existente nos Estados Unidos como referência. Conforme discutido no Workshop sobre Adjuvantes Agrícolas no Brasil, promovido pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, o adjuvante deve ser tratado como um produto químico, o qual estará sendo combinado com os produtos agroquímicos existentes no mercado. Quanto às demandas de pesquisa, sugere-se estudar os diferentes adjuvantes organossiliconados com relação às suas propriedades, bem como as possibilidades de novas combinações personalizadas que forneçam o melhor desempenho quanto à melhoria da retenção e espalhamento para melhor cobertura das superfícies. Sugere-se ainda o levantamento de patentes existentes, bem como de material não compilado, incluindo produtos novos e do passado para criação de banco de dados. Um dos grandes usos dos siliconados tem sido com glifosato, visando reduzir perdas por lavagem e melhoria da eficácia. Para tanto, foi feito um ensaio sob condições controladas em casa de vegetação, na Universidade de São Paulo, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de surfactante organossiliconado juntamente com glifosato sob condições de chuva simulada. Utilizou-se a espécie Brachiaria decumbens, cultivada em vasos. Aplicações foram realizadas quando as plantas apresentavam um perfilho de cerca de 30 cm, 30 dias após a semeadura. Os experimentos conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, sendo cinco doses de glifosato (0, 135, 270, 540 e 1080 g.ha-1 do i.a.) e três doses do organossiliconado Break Thru ® (0, 50 e 100 mL.ha-1), com três repetições cada tratamento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos sem e com chuva simulada de 10 mm, 30 minutos após a aplicação dos tratamentos, sendo as avaliações (controle das plantas daninhas, índice Spad, peroxidação lipídica e massa seca) efetuadas aos 7 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Observou-se o aumento do percentual de controle e redução no teor de clorofila na dose de 135 g.ha-1 de glifosato com 100 mL.ha-1 do surfactante com chuva simulada. / Nowadays, the Brazilian adjuvant market is approximately 400 million dollars. The most part are oils, that demonstrating low knowledge about organosilicone adjuvants. It was made an extensive literature revision in the Internet, Associations, Private companies, as well specialist opinion. Conclusions were that due to favorable toxicological and environmental characteristics, organosilicone adjuvant can be used with herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, foliar fertilizers and biopesticides. The benefits are improved efficacy of products. The improvement can result from enhanced penetration, uptake, retention or covering of active ingredients. Organosilicones are unique adjuvants in that they can produce stomatal flooding. There are different adjuvant organosilicone. To obtain better results is important taking in consideration: (i) environment conditions, (ii) vegetal species, (iii) application system, (iv) crop management, (iv) active ingredient and (v) target. The creation of simple and clear /regulatory rules for adjuvants in Brazil is needed, using the existent normatization in the USA as reference. According discussions in the Workshop about Adjuvants in the Agriculture in Brazil, promoted by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, the adjuvant must be treated as a chemical product, which will be combined with the existed agrochemicals products in the market. In relation of Research demands, suggesting study the different organosilicone products in relation the properties. As well the possibilities of new personalized combinations that supplying better performance in relation retention improvement and spreading to better surface covering. Suggesting to review all the existed intellectual properties, as well not compiled materials including new products and from past for creating of database. One of big uses of organosilicone had with glyphosate, for reducing wash off losses and efficacy improvement. However, it was carried a trial under controlled conditions in greenhouse, in the University of São Paulo, with objective of evaluate the application of organosilicone surfactant with glyphosate under conditions of simulated rain. The Brachiaria decumbens specie was cultivated in pots. Applications were made when the plants were one tiller of about 30 cm, 30 days after seeding. The experiments were carried out in randomized design, using a factorial scheme, five doses of glyphosate (0, 135, 270, 540 and 1080 g.ha-1 of a.i.), and three doses of silicone adjuvant Break Thru® (0, 50 and 100 mL.ha-1) with three replications for each treatment. Two experiments have been conducted without and with simulated rainfall of 10 mm, 30 minutes after application of the treatments. Seven and 21 days after treatment application the percentage of weed control, Spad index, lipid peroxidation and dry matter were evaluated. This effect was more dramatic in dose of 135 g.ha-1, as well as decreased Spad value, dry matter and lipid peroxidation increase, when associated with a dose of 100 mL.ha-1 surfactant.

