Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 L55 / Master of Science

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Soybeans contain around 40% of high quality protein and 20 % of oil. Soy protein has long been used as ingredients for its emulsification and texturizing properties in a variety of foods, soymilk and tofu being the most popular. Soymilk is essentially a water extract of soybeans and there are many variations on the basic soymilk processing steps. Tofu, or bean curd, is made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. This thesis was mainly devoted to thermal denaturation and coagulation of soy proteins and targeted several selected important factors as they relate to the functional properties. The effects of different chemical coagulants as well as proteases on yield and quality of tofu from soybeans were studied. Eight tested chemical coagulants were able to coagulate the soymilk and the results showed that the concentration of soymilk and type of coagulant had a great influence on the properties of the tofu gel. The results also confirmed that the use of a suitable concentration of the quick-acting coagulants is more critical than that of the slow-acting coagulants in tofu making. In general, the extent of soymilk gelation is not determined by a single characteristic but rather results from a combination of factors. The gelation ability of various most common commercially available proteases to coagulate non-defatted soymilk was surveyed and the thermal stabilities of selected protease systems were compared. The difference in the temperature where the enzyme shows its highest activity seemed to be the most significant indicator when choosing a suitable enzyme for a certain industrial application. The three most effective and versatile soymilk coagulants were identified. The presence of small amounts of ficin in the system increased the protein recovery when calcium chloride was used as a coagulant. The most commonly used techniques of analysis of degree of hydrolysis (TNBS, OPA and pH-stat) of soy protein were compared. It was concluded that the pH-stat technique was useful for evaluating the progress of an enzyme-catalyzed protein hydrolysis process on an industrial scale while the OPA method seemed to be the most suitable method to be used for determining DH during the proteolysis of soymilk in laboratory conditions. The roles of soybean proteins, protein fractions and subunits to differences in gelling properties of different soybean varieties were examined. The variability and the interrelationship between soybean seed traits were established and the seed characteristics related to soymilk yield and tofu quality were identified. The results suggested that it is useful to predict the quality of tofu from a combination of characteristics of the soybean seed. It was concluded that large differences exist in soybean seed characteristics and their contributions towards the properties of the final product and implications were made towards the relative importance of individual soybean seed traits to the functional and textural properties of soy products. The SDS gel capillary electrophoresis was applied to characterize soybean storage proteins. The lab-on-a-chip technology was compared with capillary electrophoresis and these two methods were used to quantify the relative amount of 7S and 11S fractions in various soybean cultivars. It was concluded that both lab-on-a-chip instrument and a traditional CGE were adequate for analysis of soy-based products. Both systems were able to reliably quantify the relative amount of protein fractions in samples and thus demonstrate their different genetic origin. The great advantage of the lab-on-a-chip technology is its time-efficiency while the traditional CGE is a preferred instrument for method development. The usefulness of the chemometrical analysis of electrophoretic profiles as a method for objective evaluation, data reduction and interpretation was shown. The possibility of improvement of the protein extraction from soybeans in order to provide a basis for the optimization of soymilk production was studied. The enzyme-assisted extraction using the hydrolytic enzyme treatment to disrupt the soybean cell wall components was expected to improve the protein extraction yield. The results confirmed that the right selection of operational variables led to an increased yield of soymilk as well as its protein concentration. It was also shown that the addition of selected enzyme preparations into the soymilk process design resulted in an increased extraction yield of proteins from seeds into soymilk. The protein quality did not deteriorate during the enzyme-assisted extraction process and a small amount of microbial transglutaminase added together with a coagulant produced tofu with a significantly increased yield while maintaing satisfactory textural properties.