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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study at the Brooklyn Chest Hospital (BCH) was to assess the change in the oral carriage of Candida species in twenty-nine patients co-infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB), before and after anti-fungal treatment. Each patient accepted onto the study underwent a comprehensive oral and peri-oral examination where the presence, site and clinical features of all oral and peri-oral lesions were recorded. The purpose of the examination was to provide a clinical diagnosis of oral candidasis. Each patient was also asked to provide a sample of oral fluid for laboratory analysis. This was collected using an oral rinse. The results of a variety of laboratory investigations were used to identify the species of Candida obtained from the oral rinse. Both the oral and peri-oral examination and the oral rinse procedure were repeated after one month and at three months. A sample from each oral rinse was inoculated on CHROMagar Candida chromogenic medium (CHROMagar Candida, France, Paris). CHROMagar is used for the isolation and presumptive identification of Candida sp. from other yeasts on the basis of strongly contrasted colony colours, which are produced by the reactions of species-specific enzymes with a proprietary chromogenic substrate. After forty-eight hours the CHROMagar plate was examined for growth, when a record of colony morphology and colour was made. A single sample from each different colour-coded colony was taken and streaked onto a Sabouraud plate (Oxoid, Basingstake, England) and then incubated for forty eight hours at thirty-seven degrees centigrade. A variety of laboratory investigations were subsequently carried out on a single colony taken from the Sabouraud agar plate (Oxoid). The results of these tests were used to identify the individual species of Candida isolated from each oral rinse. Oral candidasis was the most prevalent oral lesion observed on admission and at three months. Six different species of Candida were identified during this study, namely Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. C.albicans was the most commonly identified species in study population. Candida dubliniensis was isolated and identified for the first time in a South African HIV population. Each specimen of Candida sp. identified by laboratory analysis was tested for sensitivity to Nystatin, Amphotericin B and Fluconazole anti-fungal agents. An additional sensitivity test was performed using Ajoene and Allicin (extracts of garlic) to assess the comparative antifungal properties of these compounds. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van hierdie studie by die Brooklyn Borshospitaal (BCH) was om die verandering in orale draerstatus van die Kandida spesies in nege-en-twintig HIVfTB koïnfekteerde pasiënte vas te stel, voor- en na antifungale behandeling. Elke pasiënt in die studie het 'n volledige intra- en ekstra-orale ondersoek ondergaan. Die teenwoordigheid, area en kliniese voorkoms van alle letsels is noteer. Die doel van die ondersoek was om 'n kliniese diagnose van orale kandidiase te verkry. 'n Monster orale vloeistof is geneem van elke pasiënt vir laboratorium analise. Die monster is in die vorm van 'n mondspoel geneem. Verskeie toetse is gedoen om die verskillende Kandida spesies in elke monster te identifiseer. Die orale- en ekstra-orale ondersoek sowel as die mondspoelmonster is na 1 en 3 maande herhaal. Elke mondspoelmonster is op CHROMagar Kandida chromogene medium (CHROMagar Candida, France) inokuleer. CHROMagar word gebruik vir die vermoedelike identifikasie en isolasie van Kandida spesies teenoor ander swamme. Dit word gedoen op die basis van kontrasterende koloniekleure, wat teweeggebring word deur spesie-spesifieke ensiemreaksies op 'n chromogene substraat. Die CHROMagar plate is na 48 uur ondersoek vir groei en die kolonie-morfologie en - kleur is noteer. 'n Enkel monster. is geneem van elke verskillende kolonie (geskei op kleur) en is uitgestreep op 'n Saboraud plaat (Oxoid, Basingstoke, England). Dit is dan vir 48 uur inkubeer teen 37°C. Verskeie laboratorium ondersoeke is daarna uitgevoer op 'n enkel kolonie geneem vanaf die Saboraud agar plaat (oxoid). Die resultate van die ondersoeke is gebruik om individuele spesies van Kandida te identifiseer. Orale Kandidiase was die mees algemene orale letsel geïdentifiseer by toelating en 3 maande ondersoeke. Ses verskillende spesies Kandida is identifiseer tydens die studie, naamlik: Kandida albicans, K.dubliniensis, K.Krusei, K.glabrata, K.parapsilosis en K.tropicalis. K.albicans was die mees algemeen identifiseerde spesie in die studiepopulasie. K.dubliniensis is vir die eerste keer in Suid-Afrika in 'n HIV<+lpopulasie isoleer en geïdentifiseer. Elke monster van identifiseerde Kandida spesies is getoets vir sensitiwiteit teenoor Nistatien, Amfotensien B en Flukonasool. Addisioneel is ook getoets vir sensitiwiteit teenoor Ajoene en Allicin (knoffelekstrakte).