Malgré les avantages de l'intégration 3D, le test, le rendement et la fiabilité des Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) restent parmi les plus grands défis pour les systèmes 3D à base de Réseaux-sur-Puce (Network-on-Chip - NoC). Dans cette thèse, une stratégie de test hors-ligne a été proposé pour les interconnections TSV des liens inter-die des NoCs 3D. Pour le TSV Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (TSV-IBIST) on propose une nouvelle stratégie pour générer des vecteurs de test qui permet la détection des fautes structuraux (open et short) et paramétriques (fautes de délaye). Des stratégies de correction des fautes transitoires et permanents sur les TSV sont aussi proposées aux plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction: data link et network. Au niveau data link, des techniques qui utilisent des codes de correction (ECC) et retransmission sont utilisées pour protégé les liens verticales. Des codes de correction sont aussi utilisés pour la protection au niveau network. Les défauts de fabrication ou vieillissement des TSVs sont réparé au niveau data link avec des stratégies à base de redondance et sérialisation. Dans le réseau, les liens inter-die défaillante ne sont pas utilisables et un algorithme de routage tolérant aux fautes est proposé. On peut implémenter des techniques de tolérance aux fautes sur plusieurs niveaux. Les résultats ont montré qu'une stratégie multi-level atteint des très hauts niveaux de fiabilité avec un cout plus bas. Malheureusement, il n'y as pas une solution unique et chaque stratégie a ses avantages et limitations. C'est très difficile d'évaluer tôt dans le design flow les couts et l'impact sur la performance. Donc, une méthodologie d'exploration de la résilience aux fautes est proposée pour les NoC 3D mesh. / 3D technology promises energy-efficient heterogeneous integrated systems, which may open the way to thousands cores chips. Silicon dies containing processing elements are stacked and connected by vertical wires called Through-Silicon-Vias. In 3D chips, interconnecting an increasing number of processing elements requires a scalable high-performance interconnect solution: the 3D Network-on-Chip. Despite the advantages of 3D integration, testing, reliability and yield remain the major challenges for 3D NoC-based systems. In this thesis, the TSV interconnect test issue is addressed by an off-line Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (IBIST) strategy that detects both structural (i.e. opens, shorts) and parametric faults (i.e. delays and delay due to crosstalk). The IBIST circuitry implements a novel algorithm based on the aggressor-victim scenario and alleviates limitations of existing strategies. The proposed Kth-aggressor fault (KAF) model assumes that the aggressors of a victim TSV are neighboring wires within a distance given by the aggressor order K. Using this model, TSV interconnect tests of inter-die 3D NoC links may be performed for different aggressor order, reducing test times and circuitry complexity. In 3D NoCs, TSV permanent and transient faults can be mitigated at different abstraction levels. In this thesis, several error resilience schemes are proposed at data link and network levels. For transient faults, 3D NoC links can be protected using error correction codes (ECC) and retransmission schemes using error detection (Automatic Retransmission Query) and correction codes (i.e. Hybrid error correction and retransmission).For transients along a source-destination path, ECC codes can be implemented at network level (i.e. Network-level Forward Error Correction). Data link solutions also include TSV repair schemes for faults due to fabrication processes (i.e. TSV-Spare-and-Replace and Configurable Serial Links) and aging (i.e. Interconnect Built-In Self-Repair and Adaptive Serialization) defects. At network-level, the faulty inter-die links of 3D mesh NoCs are repaired by implementing a TSV fault-tolerant routing algorithm. Although single-level solutions can achieve the desired yield / reliability targets, error mitigation can be realized by a combination of approaches at several abstraction levels. To this end, multi-level error resilience strategies have been proposed. Experimental results show that there are cases where this multi-layer strategy pays-off both in terms of cost and performance. Unfortunately, one-fits-all solution does not exist, as each strategy has its advantages and limitations. For system designers, it is very difficult to assess early in the design stages the costs and the impact on performance of error resilience. Therefore, an error resilience exploration (ERX) methodology is proposed for 3D NoCs.