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Soybeans contain around 40% of high quality protein and 20 % of oil. Soy protein has long been used as ingredients for its emulsification and texturizing properties in a variety of foods, soymilk and tofu being the most popular. Soymilk is essentially a water extract of soybeans and there are many variations on the basic soymilk processing steps. Tofu, or bean curd, is made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. This thesis was mainly devoted to thermal denaturation and coagulation of soy proteins and targeted several selected important factors as they relate to the functional properties. The effects of different chemical coagulants as well as proteases on yield and quality of tofu from soybeans were studied. Eight tested chemical coagulants were able to coagulate the soymilk and the results showed that the concentration of soymilk and type of coagulant had a great influence on the properties of the tofu gel. The results also confirmed that the use of a suitable concentration of the quick-acting coagulants is more critical than that of the slow-acting coagulants in tofu making. In general, the extent of soymilk gelation is not determined by a single characteristic but rather results from a combination of factors. The gelation ability of various most common commercially available proteases to coagulate non-defatted soymilk was surveyed and the thermal stabilities of selected protease systems were compared. The difference in the temperature where the enzyme shows its highest activity seemed to be the most significant indicator when choosing a suitable enzyme for a certain industrial application. The three most effective and versatile soymilk coagulants were identified. The presence of small amounts of ficin in the system increased the protein recovery when calcium chloride was used as a coagulant. The most commonly used techniques of analysis of degree of hydrolysis (TNBS, OPA and pH-stat) of soy protein were compared. It was concluded that the pH-stat technique was useful for evaluating the progress of an enzyme-catalyzed protein hydrolysis process on an industrial scale while the OPA method seemed to be the most suitable method to be used for determining DH during the proteolysis of soymilk in laboratory conditions. The roles of soybean proteins, protein fractions and subunits to differences in gelling properties of different soybean varieties were examined. The variability and the interrelationship between soybean seed traits were established and the seed characteristics related to soymilk yield and tofu quality were identified. The results suggested that it is useful to predict the quality of tofu from a combination of characteristics of the soybean seed. It was concluded that large differences exist in soybean seed characteristics and their contributions towards the properties of the final product and implications were made towards the relative importance of individual soybean seed traits to the functional and textural properties of soy products. The SDS gel capillary electrophoresis was applied to characterize soybean storage proteins. The lab-on-a-chip technology was compared with capillary electrophoresis and these two methods were used to quantify the relative amount of 7S and 11S fractions in various soybean cultivars. It was concluded that both lab-on-a-chip instrument and a traditional CGE were adequate for analysis of soy-based products. Both systems were able to reliably quantify the relative amount of protein fractions in samples and thus demonstrate their different genetic origin. The great advantage of the lab-on-a-chip technology is its time-efficiency while the traditional CGE is a preferred instrument for method development. The usefulness of the chemometrical analysis of electrophoretic profiles as a method for objective evaluation, data reduction and interpretation was shown. The possibility of improvement of the protein extraction from soybeans in order to provide a basis for the optimization of soymilk production was studied. The enzyme-assisted extraction using the hydrolytic enzyme treatment to disrupt the soybean cell wall components was expected to improve the protein extraction yield. The results confirmed that the right selection of operational variables led to an increased yield of soymilk as well as its protein concentration. It was also shown that the addition of selected enzyme preparations into the soymilk process design resulted in an increased extraction yield of proteins from seeds into soymilk. The protein quality did not deteriorate during the enzyme-assisted extraction process and a small amount of microbial transglutaminase added together with a coagulant produced tofu with a significantly increased yield while maintaing satisfactory textural properties.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 M57 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

The dissertation examines the significant yet neglected career of Yamei Kin, a Chinese woman whose transnational career influenced medicine and women’s rights in the United States and China. Although men dominated medicine, female doctors and nurses played an important role serving the poor and reaching women in China and Japan, where social norms restricted contact between the sexes. Thus, female medical professionals, represented by Yamei Kin, promoted the general welfare of the people, spread medical knowledge, and inspired more women to independence and excellence by their medical work. Yamei Kin is the first Chinese woman who obtained a medical degree in the United States (1885). A trailblazing physician, Kin broke the Chinese and Japanese prejudice against Western medicine and opened the medical profession to women in these two countries. She gave public lectures around America and England on women’s issues such as suffrage and prison reforms. She served as China correspondent of international women’s congress and shuttled among China, U.S. and Europe to improve women’s social status and promote the importance of women’s education. During World War I, she headed the research on soy food of the department of agriculture of the United States to study the potential of protein in soy and overcome a meat shortage during the war, enabling the public to maintain the same nutrition in their bodies even without meat.

