Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Neurology & Neurosurgery. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/23). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-199). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 10, 2009). Thesis advisor: Bruce Ralston. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Henrique Junior.pdf: 3284016 bytes, checksum: 83adf7f3c87a47d0af63e4bac35ae9db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-16 / The goal of the present study was to evaluate the psychophysiological aspects of anxiety, especially attention and the perception of the passage of time. The IDATE psychometric scale was used in 180 students of the Physical Education course at the Universidade de São Paulo in the classroom. 15 more anxious and 15 less anxious volunteers were selected. The IDATE - trace was used due to the fact that it presents the more constant characteristics of anxiety. Experiment l was the task of Spontaneous Time, where participants were asked to hit button A of the joystick with their finger in the most regular and accurate way possible for one minute. In experiment 2 participants were asked to respond, as quickly as possible, to the stimulus (white dot 0,4 degree) with a luminescence of 80 cd/m against a grey background by pressing the A button of the joystick with any finger of the dominant hand (SRT). The stimuli were presented randomly at 82 different positions of the computer screen. After data processing and statistical analysis, the general and exploratory study presented here do show trends, but not meaningful correlations between the measurements. Some data, however, seem to stand out and should be considered in the planning of future experiments. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos psicofisiológicos da ansiedade em particular a atenção e a percepção da passagem do tempo. Foi aplicada a escala psicométrica de ansiedade do IDATE em 180 alunos do curso de Educação Física da Universidade de São Paulo em sala de aula. Foram selecionados 15 voluntários mais ansiosos e 15 menos ansiosos foi considerado o IDATE traço por apresentar características mais constantes da ansiedade. O experimento 1 foi a tarefa de Tempo Espontâneo onde os participantes deviam bater o dedo no botão A do joystick da forma mais regular e precisa possível por um minuto. Já no experimento 2 os participantes foram orientados a responder o mais rápido possível ao surgimento do estimulo (ponto branco 0,4 grau) com uma luminância de 80 cd/m contra um fundo cinza pressionando o botão A do joystick com qualquer dedo da mão dominante (TRS). Os estímulos eram apresentados randomicamente por 82 posições diferentes na tela do computador. Após tratamento dos dados e analise estatística, o estudo de caráter geral e exploratório apresentado aqui mostra tendências, mas não correlações significativas entre as medidas. Alguns dados, no entanto, chamam a atenção e devem ser considerados no planejamento de experimentos futuros.

L’objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier de façon plus approfondie l’influence des émotions sur la perception du temps, et surtout d’essayer d’identifier les mécanismes sous-jacents, encore méconnus aujourd’hui. Pour cela, j’ai mené 6 études organisées autour de 2 axes. L’objectif de l’Axe 1 était d’identifier les mécanismes impliqués dans l’effet des émotions sur la perception de la durée de stimuli émotionnels dans une tâche de bissection temporelle. L’objectif de l’Axe 2 était d’élaborer de nouvelles techniques d’induction permettant d’observer des effets plus robustes. Les résultats révèlent un allongement subjectif du temps, avec différents types de stimuli émotionnels fortement activateurs sur le plan physiologique. Cet effet apparait avec plusieurs types de stimuli menaçants et un large éventail de durées, allant de 0.3 à 8 s. Il apparait également de manière similaire chez l’adulte et l’enfant, du moins dès l’âge de 5 ans. De plus, cette dilatation du temps n’est pas accompagnée d’une amélioration de la sensibilité au temps, même quand la discrimination temporelle s’avère difficile. L’ensemble de ces données suggère un effet robuste des émotions fortement activatrices sur le jugement du temps, qui serait expliqué principalement par des mécanismes automatiques, et provoquerait l’accélération de l’horloge interne. Dans les situations de menace, cette accélération de l'horloge permettrait d’agir le plus rapidement possible. Quand le temps passe plus vite, l’individu est plus promptement prêt à agir. Toutefois, d’autres études sont encore nécessaires pour trancher la question de l’automaticité des processus et l’absence d’effet attentionnel. / The objective of this thesis was to study more precisely the influence of emotions on time perception, and above all to try to identify the underlying mechanisms, still unknown to this day. For this, I conducted 6 studies organized around 2 axes. The goal of Axis 1 was to identify the mechanisms involved in the effect of emotions on the duration judgment of emotional stimuli in a temporal bisection task. The goal of Axis 2 was to develop new induction methods in order to observe more robust effects.The results reveal a subjective lengthening of time, with different types of highly arousing emotional stimuli. This effect appears with several types of threatening stimuli and a wide range of durations, ranging from 0.3 to 8 s. It also appears similarly in adults and children, at least from the age of 5. Moreover, this time dilatation is not accompanied by an improvement in time sensitivity, even when temporal discrimination was difficult. All of these data suggest a robust effect of highly arousing emotions on time perception, which would be explained mainly by automatic mechanisms, and would cause the acceleration of the internal clock. In a situation of danger, this clock acceleration would allow the individual to react as quickly as possible. When time goes faster, the individual is prepared to act quicker. However, further studies are still needed to resolve the issue of automatic processes and the absence of attentional effects.

