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The cleanness of toilets in parks is an important aspect of the quality of public leisure and health. It is also closely related to the image of the community where the park is located. However, many parks are still regarded as dirty by the public. This study is aimed to find out what are the factors affecting the cleanness of men¡¦s toilets in parks, with Kaohsiung City as the area of study. Both interviews and ratings were used to look for the factors. The interviews were given to samples from five populations: (1) government officers who are in charge of park toilets, (2) cleaning companies that are commissioned to keep the toilets clean, (3) janitors who are responsible for the cleaning, (4) scholars who have studied the cleaning problems of public toilets, and (5) users of public toilets. Based on results from the interviews, photos were taken for eight factors (e.g., outside appearance, floor) of 38 toilets. A sample of ten users then rated these photos in terms of the cleanness they represented. The ratings given to the photos for each toilet were then summed to give a rating for the overall cleanness of each toilet. The interrater reliability of these ratings, as measured by Cronbach¡¦s alpha, was .98. Results showed that compared with other six factors, the outside appearance and walls of a toilet were the most important factors for discriminating clean toilets from dirty ones¡Xfrom the users¡¦ perspective. Within all eight factors, conditions ¡§whether the plumbing is hidden¡¨, ¡§size of wall tiles¡¨ and ¡§wetness of floor¡¨ affected the users¡¦ rating most. The users¡¦ ratings were, however, unrelated to the government¡¦s past ratings for the toilets (r = .02, p = .92). Based on the interview findings and ratings, I proposed that the city government might try to improve the conditions of park toilets by taking several measures. For example, the procedures for recruiting janitors and evaluating their performance should be revised, and prompts (such as signs urging users¡¦ to keep clean) should be changed more often.

by Kanta Singh. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 53). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.ix / Chapter / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Business Planning --- p.1 / The Market Opportunity --- p.2 / Chapter 2. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.6 / Chapter 3. --- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY --- p.8 / The Enterprise --- p.8 / Key Personnel --- p.9 / The Product --- p.9 / The Market & Marketing Strategy --- p.10 / Financials --- p.10 / Chapter 4. --- THE ENTERPRISE --- p.12 / Business Objectives --- p.12 / History --- p.13 / Organization/Personnel Factors --- p.13 / Operations Factors --- p.14 / The Future --- p.15 / Chapter 5. --- KEY PERSONNEL --- p.16 / Experience and Functional Responsibility --- p.16 / Chapter 6. --- THE PRODUCT --- p.18 / Description --- p.18 / Current Status --- p.19 / Value to the Purchaser --- p.19 / Cost to Manufacture --- p.20 / Maintenance/Support Considerations --- p.21 / Chapter 7. --- THE MARKET --- p.22 / Description of the Prospects --- p.22 / Market Life Cycle --- p.23 / Prospect Objectives --- p.24 / Segmentation and Distribution --- p.24 / "Size - Past, Present and Future" --- p.24 / Environmental Influences --- p.25 / The Prospect's Alternatives --- p.26 / Marketing and Support Strategy --- p.26 / Target Market(s) --- p.27 / Enterprise Image --- p.28 / Promotion Strategy --- p.28 / Product Image --- p.28 / Publicity --- p.28 / Advertising --- p.29 / Pricing Strategy --- p.29 / Sales Organization --- p.31 / Channels of Distribution --- p.31 / Logistics --- p.32 / Customer Support --- p.32 / Chapter 8. --- THE COMPETITION --- p.33 / Chapter 9. --- DEVELOPMENT PLAN --- p.35 / Development Objectives --- p.35 / Product Status --- p.35 / Organization --- p.35 / Technology Involved --- p.36 / Personnel and Resource Schedules --- p.36 / Chapter 10. --- OPERATIONS/PRODUCTION PLAN --- p.37 / Organization --- p.37 / Use of Sub-Contractors --- p.38 / Suppliers --- p.38 / Technology Involved --- p.38 / Quality Control --- p.39 / Inventory Control --- p.39 / Chapter 11 --- ", FINANCIALS" --- p.41 / Funding Requirements --- p.42 / Projected Profit & Loss --- p.42 / Projected Balance Sheet --- p.45 / Projected Cash Flow --- p.47 / APPENDIX --- p.50 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.53

The current evaluation assessed the effectiveness of an intensive toilet training procedure for three young boys with autism. The evaluation extended the work of LeBlanc et al. (2005) by assessing parents’ preference to include the usage of urine alarm and positive practice. In addition, we collected descriptor data on challenging behaviors. All three parent participants’ elected not to use the urine alarm and one parent elected to discontinue the implementation of positive practice techniques. Researchers chose a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design to evaluate the effects of the intervention. All three child participants’ increased successful self-initiations for the toilet and decreased accidents across home and clinic settings. Findings suggest that clinicians should partner with parents to develop individualized toileting interventions that are acceptable and effective.