Idag lever vi på en planet som är hotad av oss människors miljöförstöring. I denna klimatkris står köttindustrin för den största andelen klimatpåverkan inom livsmedelsindustrin. Men intresset för att äta mer vegetariskt och veganskt har ökat sedan 2018 bland konsumenterna tack vare den ökade medvetenheten. För att vägleda konsumenterna till att välja mer hållbara alternativ finns verktyg som hållbarhetsmärkningar, färg, bild och typografi som informerar konsumenten genom förpackningens design. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur tofuförpackningar visuellt kommunicerar budskap avseende hållbar utveckling. Detta görs genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys på ett urval tofuförpackningar framtagna genom en visuell research på två större svenska matvarubutiker. I den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen låg fokuset på att undersöka och beskriva samtliga analysenheter kopplat till grafisk design och hållbarhet för att på så sätt ta reda på med vilka designelement som används på tofuförpackningarna för att kommunicera hållbarhet till konsumenten. Resultatet visar tydligt att hållbarhetsmärkningar är det vanligaste tillvägagångssättet på det urval tofuförpackningar som undersökts för att kommunicera vidare om produkten är hållbar eller ej. Färger, bilder och typografi är ett mindre vanligt tillvägagångssätt att kommunicera produktens hållbara produktion. Traditionell tofu och tempeh görs på sojabönor, en baljväxt som inte går att odla i det svenska klimatet. Däremot finns det ett alternativ till sojabönan; sötlupinen. Sötlupinen är en baljväxt med liknande egenskaper som sojabönan och ska inte förknippas med den invasiva lupinblomman som normalt växer längs vägar och grässluttningar. Till skillnad från den är sötlupinen ätbar, har en positiv inverkan på jorden samr att den går att odla i det svenska klimatet – från Skåne i söder till Umeå i norr. Då tofu och tempeh i praktiken kan göras på vilken typ av baljväxt som helst började tankarna gå i att skapa ett varumärke som tar vara på den svenska råvaran sötlupin genom att producera helsvensk tofu och tempeh. Den kreativa delen landade därav i ett varumärke vid namn Sörböna som kombinerar det asiatiska köket tillsammans med den svenska råvaran sötlupin.   I de kommande delarna presenteras min arbetsprocess, tillvägagångssätt och resultat av Sörböna, varumärket som ger konsumenten asiatiskt på svenskt vis.

O objetivo do trabalho foi elaborar e caracterizar tofus, com e sem adição de orégano, produzidos com duas cultivares de soja, BRS 284 e BMX Potência RR, oriundas de Mauá da Serra – PR, safra 2011/2012. Os grãos foram avaliados quanto a sua composição proximal, fibras alimentares, isoflavonas e propriedades tecnológicas. Também foram determinados a quantidade de água absorvida na maceração dos grãos, o rendimento e a composição proximal dos extratos de soja. Os tofus foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, isoflavonas e aceitação sensorial. As duas cultivares se destacaram pelo teor de proteínas BRS 284 (33,24%) e BMX Potência RR (34,74%), lipídios BRS 284 (22,54%) e BMX Potência RR (21,72%) e fibras alimentares totais BRS 284 (26,64%) e BMX Potência RR (27,13%), sendo a maior fração constituída de fibras insolúveis. Ambas cultivares apresentaram altos valores de isoflavonas totais BRS 284 (591,70 mg.100g-1) e BMX Potência RR (865,36 mg.100g-1), devido ao local de plantio possuir temperaturas baixas. As cultivares BRS 284 e BMX Potência RR obtiveram valores para volume de intumescimento de 4,31 mL/g e 4,12 mL/g; índice de absorção de água de 2,75 g/g e 2,75 g/g e índice de absorção de óleo de 2,87 g/g e 2,60 g/g, respectivamente. Os grãos das duas cultivares