In contemporary capitalist economies such as the UK, it is commonly held that an increasing number of people and households experience anxiety over time and symptoms of 'time squeeze'. Existing accounts of the character and causes of this phenomenon are rather one-dimensional and lacking in nuance, however. In part, this is because they typically lack any substantial theoretical engagement with the concept of time itself. Accordingly, this research aims to provide a more complex and contextual account of experiences of working time (both paid and unpaid), and to investigate how and why experiences of time squeeze vary between individuals and social groups. This is achieved by calling upon an enriched understanding of time, and employing an instrumental case study built around a set of 50 semi-structured interviews with employees working in Oxford University's central IT department and four of its constituent colleges. The empirical findings reveal that the (quantitative) extent and (qualitative) nature of participants' temporal anxieties vary with occupation, social class, gender, age and family status, as well as the importance of institutional and local context. Furthermore, they demonstrate that contemporary time squeeze is generated by a variety of causal mechanisms relating to the duration, tempo and timing of both paid employment and unpaid reproductive work, and their intersections with the personal, natural, social, institutional and technological rhythms that variously constitute everyday life.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Bussotti Reyes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2014. / A maneira com que humanos e outros animais percebem o tempo é constante alvo de estudos, onde o papel do sistema dopaminérgico na percepção do tempo é frequentemente debatido em estudos farmacológicos. Tarefas comportamentais como o procedimento de pico e a bissecção temporal dominam esta literatura, entretanto, devido à complexidade do tema, é necessário o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de tarefas que possam explorar outras facetas da percepção temporal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a influência do sistema dopaminérgico na tarefa Differential Reward of Response Duration (DRRD), ainda pouco explorada, através de injeções intraperitoneais de 1 agonista (apomorfina) e 2 antagonistas (haloperidol e olanzapina) dopaminérgicos com maior seletividade para o receptor D2. O haloperidol já foi amplamente utilizado em outras tarefas, enquanto as demais drogas ainda foram pouco exploradas na literatura de percepção de intervalos de tempo. Os resultados apontaram efeitos de todas as drogas na percepção temporal, onde os picos das curvas de distribuição deslocaram-se para a direita em pelo menos uma dose de todas as drogas. Observa-se, portanto, a influência da dopamina na percepção do tempo, conforme esperado, porém com um efeito pouco intuitivo, com drogas agonistas e antagonistas produzindo efeitos semelhantes. Além destes resultados, durante a etapa de treinamento dos animais, foram feitas alterações no protocolo de treinamento que diminuíram significativamente o número de sessões necessárias para o treinamento dos animais. / The way humans and other animals perceive time is frequently a target of several studies, where the role of the dopaminergic system in the perception of time is constantly debated in pharmacological studies. Peak interval and temporal bisection procedures dominate this literature, however, due to the complexity of this issue, the development and improvement of other tasks that may explore other aspects of time perception is required. The objective of this study was to characterize the influence of the dopaminergic system in the Differential Reward of Response Duration task (DRRD), through intraperitoneal injections of 1 agonist (apomorphine) and 2 antagonists (haloperidol and olanzapine) with higher selectivity for the dopamine D2 receptor. Haloperidol has widely been used in other tasks, while other drugs have still been little explored in the literature of timing. The results showed effects of all drugs on time perception, where the distribution peaks showed a rightward shift at least one dose of all drugs. It is observed, therefore, the influence of dopamine in the perception of time as expected, but in a counterintuitive way, where agonist and antagonist drugs produce similar effects. In addition to these results, changes were made to the training protocol which significantly reduced the number of sessions required for training the animals.

