Live cell imaging is the study of living cells using microscope images and is used by biomedical researchers to provide a novel way to analyze biological functions through cell behavior and motion studies. Cell events are seen as morphological changes in image sequences, and their analysis has great potential for the study of normal/abnormal phenotypes and the effectiveness of drugs. While current quantitative cell analysis typically focuses on measuring whole populations of cells, we need to be able to recognize cell events at the single cell level, identify these events automatically, and analyze these events over time. For this reason, we developed and evaluated several novel automatic single cell event detection and analysis methods based on a detailed knowledge of the cell cycle and other cell event characteristics. The first method detects significant events within the temporal sequence using a machine learning method to use features derived from segmented cell images. We used a Neural Network (NN) algorithm to classify cell events to pre-defined categories. The second and third methods apply statistical and econometric techniques originally developed for time-series analysis of financial markets to facilitate the identification of cell entry into mitosis. We developed graph trend analysis and paired graph analysis methods from trend analysis and pairs trading to determine significant data points in cell feature data. The final method determines the position of cells in order to associate daughter cells with their parent cells after mitosis using Kalman filter techniques. By using the Kalman filter approach, we estimated future cell border centroid positions and successfully associated daughter cells with their parent cells after mitosis. In this study, the performance of these novel computer vision algorithms for automatic cell event detection and analysis were evaluated and verified by applying models to different image sequences from the Large Scale Digital Cell Analysis System (LSDCAS). The results show that the approaches developed can yield significant improvements over existing algorithms.

Automatic slider for time lapse photography and the creation of a functional sample is described in this diploma work. The individual components and the control program itself are analyzed.