de soja apresentaram diferenças nos teores de umidade, lipídios, proteínas e isoflavonas totais. Durante a maceração os grãos das duas cultivares absorveram em média 1,2 mL mL/g de água. O rendimento dos extratos de soja foram elevados, com média de 77%. Os extratos de soja não apresentaram diferença significativa em sua composição proximal. Os tofus produzidos com as duas cultivares se destacaram pelo teor de proteínas BRS 284 Padrão e Orégano (9,21% e 8,67%) e BMX Potência RR Padrão e Orégano (11,16% e 10,90%), seguido por lipídios BRS 284 Padrão e Orégano (5,26% e 4,89%) e BMX Potência RR Padrão e Orégano (4,38% e 4,24%). Os tofus das duas cultivares apresentaram altos teores de isoflavonas totais BRS 284 Padrão e Orégano (243,57 mg.100g-1 e 219,18 mg.100g-1) e BMX Potência RR Padrão e Orégano (262,64 mg.100g-1 e 330,38 mg.100g-1). Os tofus padrão e com adição de orégano da cultivar BRS 284 não apresentaram diferença para os teores de proteínas e nos produtos elaborados com a cultivar BMX Potência RR, não houve diferença nos teores de lipídios e cinzas. Os tofus com adição de orégano apresentaram melhor aceitabilidade e também maior intenção de compra pelos julgadores, comprovando a importância do atributo sabor na aceitação do tofu por parte de não consumidores. / The aim of the study was to develop and characterize tofu, with and without the addition of oregano, produced with two soybean cultivars, BRS 284 and BMX Potência RR, from Maua da Serra – PR, harvest 2011/2012. The grains were evaluated for proximate composition, dietary fiber, isoflavones and technological properties. Were also determined the amount of water absorbed in the soaking of the grains, the yield and the proximal composition of soymilk. The tofu were evaluated for proximate composition, isoflavones and sensory acceptance. Both cultivars stood out for its protein content BRS 284 (33,24%) and BMX Potência RR (34,74%), lipids BRS 284 (22,54%) and BMX Potência RR (21,72%) and total dietary fiber BRS 284 (26,64%) and BMX Potência RR (27,13%), being the largest fraction consists of insoluble fiber. Both cultivars showed high levels of total isoflavones BRS 284 (591,70 mg.100g-1) and BMX Potência RR (865,36 mg.100g-1), due to the planting site possess low temperatures. The cultivars BRS 284 and BMX Potência RR obtained values for volume swelling of 4,31 mL/g and 4,12 mL/g; water absorption index of 2,75 g/g e 2,75 g/g and oil absorption index of 2,87 g/g and 2,60 g/g, respectively. The grains of two soybean cultivars showed differences in moisture, lipids, proteins and total isoflavones. During maceration, grains of both cultivars absorbed on average 1,2 mL mL/g of water. The yield of soymilk were high, with an average of 77%. The soy extract showed no significant difference between their composition. The tofu produced in both cultivars stood out for its high protein content Standard BRS 284 and Oregano (9,21% e 8,67%) and Standard BMX Potência RR and Oregano (11,16% e 10,90%), followed by lipids content Standard BRS 284 and Oregano (5,26% e 4,89%) and Standard BMX Potência RR and Oregano (4,38% e 4,24%). The tofus of both cultivars showed high levels of total isoflavones Standard BRS 284 and Oregano (243,57 mg.100g-1 e 219,18 mg.100g-1) and Standard BMX Potência RR and Oregano (262,64 mg.100g-1 e 330,38 mg.100g-1). The standard tofu and adding oregano from cultivar BRS 284 showed no difference in the protein content, and products made with cultivar BMX Potência RR, there was no difference in the levels of lipids and ash. The tofu with oregano showed better acceptability and also better purchase intent by the judges, what indicates the importance of flavor attribute in acceptance by non-consumers.