La compréhension de l'apparition d'espèces nouvelles est depuis longtemps un problème majeur en biologie évolutive. Dans le cadre de la spéciation, une attention particulière est portée sur l'étude de la structure des populations c'est-à-dire l'agencement spatio-temporel de la diversité biologique permettant de mesurer et d'identifier la nature de la divergence. Cette divergence est dépendante de quatre forces: la dérive génétique, le flux de gène, la mutation et la sélection et a largement été étudié au sein des milieux insulaires. En effet, ces milieux ont toujours occupé une place de choix dans l'étude de la diversification du vivant car i) ils fournissent un cadre idéal pour étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans la diversification et ii) ils renferment une faune et une flore originales composées de nombreuses espèces endémiques. Ces espèces endémiques montrent une fragilité singulière de part leur faible effectif et leur aire de distribution restreinte. La Grive à Pieds Jaunes, Turdus lherminieri, est un oiseau forestier et endémique de quatre îles des Petites Antilles : Montserrat, la Guadeloupe, la Dominique et Sainte-Lucie. Quatre-sous espèces ont été décrites sur chacune des îles sur des critères de coloration du plumage mais aucune étude n'a réellement quantifié la divergence entre ces sous-espèces. De plus, cet oiseau voit ses effectifs déclinés depuis une quinzaine d'années ce qui lui vaut d'être protégé sur trois îles alors qu'il est encore chassé en Guadeloupe. Les objectifs dégagés dans cette étude sont: i) d'étudier la structure spatiale des grives et d'en inférer les causes, ii) de retracer l'évolution temporelle récente de la diversité génétique ces populations, iii) de déterminer si les parasites peuvent exercer des pressions de sélection contrastées entre ces populations. Notre étude a permis d'identifier trois clades et quatre îles très différenciées sur le plan génétique et morphologique à confronter aux quatre sous-espèces définies auparavant sur des critères de coloration du plumage. A une échelle spatiale plus fine, la Guadeloupe seule, nous avons constaté des niveaux de différentiation peu commun chez des oiseaux. Enfin, le contexte parasitaire semble lui aussi structuré spatialement et présente des éléments de congruence avec les structurations morphologiques et génétiques. A la suite de cette étude, trois unités de gestion peuvent être définies afin de préserver les populations de Grives à pieds jaunes: une première incluant Sainte-Lucie, une seconde incluant la Dominique et une troisième incluant l'ensemble Guadeloupe et Montserrat / Understanding the mechanisms underlying population structure is a crucial issue in evolutionary biology and ecology. Identifying the processes driving biodiversity is also of prime interest to draw up guidelines for population management and conservation planning. Level of differentiation depends on a subtle balance between gene flow, genetic drift and natural selection and insight into the relative contribution of these factors can be provided by spatial and temporal patterns of intra-specific phenotypic and genetic variations. Differentiation has mainly been studied in insular systems because i) islands give ideal framework to study divergence in species ii) islands enclosed endemic fauna and flora. These endemic species are characterised by small population sizes and small distribution areas. They are consequently more fragilized by strong environmental changes. The Forest thrush Turdus lherminieri is an endemic and understorey bird present in four islands of Lesser Antilles: Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica and Saint-Lucia. Four subspecies have been described on each island on the basis of feathers coloration but no study has really quantified the divergence between these subspecies. In addition, bird numbers have decline since 15 years and now Forest thrushes are protected on three islands but are always hunted in Guadeloupe. Aims proposed in this study are i) to study the spatial structure in Forest thrush in order to deduce potential causes of this structure ii) to describe the temporal evolution of genetic diversity, iii) to determine if parasites can exert contrasted selection pressures which follow gentic and morphological pattern in Forest thrushes populations. In this study, we have identified three clades and subspecies on each island which are differentiated morphologically and genetically. At fine scale i.e Guadeloupe only, we have revealed an uncommon level of differentiation. In last, the parasites’ structure seems to follow the morphological and genetic structure observed in Forest thrushes. To conclude, three management units can be defined: a first in Saint- Lucia, a second in Dominica and a third including Montserrat and Guadeloupe

"8th July 2002." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-308) Examines the systematics (taxonomy, phylogeny, and epiemiology) of the genus Candida using a combination of traditional and contemporary methodologies. Assesses these methods to determine their diagnostic potential to unequivocally identify and characterise species and strains of this medically and dentally important yeast genus.

"8th July 2002." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-308) / vi, 308, [57] leaves : charts ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines the systematics (taxonomy, phylogeny, and epiemiology) of the genus Candida using a combination of traditional and contemporary methodologies. Assesses these methods to determine their diagnostic potential to unequivocally identify and characterise species and strains of this medically and dentally important yeast genus. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Dentistry, 2002