Seabirds are often used as indicator species for changes in marine ecosystems due to the species visibility and sensitivity to changing conditions, such as changes in prey abundance. They often reside in habitats affected by anthropogenic impacts such as large-scale fisheries and pollution. Understanding the connection between seabirds and their surrounding environment can give us important insight about the ecology of the ocean and how anthropogenic pressures affects it. Studying feeding habits, and foraging behavior especially, is useful for understanding seabird´s responses to changing environments. Feeding studies are commonly used in seabird monitoring and requires a lot of time and resources. Monitoring of seabirds are also logistically challenging, and the risk of disturbing bird colonies must be considered. It can be especially complicated when studying cliff nesting seabirds such as the common murre, Uria aalge, the study species for this thesis. Photography as a method for monitoring seabirds may limit the need of people on site, hence minimize disturbance and save time and resources. This study provides insight in whether it is a viable option to use photography instead of on-site field studies when monitoring sea birds. This was accomplished by installing cameras and monitor a feeding study at Stora Karlsö, Sweden, parallel with performing the usual monitoring in the field. This thesis makes it clear that a camera study very well could replace the field study without any larger concerns, although, improvements need to be considered if the study is to maintain a high quality and for results to be reliable.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Bestimmung von räumlich und zeitlich hochaufgelösten Bewegungsvektorfeldern von Gletschern aus monokularen Bildsequenzen. Diese stellen eine wertvolle Grundlage für glaziologische Analysen des Bewegungsverhaltens von Gletschern dar. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden Bildsequenzmessungen an fünf schnellfließenden Gletschern im Bereich der Diskobucht in Westgrönland durchgeführt. Insbesondere erfolgte die Aufnahme von Bildsequenzen und multi-temporalen Laserscannerdaten am Jakobshavn Isbræ, einem der schnellsten und produktivsten Gletscher Grönlands. Diese Messungen bilden die Datengrundlage der Arbeit. Es werden Messkonzepte zur Aufnahme der entsprechenden Bildsequenzen und multi-temporalen Laserscans bereitgestellt sowie Methoden entwickelt, um die Auswertung dieser Daten nach dem Prinzip der monoskopischen Bildsequenzanalyse zu ermöglichen. Die Bildsequenzen und multi-temporalen Laserscans werden von einem festen Standpunkt aus aufgenommen. Die Ableitung von Bewegungsvektorfeldern erfolgt dann durch eine automatische Zuordnung von Grauwertmustern in den Bildsequenzen bzw. durch die Zuordnung von 3D-Punktmustern in den multi-temporalen Laserscannerdaten. Bestehende Punktzuordnungsmethoden werden einerseits an die besonderen Eigenschaften der Gletscherdaten angepasst, andererseits werden geeignete Methoden zur Lösung von Detailproblemen neu entwickelt. Die Methodik der Bildsequenzanalyse wird dabei vor allem hinsichtlich ihrer Robustheit – beispielsweise gegenüber durch Schattenwurf verursachten Störungen im Bild – optimiert und es werden Bewegungseffekte in den Bildsequenzen korrigiert, die durch die Eigenbewegung der Kamera verursacht werden. Bei der Entwicklung der Methodik zur Analyse multitemporaler Laserscannerdaten werden vor allem Effekte berücksichtigt, die durch das sequenzielle Aufnahmeprinzip eines Scanners auftreten. Auf Basis der entwickelten und implementierten Methodik erfolgt die Auswertung der aufgenommenen Bildsequenzen und multi-temporalen Laserscans. Das Ergebnis der monoskopischen Bildsequenzauswertung ist ein dichtes Raster an Bewegungskurven für jede Bildsequenz. Die einzelnen Translationen der Bewegungskurven können mit einer Genauigkeit von einigen Zentimetern bis zu einem Dezimeter bestimmt werden. Die Auswertung der Laserscannerdaten liefert räumlich hochaufgelöste digitale Geländemodelle der Gletscheroberfläche sowie ein dichtes Raster von 3D-Bewegungsvektoren, deren Genauigkeit im Dezimeterbereich liegt. Anhand von Beispielen wird gezeigt, dass sich die aus monokularen Bildsequenzen abgeleiteten Bewegungsvektorfelder zur Bestimmung frontnaher Geschwindigkeitsfelder mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung, zur Ableitung der Lage und der Migration der Aufsetzlinie aus gezeiteninduzierten Vertikalbewegungen sowie zur Untersuchung des Geschwindigkeitsverhalten von Gletschern bei Kalbungsereignissen eignen. Aus den Laserscannerdaten können hochaufgelöste digitale Geländemodelle zur Dokumentation von Fronthöhen und Gletscherstrukturen abgeleitet werden, zudem eignen sie sich zur Bestimmung von Geschwindigkeitsfeldern, die eine sehr hohe räumliche Auflösung besitzen. / This research aims to determine the motion vector fields of glaciers with high spatial and temporal resolution. These vector fields can be derived from monocular image sequences and are a valuable data source for glaciological analysis of the motion behaviour of glaciers. Image sequence measurements have been conducted at five fast-flowing glaciers in the Disko Bay region in western Greenland. Especially at the Jakobshavn Isbræ – one of the fastest and most productive glaciers in Greenland – numerous image sequences have been recorded, as well as multi-temporal laser scanner data sets. These measurements provide the basic data sets for this thesis. The measurement concepts for the acquisition of image sequences and multi-temporal laser scans are presented, and procedures for the processing of the recorded data are developed, based on the principle of monoscopic image sequence analysis. Both the image sequences and multi-temporal laser scans are acquired statically. Motion vector fields can be derived by applying automatic co-registration methods on grey value patterns in the image sequences and on 3D point patterns in the laser scanner datasets respectively. Thus, standard matching techniques have been adapted to the special characteristics of the glacier data, and suitable methods that solve detail problems have been developed in addition. The method of the image sequence analysis has been optimised with respect to its robustness against errors caused by moving shadows. Furthermore, motion effects caused by small instabilities in the camera setup have been corrected. Regarding the analysis of multi-temporal laser scanner data, effects that occur because of the sequential acquisition principle of a laser scanner must also be considered. Based on the developed method, the image sequences and multi temporal laser scans have been processed. The result of the monoscopic image sequence analysis is a dense raster of trajectories for each image sequence. Each translation component from these trajectories can be determined with an accuracy of some centimeters up to one decimetre. The processing of the laser scanner data provides digital surface models of the glacier with high spatial resolution, and a dense raster of 3D motion vectors with accuracy in the range of decimetres. Specific examples show that motion vector fields derived from monocular image sequences can be used for the determination of high resolution velocity fields of glaciers, for the determination of the position and migration of the grounding line and for the investigation of a glacier’s motion behaviour during calving events. From the multi-temporal laser scanner data, velocity fields with high spatial resolution can be derived as well as digital surface models from single scans that document glacier front heights and glacier structures.

Communication plays a fundamental role in shaping our understanding of complex issues such as climate change. Too often scientists and journalists complain that the public does not fully comprehend climate change as they cannot see it. Adhering to calls for a need to propel away from media representations of climate change to a focus on more case-specific research, this Master Thesis analyses the aspect of visualisation within climate change communication with a focus on a contemporary example, the Extreme Ice Survey (EIS), as a case-specific study. EIS give a visual voice to our planets changing eco-systems, where an emphasis is placed on visually documenting the adverse effects climate change has on the planets glaciers, through conventional photography and time-lapse photography. Adhering to the need for further studies of visual representations towards the environment this thesis deploys an image analysis to investigate how meaning is framed through the EIS’s photographs and time-lapse videos. A collective reading between the photographs and their accompanying written captions highlighted contradictive frames of beauty and uncertainty. Additionally, as climate change is predominately seen as an abstract entity, a metaphor analysis was also applied to open further frames of thought into more comprehensible understandings. Integrating both still images and moving images into the study provided different results. Time-lapse videos were analysed to open up new developments of seeing and to extract potential frames of unfolding narratives, perspective and time.