Produtos derivados da soja, como o tofu, são tipicamente orientais, mas apesar de suas propriedades funcionais e nutricionais, esses alimentos são pouco consumidos na dieta do brasileiro, devido ao sabor e odor característicos. Uma possibilidade para alterar esses atributos do tofu é a aplicação da defumação, que antigamente era usada somente como método de conservação, mas hoje é utilizada visando modificar as características sensoriais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e caracterizar tofus defumados. Os grãos de soja foram branqueados, macerados, triturados e centrifugados, para obtenção dos extratos de soja, que foram coagulados e prensados, obtendo-se os tofus padrões, após foram defumados a 42ºC, para obtenção dos tofus defumados. Nos testes preliminares foram determinados a quantidade de água absorvida na maceração dos grãos, rendimento e composição proximal dos extratos de soja. Os tofus foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento, composição proximal, cor e aceitação sensorial. Ao elaborar tofus com soja BRS 232 e BRS 284 e coagulantes CaSO4 e MgCl2 foi observado que as variedades de soja e os coagulantes não apresentaram influência em todos os parâmetros avaliados, somente o tempo de coagulação foi maior quando não homogeneizada a mistura ao utilizar o CaSO4. Houve diferença nos teores de umidade, cinzas e proteínas nos extratos das duas variedades de soja utilizadas. Nesses tofus defumados o processo de defumação ocasionou redução no teor de umidade, em média de 5,5% e escurecimento desses produtos, diminuiu a luminosidade e aumentou os valores de a* e de b*, quando comparados com os tofus padrões. No experimento 1 foi utilizado soja BRS 284 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foi verificado que durante a maceração os grãos absorveram 1,2 mL/g de água e o rendimento do extrato foi elevado, 79,92%, enquanto que o do tofu foi baixo, devido à etapa de prensagem. A composição proximal dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística. Ao avaliar a cor dos tofus padrão e defumado, foi observado que houve diferença estatística em todos os parâmetros (L*, a*, b*), como consequência do efeito da defumação. A aplicação da fumaça no tofu ocasionou melhor aceitação dos atributos aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global e também maior intenção de compra pelos julgadores. Sendo que a textura do tofu defumado foi o atributo com a maior aceitação pelos avaliadores. No experimento 2 foi utilizado soja BRS 232 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foram determinados a composição proximal e o perfil de isoflavonas dos grãos de soja e os tofus foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, perfil de isoflavonas, cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Nos grãos de soja o componente sólido majoritário é de origem proteica e foram quantificadas seis formas de isoflavonas, mas as formas glicitinas e acetil-β-glicosídeos não foram detectadas e as agliconas estavam presentes em teor muito reduzido. Os tofus padrão e defumado apresentaram diferença nos teores de umidade e de lipídios. O valor total de isoflavonas dos tofus diminuiu em relação aos grãos, mas houve um acréscimo de aproximadamente três vezes no teor das agliconas. A defumação modificou a cor dos tofus nos parâmetros a* e b* e também na luminosidade, representando escurecimento do produto defumado. A análise do perfil de textura dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística e pelos valores obtidos esses alimentos são coesos, elásticos e com dureza aceitável para o mercado brasileiro. Na análise sensorial realizada por todos os julgadores, a aceitação dos atributos cor, aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global dos tofus não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo que as médias das notas ficaram próximas da indiferença na escala utilizada. / Soy products such as tofu, are typically oriental, but despite their functional and nutritional properties, these foods are not consumed in the Brazilian diet, due to the characteristic odor and flavor. A possibility to change these attributes of tofu is the implementation of smoking, which was formerly used only as a method of preservation, but today is used to modify the sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize smoked tofu. Soy beans were blanched, macerated, crushed and centrifuged to obtain soy extracts that were coagulated and pressed, thus obtaining the standard tofus, thereafter they were smoked at 42ºc, to obtain the smoked tofus. It was determined the amount of water absorbed in maceration of the grains, yield and proximal composition of soy extracts. The tofus were assessed in yield, proximal composition, color and sensory acceptance. When making tofu with soy BRS 232 and BRS 284 and coagulants CaSO4 and MgCl2 it was observed that soybean varieties and coagulators showed no influence in all parameters evaluated, only the coagulation time was greater when not homogenized in the mixture using CaSO4. There was no difference in