This thesis follows solo women hikers as they embark upon walking either the Pacific Crest Trail or the Appalachian Trail from beginning to end. By witnessing the ways in which the women hikers navigate the counter-culture of the trails, a critique of American society is revealed. This paper focuses on the differences between trail culture and normative culture, the transformations the hikers undergo, and how the hikes have affected the women’s lives.

This thesis follows solo women hikers as they embark upon walking either the Pacific Crest Trail or the Appalachian Trail from beginning to end. By witnessing the ways in which the women hikers navigate the counter-culture of the trails, a critique of American society is revealed. This paper focuses on the differences between trail culture and normative culture, the transformations the hikers undergo, and how the hikes have affected the women’s lives.

Återbruket ligger mellan Järna och Södertälje i området Lerhaga. Byggnaden är placerad  invid Tvetavägen och i anslutning till Tveta Återvinningscentral. I Återbrukets lager sorteras återbrukbart material, från högarna på Tvetatippen, i olika kategorier på hyllor och i lådor så den behövande lätt kan hitta vad den söker. I huset hålls även föreläsningar, workshops och utställningar för att visa på alla möjligheter återvinning och återbruk skapar. Pick-up-lagret är Återbrukets ansikte utåt mot Tvetavägen. Förbipasserande trafikanter lockas att på ett smidigt sätt stanna till och köpa billigt och återbrukat material som lätt kan lastas in i bilen. Om du inte har en bil eller möjlighet att transportera materialet du köper finns det både släp och flyttbilar att låna, allt för att underlätta så lokalbefolkningen väljer återbruk framför att köpa nytt.Återbruket är byggt av återbrukat tegel och i så stor utsträckning som möjligt av återbrukat material. De träd som avverkats för att placera Återbruket på just den här specifika platsen har blivit byggmaterial till möblerna i huset. Det diagonala taket kom fram efter många olika versioner av vinklade sadeltak och tar inspiration från ladorna i närliggande bebyggelse. Taket ger de 3 delarna i byggnaden ett samspel och ger fasaderna ett uttrycksfullt möte med taket. Teglet ger Återbruket ett stationärt uttryck som visar på att storskaligt återbruk härmed är en given del i återvinningsprocessen och i Södertälje kommun. / House of Upcycling is located in between Järna and Södertälje in the area Lerhaga. The building is placed by Tvetavägen and in close proximity to Tveta Recycling Center. Reusable materials from Tveta Recycling Center are categorically sorted on shelves and in boxes in the House of Upcycling’s warehouse. This so that anyone in need easily can find what they are looking for. The house also offers lectures, workshops and exhibitions to show all the possibilities that recycling and upcycling creates. The by car-accessible pick-up warehouse is the House of Upcycling’s face outwards towards Tvetavägen. Passers-by are tempted to stop and buy cheap and recycled materials that they can easily load into their car. If you do not have a car or the opportunity to transport the material you buy, there are both trailers and trucks to borrow, all to make it easier for the locals to choose recycled over purchasing newly produced materials.The House of Upcycling is built from recycled brick and the furniture in the house were built with the wood from the trees that were chopped down to build the house on this specific site.The diagonal roof emerged after many different versions of angled saddle roofs and is inspired by the barns located nearby. The roof gives the 3 parts of the building an interplay and gives the facades an expressive meeting with the roof. The brick walls give House of Upcycling a stationary expression that shows that large-scale recycling hereby is a given part of the recycling process and in Södertälje municipality.

No description available.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / In RF power transistor characterisation, the designer is confronted with low impedance measurements (typically from 1 Ohm to 12 Ohm). These transistors are contained in metal-ceramic packages of which the lead widths vary with power capability. This thesis presents a high-quality fixture design with low impedance TRL calibration standards for characterisation of an LDMOS transistor. Pre-matching networks are used to transform to the low impedance environment. Since these pre-matching networks are independent of the termination impedance, the low impedance port can always be designed to comply with the same dimension as the device which is being measured.