A temporalidade compõe as ações do indivíduo no mundo, portanto, a subjetividade assume papel importante, pois a partir dela é que o tempo ganha sentido e significado. Assim, a percepção subjetiva do tempo torna-se fundamental para a concepção da realidade, traçando uma distinção entre o decurso temporal dos muitos eventos vivenciados ao longo da vida, o que implica que o processamento da informação temporal é imprescindível no cotidiano. Um campo de pesquisa que tem se dedicado a investigações sobre o tempo subjetivo é a Nova Estética Experimental, que estuda obras de arte ou outros fenômenos estéticos através de experimentos, nos quais atributos das obras são manipulados, visando verificar quais são seus efeitos sobre algum aspecto do comportamento do indivíduo. Nas artes, a artista plástica Lygia Clark considerava que a obra só teria significado na relação com o espectador através de sua manipulação; deste modo, ela cria a série Bichos, que são esculturas que modificam suas configurações em resposta à ação do espectador, isto é, podem ser exploradas manualmente. O tempo subjetivo se altera em função da densidade de movimento percebido. Uma obra de arte em que seu movimento é induzido por manipulação pode alterar o tempo subjetivo. Questiona-se qual seria a influência da atividade exploratória destas obras sobre a experiência temporal e como essa relação se daria em condições nas quais os participantes apresentassem alterações dos padrões motores, como os observados em pessoas com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Assim, a proposta deste trabalho foi examinar os efeitos da manipulação de uma obra de arte móvel sobre o tempo subjetivo em indivíduos que apresentam o diagnóstico de DP. No experimento 1, estudantes de pós-graduação julgaram modelos de obras de arte da série Bichos de Lygia Clark, para os atributos: Complexidade, Regularidade, Quantidade de Material, Interesse e Agradabilidade. Os julgamentos mostraram que os estímulos apontados com maior quantidade de material foram considerados com maior nível de complexidade e interesse, no entanto, com menor nível de agradabilidade; por outro lado, os estímulos avaliados com menor quantidade de material foram indicados com menor nível de complexidade e interesse, entretanto, com maior nível de agradabilidade. Este resultado foi importante para a determinação dos estímulos que foram utilizados no experimento 2. Participantes com diagnóstico de DP e participantes sem a doença manipularam duas reproduções, alteradas no número de faces, de obras da série Bichos de Lygia Clark e realizaram a estimação temporal verbal da duração de suas manipulações. O manuseio foi registrado sendo analisadas quatro categorias comportamentais: Tocar, Movimentar, Soltar e Deslocar o estímulo. A análise da atividade exploratória dos participantes revelou que os participantes com DP tocam e soltam mais os estímulos e os movimentam e deslocam menos em relação aos participantes sem a doença. As estimações temporais realizadas pelos participantes apontaram que a manipulação de uma obra de arte móvel altera a percepção subjetiva de tempo. Todos os participantes superestimaram o tempo de manipulação dos estímulos, no entanto, os indivíduos com DP apresentaram uma menor superestimação quando comparados aos participantes sem a doença. / The temporality makes up individuals actions in the world, therefore, subjectivity plays an important role, because time makes sense and meaning based on it. Thus, the subjective perception of time is fundamental to the conception of reality, drawing a distinction between the temporal course of the many events experienced throughout life, which implies that processing of temporal information is essential in daily life. A field of research that has been devoted to research on the subjective time is the New Experimental Aesthetics, studying works of art or other aesthetic phenomena through experiments in which some attributes of the works are handled in order to verify which are their effects on some aspects of individuals\' behavior. In the field of arts, the artist Lygia Clark considered that the work would only have meaning in relation to the spectator through their manipulation; thus she creates the \"Bichos\" series, which are sculptures that modify its settings in response to the action of the viewer, that is, can be operated manually. The subjective time changes depending on the density perceived movement. A work of art in which its movement is induced by manipulation can change subjective time. One wonders what would be the influence of the exploration activities of these works on the temporal experience and how this relationship would be in conditions in which participants present changes in their motor patterns, as seen in people with Parkinson\'s disease (PD). Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the manipulation of a work of mobile art on subjective time in people who have a diagnosis of PD. In experiment 1, graduate students judged models of works of art from the series \"Bichos\" by Lygia Clark, for rating the following attributes: Complexity, Regularity, Material Amount, Interest and Agreeableness. Trials showed that the stimuli that indicated larger amount of material were considered with a higher level of complexity and interest, however, with lower level of agreeableness; On the other hand, the stimuli evaluated as having less material were also indicated with lower complexity and interest, however, with higher levels of agreeableness. This result was important to determine the stimuli that were used in experiment 2. Participants diagnosed with PD and participants without the disease manipulated two reproductions of some works from the series \"Bichos\" by Lygia Clark with the number of faces altered, and performed a verbal estimation of the temporal duration of their manipulations. The handling was recorded and four behavioral categories were analyzed: Touch, Move, Displace works position, and Drop the piece of art (stimulus). The analysis of the exploratory activity of the participants showed that those with PD touched and dropped more the stimulus, and, in contrast, they moved and displaced it less than the participants without the disease. The time estimates made by the participants pointed out that handling the work of mobile art altered the subjective perception of time. All participants overestimated the handling time of the stimuli, however, subjects with PD showed a lesser overestimation than participants without the disease.

Avaliamos a orientação da atenção visual de pacientes com Doença de Parkinson (DP), idosos e jovens saudáveis. Foram feitos cinco experimentos de Tempo de Reação (TR) e de Julgamento de Ordem Temporal (JOT), nos quais se avaliaram a atenção automática e voluntária e a percepção de ordem temporal. Os pacientes com DP apresentaram déficits em relação aos idosos na atenção voluntária, na percepção de ordem temporal e na flexibilidade mental, mas tiveram resultados semelhantes aos idosos na avaliação da atenção automática. A correlação entre os valores do TR e do JOT foi significativa entre os experimentos de TR e JOT, o que evidencia que os déficits dos DP e idosos têm origem num mecanismo em comum: a atenção. / We investigated the orienting of visual attention in patients with Parkinson?s disease (PD), healthy elderly and young subjects. Five Reaction Time (RT) and Temporal Order Judgment (TOJ) experiments were performed in order to evaluate automatic and voluntary attention and perception of temporal order. The PD patients exhibited a deficit when compared to the healthy elderly subjects in voluntary attention, perception of temporal order and mental flexibility, but had similar results in the automatic attention task. The correlation between the values obtained in RT and TOJ experiments was significant, which points towards a common mechanism underlying deficits of PD patients and effects of aging: attention.