The song thrush (Turdus philomelos) was introduced to New Zealand from Britain during the mid 19th century and has become one of the most common terrestrial bird species in New Zealand. In this study, I surveyed a range of life-history traits in New Zealand song thrushes for comparison with traits of British thrushes. Clutch size, egg size and nest size have decreased, while the nestling period is shorter and the incubation period longer. This combination of changes suggests birds are investing less energy into each reproductive bout. Birds also appear unable to raise large broods, as nestling starvation is common in New Zealand, which suggests that food is limiting. I experimentally tested the ability of song thrushes to incubate enlarged clutches and broods, but productivity was not higher for enlarged broods and natural 3- and 4-egg clutches produced similar numbers of fledglings. Thus reduced clutch size may be an adaptation to the local environment. Differences in female incubation behaviour, with 3- and 4-egg clutches receiving higher levels of incubation and more visits per hour than 5-egg clutches, also suggest New Zealand thrushes have difficulty coping with clutches as large as those in Britain. The decrease in clutch size between New Zealand and Britain is in the direction and magnitude expected based on the change in latitude, which supports the hypothesis that factors affecting foraging time and food availability, such as daylength, temperature and rainfall, may be selecting for smaller clutches. Egg size was also found to have decreased in New Zealand, though this may be the result of smaller adult size. Hatchling mass was related to egg volume, but I found no effect of egg volume or clutch size on hatching success. However, nests containing more pointed eggs (i.e., abnormally-shaped eggs), had lower survival and hatching/fledgling success. Data from the national nest record database and my study both suggest that differences in song thrush productivity are the result of differential survival of nestlings. Nestling mortality due to starvation was common at Kowhai Bush, but rare in Britain, so either adult condition or food availability may be lowering reproductive success in New Zealand. High rates of nest failure (>65%) could also affect clutch size, but the strong directional selection imposed by food limitation during the nestling period suggests that increases in food supply would result in increased reproductive success even with the same levels of nest failure. When comparing clutch size throughout New Zealand, I found a significant, positive relationship with rainfall, which further suggests that food limitation may be the main factor driving changes in life-history traits of song thrushes in New Zealand.

The Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) is declining throughout its range, yet is capable of persisting in both contiguous forests and small forest patches surrounded by human suburban development. Thus, it is an ideal species for gaining insight into the effects of suburbanization on migrant songbirds. I investigated two aspects of Wood Thrush nesting ecology: nest ectoparasites and nest defense behavior in order to determine if suburbanization influences either aspect. Nests from suburban forests had fewer haematophagous mites, though the abundance of haematophagous blowfly larvae did not differ between suburban and contiguous forests. There was no relationship between the abundance of mites and nest site characteristics, though blowfly abundance may be related to nesting substrate species. Parasites had little effect on nestling condition. In regard to nest defense, suburban Wood Thrushes had shorter flight initiation distances and mounted more active defenses during initial nest visits than birds nesting in contiguous forests, suggesting a previously-established sensitization response to human disturbances in suburban birds. I found no consistent shifts in aggression over subsequent nest visits in either habitat type, suggesting that throughout the breeding season, Wood Thrushes neither habituate nor sensitize further to repeated human disturbances. My results suggest that Wood Thrushes nesting in suburban forest patches are subject to fewer nest ectoparasites and defend their nests more aggressively than conspecifics nesting in contiguous forests. These results draw attention to the fact that although Wood Thrushes persist in both rural and suburban habitats, their nesting ecology may be different between these habitat types.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">Oral ulcers and oral thrush could be indicative of serious illnesses such as oral cancer, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among others. There are many different health care workers that can be approached for advice and/or treatment for oral ulcers and oral thrush (sometimes referred to as mouth sores by patients), including pharmacists. In fact, the mild and intermittent nature of oral ulcers and oral thrush may most likely lead the patient to present to a pharmacist for immediate treatment. In addition, certain aspects of access are exempt at a pharmacy such as long queues and waiting times, the need to make an appointment and the cost for consultation. Thus pharmacies may serve as a reservoir of undetected cases of oral cancer, HIV and other STIs. <b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font></b><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">: To determine how community pharmacists in the Western Cape manage </font>oral ulcers and oral thrush.</font></font></p>

Bicknell's Thrush is one of the rarest species of breeding bird in North America. In this study, we conducted a characterization and classification of the habitat for Bicknell's Thrush on two high-elevation sites in the Estrie region, Quebec: Mont Megantic and Mont Gosford. To identify habitat preferences, we characterized and compared the vegetation composition and habitat structure of 42 sites occupied by the species, and 19 unoccupied sites. / To classify the habitat on the two mountains as suitable or unsuitable for Bicknell's Thrush, we used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to integrate Thematic Mapper data (bands 3, 4, 5, and 7) with field observations on the locations of occupied and unoccupied sites. The supervised classification of habitat on each mountain identified sites that were occupied or unoccupied by the species as suitable or unsuitable, respectively, with an accuracy of 89 to 90%. The results indicate the usefulness of our methods in mapping potential suitable habitat for Bicknell's Thrush at the local scale. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">Oral ulcers and oral thrush could be indicative of serious illnesses such as oral cancer, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among others. There are many different health care workers that can be approached for advice and/or treatment for oral ulcers and oral thrush (sometimes referred to as mouth sores by patients), including pharmacists. In fact, the mild and intermittent nature of oral ulcers and oral thrush may most likely lead the patient to present to a pharmacist for immediate treatment. In addition, certain aspects of access are exempt at a pharmacy such as long queues and waiting times, the need to make an appointment and the cost for consultation. Thus pharmacies may serve as a reservoir of undetected cases of oral cancer, HIV and other STIs. <b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font></b><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">: To determine how community pharmacists in the Western Cape manage </font>oral ulcers and oral thrush.</font></font></p>