There is an increasing demand for multimedia services in heterogeneous wireless networks. Considering the highly dynamic wireless channels and the relatively large size of the multimedia data, how to support efficient and reliable multimedia delivery is a pressing issue. In this dissertation, we investigate the multimedia delivery algorithms in heterogeneous wireless networks from three different aspects. First, we study the single-flow rate adaptation of video streaming algorithm over multiple wireless interfaces. In order to maintain high video streaming quality while reducing the wireless service cost, the optimal video streaming process with multiple links is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The reward function is designed to consider the quality of service (QoS) requirements for video traffic, such as the startup latency, playback fluency, average playback quality, playback smoothness and wireless service cost. To solve the MDP in real time, we propose an adaptive, best-action search algorithm to obtain a sub-optimal solution. To evaluate the performance of the proposed adaptation algorithm, we implemented a testbed using the Android mobile phone and the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) codec and conducted experiments with real video flow. Then, with the multiple multimedia flows competing for limited wireless resources, we propose a utility-based scheduling algorithm for multimedia transmission in Drive-thru Internet. A utility model is devised to map the throughput to user's satisfaction level in terms of multimedia data quality, such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of video. The objective of the scheduling problem is to maximize the total utility. Then the optimization problem is formulated as a finite-state decision problem with the assumption that future arrival information is known, and it is solved by a searching algorithm as the benchmark. To obtain a real-time solution, a practical heuristic algorithm based on the concept of utility potential is devised. We further implemented the solution and conducted extensive simulations using NS-3. Finally, the multimedia dissemination problem in large-scale VANETs is investigated. We first utilize a hybrid-network framework to address the mobility and scalability issues in large-scale VANETs content distribution. Then, we formulate a utility-based maximization problem to find the best delivery strategy and select an optimal path for the multimedia data dissemination, where the utility function has taken the delivery delay, the Quality of Services (QoS) and the storage cost into consideration. We obtain the closed-form of the utility function, and then obtain the optimal solution of the problem with the convex optimization theory. Finally, we conducted extensive trace-driven simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm with real traces collected by taxis in Shanghai. In summary, the research outcomes of the dissertation can contribute to three different aspects of multimedia delivery in heterogeneous wireless networks. First, we have proposed a real-time rate adaptation algorithm for video streaming with multiple wireless interfaces, to maintain the high quality while reducing the wireless services cost. Second, we have presented an optimal scheduling algorithm which can maximize the total satisfaction for multimedia transmission in Drive-thru Internet. Third, we have derived the theoretical analysis of the utility functions including delivery delay, QoS and the storage cost, and have obtained an optimal solution for multimedia data dissemination in large-scale VANETs to achieve the highest utility. / Graduate / 0984 / 0544

Malgré les avantages de l'intégration 3D, le test, le rendement et la fiabilité des Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) restent parmi les plus grands défis pour les systèmes 3D à base de Réseaux-sur-Puce (Network-on-Chip - NoC). Dans cette thèse, une stratégie de test hors-ligne a été proposé pour les interconnections TSV des liens inter-die des NoCs 3D. Pour le TSV Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (TSV-IBIST) on propose une nouvelle stratégie pour générer des vecteurs de test qui permet la détection des fautes structuraux (open et short) et paramétriques (fautes de délaye). Des stratégies de correction des fautes transitoires et permanents sur les TSV sont aussi proposées aux plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction: data link et network. Au niveau data link, des techniques qui utilisent des codes de correction (ECC) et retransmission sont utilisées pour protégé les liens verticales. Des codes de correction sont aussi utilisés pour la protection au niveau network. Les défauts de fabrication ou vieillissement des TSVs sont réparé au niveau data link avec des stratégies à base de redondance et sérialisation. Dans le réseau, les liens inter-die défaillante ne sont pas utilisables et un algorithme de routage tolérant aux fautes est proposé. On peut implémenter des techniques de tolérance aux fautes sur plusieurs niveaux. Les résultats ont montré qu'une stratégie multi-level atteint des très hauts niveaux de fiabilité avec un cout plus bas. Malheureusement, il n'y as pas une solution unique et chaque stratégie a ses avantages et limitations. C'est très difficile d'évaluer tôt dans le design flow les couts et l'impact sur la performance. Donc, une méthodologie d'exploration de la résilience aux fautes est proposée pour les NoC 3D mesh.