3D time-lapse seismics, also known as 4D seismics, have great potential for monitoring the migration of CO2 at underground storage sites. This thesis focuses on time-lapse analysis of 3D seismic reflection data acquired at the Ketzin CO2 geological storage site in order to improve understanding of the reservoir and how CO2 migrates within it. Four 3D seismic surveys have been acquired to date at the site, one baseline survey in 2005 prior to injection, two repeat surveys in 2009 and 2012 during the injection period, and one post-injection survey in 2015. To accurately simulate time-lapse seismic signatures in the subsurface, detailed 3D seismic property models for the baseline and repeat surveys were constructed by integrating borehole data and the 3D seismic data. Pseudo-boreholes between and beyond well control were built. A zero-offset convolution seismic modeling approach was used to generate synthetic time-lapse seismograms. This allowed simulations to be performed quickly and limited the introduction of artifacts in the seismic responses. Conventional seismic data have two limitations, uncertainty in detecting the CO2 plume in the reservoir and limited temporal resolution. In order to overcome these limitations, complex spectral decomposition was applied to the 3D time-lapse seismic data. Monochromatic wavelet phase and reflectivity amplitude components were decomposed from the 3D time-lapse seismic data. Wavelet phase anomalies associated with the CO2 plume were observed in the time-lapse data and verified by a series of seismic modeling studies. Tuning frequencies were determined from the balanced amplitude spectra in an attempt to discriminate between pressure effects and CO2 saturation. Quantitative assessment of the reservoir thickness and CO2 mass were performed. Time-lapse analysis on the post-injection survey was carried out and the results showed a consistent tendency with the previous repeat surveys in the CO2 migration, but with a decrease in the size of the amplitude anomaly. No systematic anomalies above the caprock were detected. Analysis of the signal to noise ratio and seismic simulations using the detailed 3D property models were performed to explain the observations. Estimation of the CO2 mass and uncertainties in it were investigated using two different approaches based on different velocity-saturation models.

Ce travail présente une analyse de l'évolution morphologique et des processus sédimentaires actuels du plateau continental interne sud-aquitain, (sud-est du Golfe de Gascogne, France),secteur riche en données, mais sur lequel de nombreuses questions restent néanmoins en suspens. Il s'articule autour de deux zones ateliers complémentaires : la zone de « La Salie-Biscarrosse » sur le plateau continental interne sud-aquitain au sud des passes du Bassin d'Arcachon (entre 5 et 50 m de profondeur d’eau), et la tête du canyon de Capbreton et ses abords (entre 5 et 120 m de profondeur d’eau). Deux approches sont utilisées : (1) une approche descriptive et comparative (dans le temps), utilisant des données géo-acoustiques(sondeur multi faisceaux, sonar latéral et sondeur de sédiments), des prélèvements et (2) une approche mettant en oeuvre des modélisations numériques des interactions houles / courants /sédiments. Les résultats obtenus sur le plateau interne aquitain ont permis d'améliorer la connaissance de la morphologie, de la nature et de la géométrie interne des corps sédimentaires, d'étudier leur évolution au cours des 29 dernières années (entre 1984 et 2013)et de proposer des facteurs à l’origine de cette évolution. Le résultat majeur est la mise en évidence de « sorted bebforms » entretenus par la houle; dont la surprenante migration vers le nord-est est à associer à la récente découverte d'intenses épisodes de « poleward current » sur le plateau. Le suivi entre 1998 et 2013 de l’évolution morphologique de la tête du Canyon de Capbreton, située à seulement 250 m du littoral montre une évolution rapide qui fluctue cependant autour d'une position d'équilibre. Par ailleurs l’influence de la dérive littorale sur les transferts de sédiments du plateau vers le canyon a pu être démontrée. En-effet, les arguments morphologiques et sédimentaires, associés à la modélisation numérique, prouvent que la dérive littorale aquitaine alimente épisodiquement (conditions de houle forte) la tête de canyon en sables littoraux. / This study proposes an analysis of the morphological evolution and recent sedimentary processes of the south Aquitaine inner shelf (south east Bay of Biscay, France). This area is greatly documented but improvement of our knowledge is needed for a better understanding.Two complementary study areas are analyzed: « La Salie-Biscarrosse » area of the south-Aquitaine inner shelf (in a water depth extending from 5 to 50 m), and the head of the Capbreton Canyon (in a water depth extending from 5 to 120 m). Two approaches are used:(1) a descriptive and comparative analysis of the geophysical and sedimentological data setsand (2) a numerical modeling taking into account swell, current and sediments. The results obtained allow the description and the interpretation of the morphology, the nature, the internal geometry of the sedimentary structures, and their evolution along the last 29 years(between 1984 and 2013). The major result highlights the presence of sorted bedforms maintained by the swell, migrating northeastward and associated with the recent discovery of punctual poleward current on the shelf. The seafloor morphology of the Capbreton Canyonhead located only 250 m off the coastline, has experienced significant changes between 1998 and 2013, nonetheless it oscillates around a position of equilibrium. Furthermore, the influence of the littoral drift on sediment transfer from the shelf to the canyon was demonstrated. Sedimentary and morphological evidences combined with numerical modelingattest to the feeding of the Capbreton canyon head with coastal sand supplied by the southward long shore drift under high-energy wave conditions.