levels of moisture, ash and protein in extracts of two soybean varieties used. In these smoked tofus the smoking process caused reduction in moisture content of 5.5% on average and dimming of these products, decreasing the luminosity L* values, and increasing the color red (higher values of a*) and yellow (higher values of b*), when compared with the standard tofus. Another experiment was performed using soybeans BRS 284 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where it was verified during the maceration grains absorbed 1.2 mL/g of water and the extract yield was higher, 79.92%, while that of tofu was lower, due to the pressing. The proximal composition of standard and smoked tofus showed no statistical difference. When evaluating the color of standard and smoked tofu, it was observed that there was statistical difference in all parameters evaluated (L*, a*, b*), as a consequence of smoking. The application of smoke in tofu caused better acceptance of the aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance and also greater purchase intent by judges. Being that the texture of the smoked tofu was the attribute with greater acceptance by the evaluators. In experiment 2 was used soy BRS 232 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where the proximal composition were determined and the profile of isoflavones from soy beans and tofu were evaluated regarding the proximal composition, profile of isoflavones, colour, texture and sensory acceptance. In the soy beans the solid majority component is protein, and they were quantified six forms of isoflavones, but the forms glicitins and acetyl-β-glycosides were not detected and the aglicones were present in very low content. The standard and smoked tofus presented difference in moisture levels and lipids. The total value of isoflavones from tofus decreased in relation to grain, but there was an increase of approximately three times the content of aglicones. Smoking has changed the color of the tofu in the parameters a * and b * and also in brightness, representing the dimming smoked product. The texture profile analysis of standard and not smoked tofus presented statistical difference and the values obtained from these foods are cohesive, elastic and with acceptable hardness for the Brazilian market. In sensory analysis carried out by all the judges, the acceptance of the attributes color, aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance of the tofus showed no significant difference, being that the averages of the notes were close to indifference in the range used.

Produtos derivados da soja, como o tofu, são tipicamente orientais, mas apesar de suas propriedades funcionais e nutricionais, esses alimentos são pouco consumidos na dieta do brasileiro, devido ao sabor e odor característicos. Uma possibilidade para alterar esses atributos do tofu é a aplicação da defumação, que antigamente era usada somente como método de conservação, mas hoje é utilizada visando modificar as características sensoriais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e caracterizar tofus defumados. Os grãos de soja foram branqueados, macerados, triturados e centrifugados, para obtenção dos extratos de soja, que foram coagulados e prensados, obtendo-se os tofus padrões, após foram defumados a 42ºC, para obtenção dos tofus defumados. Nos testes preliminares foram determinados a quantidade de água absorvida na maceração dos grãos, rendimento e composição proximal dos extratos de soja. Os tofus foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento, composição proximal, cor e aceitação sensorial. Ao elaborar tofus com soja BRS 232 e BRS 284 e coagulantes CaSO4 e MgCl2 foi observado que as variedades de soja e os coagulantes não apresentaram influência em todos os parâmetros avaliados, somente o tempo de coagulação foi maior quando não homogeneizada a mistura ao utilizar o CaSO4. Houve diferença nos teores de umidade, cinzas e proteínas nos extratos das duas variedades de soja utilizadas. Nesses tofus defumados o processo de defumação ocasionou redução no teor de umidade, em média de 5,5% e escurecimento desses produtos, diminuiu a luminosidade e aumentou os valores de a* e de b*, quando comparados com os tofus padrões. No experimento 1 foi utilizado soja BRS 284 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foi verificado que durante a maceração os grãos absorveram 1,2 mL/g de água e o rendimento do extrato foi elevado, 79,92%, enquanto que o do tofu foi baixo, devido à etapa de prensagem. A composição proximal dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística. Ao avaliar a cor dos tofus padrão e defumado, foi observado que houve diferença estatística em todos os parâmetros (L*, a*, b*), como consequência do efeito da defumação. A aplicação da fumaça no tofu ocasionou melhor aceitação dos atributos aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global e também maior intenção de compra pelos julgadores. Sendo que a textura do tofu defumado foi o atributo com a maior aceitação pelos avaliadores. No experimento 2 foi