This thesis deals with the use of the video as a didactic tool in the education of the physics. Introductory part is theoretic and focuses on classification of didactic tools which can be used for physics teaching. Second part analyses the possibility of capturing physical effects, especially effects with very long or very short duration which cannot be captured by conventional devices. This part is focused on the right selection of physical effects, selecting and setting of suitable devices for capturing and further processing of the recorded video. The next section is based on the previous analysis of physical effects, which are recorded and processed into the form of educational movie. The main result of this thesis is the collection of educational movies of fast and very slow physical effects useful as the didactic tool for the teaching of physics.

Cracks in wood are considered to be one of the major problems for products, which have been made from this material. Crack detection and its propagation methods should be revised and improved with application of modern techniques. Nowadays new measuring techniques like digital camera image processing, and 3-D laser scanning are available. This work describes computer aided in-field methods for registration cracks in wood, its propagation, and tracing dimensional stability of glued laminated beams. The benefits of different methods for supervision of wooden element as well as its limitations are discussed. / <p>Validerat; 20120608 (anonymous)</p>

In the southern Appalachians, the dominant soil order, Ultisols, is highly susceptible to erosion. If left unmanaged these soils can develop into gully systems resulting in land degradation. This study examines gully development through sidewall mass-wasting events at a high temporal resolution using 30 minute time-lapse photography. Prior research at this site found significant mass wasting events occurring between weekly monitoring periods. By shortening the interval of observation to 30-minutes, a more accurate understanding of the frequency and intensity of these mass-wasting events, and their relation to meteorological factors, can be determined. Photographs of a gully (approximately 1.5 m deep by 3 m wide at the top) were captured every 30 minutes from 11/29/17 - 2/18/2018 with a WingScape outdoor time-lapse camera mounted on a plastic stake 3.16 m from the gully facing northwest and upstream into the gully channel. A total of n=1648 images were coded using presence/absence indices for six observed geomorphic processes: creep on NE facing sidewall, creep on SW facing sidewall, slump on NE facing sidewall, slump on SW facing sidewall, channel aggradation, and channel development. Precipitation and temperature data were collected every 5 minutes using a Davis Vantage Pro 2 weather station located 240 m from the gully, and were aggregated to various time intervals. Precipitation received in previous 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours were calculated for each image. Two binary temperature variables were generated with values of “1” if temperature dropped below 0 °C (32 °F) during the prior 30 minutes or 24 hours, respectively, and “0” otherwise. Logistic regression models (forward conditional method) for the six geomorphic index variables were generated using the precipitation and temperature data. For creep on the NE facing sidewall, the significant independent variables are 3 hour and 72 hour prior rain, and freeze conditions in the previous 0.5 and 24 hours. On the SW facing sidewall, rain and temperature variables were also important for creep; rain in the previous 12 and 24 hours, and freeze conditions within the previous 24 hours were retained in the model. For slumping on both the NE and SW facing sidewall, recent and prolonged rain were important. Specifically, 1, 6, 12, and 24 hour rainfall were retained in both models, with the addition of 3 hour rainfall in the NE facing sidewall slump model. No temperature variables were retained. For channel aggradation (deposition of material in the channel), rain in the prior 12 and 72 hours, and freezing in the prior 24 hours were important, suggesting that freeze-thaw processes loosen the soil, and subsequent rain events carry material into the channel. When rain stops, the material is then deposited in the channel. Interestingly, no viable model could be developed for channel development (erosion) using these parameters. These results will be useful to quantify meteorological controls on gully erosion at short temporal scales.