utilizado soja BRS 232 e coagulante sulfato de cálcio, onde foram determinados a composição proximal e o perfil de isoflavonas dos grãos de soja e os tofus foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, perfil de isoflavonas, cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Nos grãos de soja o componente sólido majoritário é de origem proteica e foram quantificadas seis formas de isoflavonas, mas as formas glicitinas e acetil-β-glicosídeos não foram detectadas e as agliconas estavam presentes em teor muito reduzido. Os tofus padrão e defumado apresentaram diferença nos teores de umidade e de lipídios. O valor total de isoflavonas dos tofus diminuiu em relação aos grãos, mas houve um acréscimo de aproximadamente três vezes no teor das agliconas. A defumação modificou a cor dos tofus nos parâmetros a* e b* e também na luminosidade, representando escurecimento do produto defumado. A análise do perfil de textura dos tofus padrão e defumado não apresentou diferença estatística e pelos valores obtidos esses alimentos são coesos, elásticos e com dureza aceitável para o mercado brasileiro. Na análise sensorial realizada por todos os julgadores, a aceitação dos atributos cor, aroma, textura, sabor e aceitação global dos tofus não apresentou diferença significativa, sendo que as médias das notas ficaram próximas da indiferença na escala utilizada. / Soy products such as tofu, are typically oriental, but despite their functional and nutritional properties, these foods are not consumed in the Brazilian diet, due to the characteristic odor and flavor. A possibility to change these attributes of tofu is the implementation of smoking, which was formerly used only as a method of preservation, but today is used to modify the sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize smoked tofu. Soy beans were blanched, macerated, crushed and centrifuged to obtain soy extracts that were coagulated and pressed, thus obtaining the standard tofus, thereafter they were smoked at 42ºc, to obtain the smoked tofus. It was determined the amount of water absorbed in maceration of the grains, yield and proximal composition of soy extracts. The tofus were assessed in yield, proximal composition, color and sensory acceptance. When making tofu with soy BRS 232 and BRS 284 and coagulants CaSO4 and MgCl2 it was observed that soybean varieties and coagulators showed no influence in all parameters evaluated, only the coagulation time was greater when not homogenized in the mixture using CaSO4. There was no difference in levels of moisture, ash and protein in extracts of two soybean varieties used. In these smoked tofus the smoking process caused reduction in moisture content of 5.5% on average and dimming of these products, decreasing the luminosity L* values, and increasing the color red (higher values of a*) and yellow (higher values of b*), when compared with the standard tofus. Another experiment was performed using soybeans BRS 284 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where it was verified during the maceration grains absorbed 1.2 mL/g of water and the extract yield was higher, 79.92%, while that of tofu was lower, due to the pressing. The proximal composition of standard and smoked tofus showed no statistical difference. When evaluating the color of standard and smoked tofu, it was observed that there was statistical difference in all parameters evaluated (L*, a*, b*), as a consequence of smoking. The application of smoke in tofu caused better acceptance of the aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance and also greater purchase intent by judges. Being that the texture of the smoked tofu was the attribute with greater acceptance by the evaluators. In experiment 2 was used soy BRS 232 and calcium sulfate coagulant, where the proximal composition were determined and the profile of isoflavones from soy beans and tofu were evaluated regarding the proximal composition, profile of isoflavones, colour, texture and sensory acceptance. In the soy beans the solid majority component is protein, and they were quantified six forms of isoflavones, but the forms glicitins and acetyl-β-glycosides were not detected and the aglicones were present in very low content. The standard and smoked tofus presented difference in moisture levels and lipids. The total value of isoflavones from tofus decreased in relation to grain, but there was an increase of approximately three times the content of aglicones. Smoking has changed the color of the tofu in the parameters a * and b * and also in brightness, representing the dimming smoked product. The texture profile analysis of standard and not smoked tofus presented statistical difference and the values obtained from these foods are cohesive, elastic and with acceptable hardness for the Brazilian market. In sensory analysis carried out by all the judges, the acceptance of the attributes color, aroma, texture, flavor and global acceptance of the tofus showed no significant difference, being that the averages of the notes were close to indifference in the range used.