"Globally, inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands of children every day and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities for thousands more. The United Nations (UN), has recognized water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) as major issues that greatly affect the global poor. Under its Millennium Development Goals, the UN has set targets for addressing these issues. Namely, the UN aims to reduce by 50% the proportion of the global population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. In 2010, the target of halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water was met five years ahead of schedule. Despite progress, 2.5 billion people in developing countries still lack access to improved sanitation facilities. As a result, the vision of WaSH is incomplete. Often, lack of access to basic sanitation is a daily reality for persons residing in informal settlements. The focus of this thesis was an area called Zwelitsha in the informal settlement of Langrug. Located in Stellenbosch Municipality near Cape Town, South Africa, Zwelitsha currently has few functional toilets for its 604 residents. As a result, persons resort to open defecation, contributing to environmental contamination and possible disease transmission throughout the settlement. Thus, sanitation is a significant need for Zwelitsha. Advancing the work of the Cape Town Project Centre (CTPC) – a center location within the Interdisciplinary and Global Studies Division of Worcester Polytechnic Institute – this thesis aimed to address the shortcomings in the provision of sanitation services within Zwelitsha. Through research, urine divergent dehydration and composting toilet systems were found to be the most technically feasible and applicable for meeting the sanitation needs of Zwelitsha. Favorable characteristics of these systems include independence from a connection to water pipes, sewerage, and energy sources and the generation of usable agricultural products. Both household level and community level options were proposed in this thesis. Proposed systems can be integrated into a large-scale WaSH facility with additional services such as water taps, sinks, toilets, showers, laundry stations, recreational areas, gardens, and salons for local business. "

Vast consumption of natural resources threats the human life. Growing scarcity of fresh water is posing a great challenge to humanity as well. Thus many governments take special measures for efficient use of freshwater. There are many products that use too much fresh water. Toilet is among these products. In search of new solutions for lack of fresh water, designers design alternative toilets. However, it is necessary to understand the evolution of toilets and current state to develop better new technologies and products. This thesis investigates the evolution of toilet design throughout the history. Factors affect toilet design, and changes in their improvement throughout the evolution of toilets are examined. The study also aims to investigate advantages and disadvantages of squat and flushed toilets and their current state.

Orientador: Carmenlucia Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sa_MairaCristinade_M.pdf: 8918463 bytes, checksum: 8d93232578304bb1a685f3579452838f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O banheiro seco compostável é um sistema que não emprega água para eliminar os dejetos, que sofrem um processo de compostagem em uma câmara, sendo biodegradados. Este sistema vem sendo difundido em diversos países, como uma forma de saneamento sustentável; no Brasil o seu uso ainda é pouco difundido. Esta técnica representa uma boa alternativa para a solução dos problemas de saneamento básico, principalmente em comunidades que não têm acesso à rede coletora e ao tratamento de esgotos. No entanto, existe a necessidade de um melhor entendimento, aperfeiçoamento, avaliação e divulgação do uso correto dos sistemas de banheiros secos, para que estes possam ser efetivamente utilizados, sem ocasionar danos à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliadas as características e a qualidade do composto final produzido em três banheiros instalados no Estado de São Paulo. Foram realizadas coletas de material, medições de temperatura e ensaios físico-químicos e biológicos, utilizando metodologias de análises e padrões de qualidade indicados para compostos orgânicos; além de comparar, entre os banheiros estudados, os aspectos construtivos e operacionais. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade do composto está diretamente relacionada aos cuidados operacionais durante o uso do banheiro e o processo de compostagem; seguindo os limites estabelecido pelas Instruções Normativas do MAPA, o parâmetro pH, que deve ter o valor mínimo de 6, foi o que esteve mais discrepante com relação aos limites estabelecidos; para os ensaios de patogenicidade, com determinação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, ovos viáveis de helmintos e salmonella, os resultados foram satisfatórios, porém observou-se a necessidade de acompanhar o estado de saúde dos usuários e testar outras metodologias para obter a confirmação da segurança sanitária do composto produzido neste tipo de banheiro / Abstract: The dry composting toilet is a sanitary system that not uses water to eliminate the excreta, which are degraded in a chamber by a composting process. Dry toilets have been widespread in many countries, as a sustainable sanitation alternative; in Brazil their use is not spread yet. This technique represents a good alternative to solve the basic sanitation issues, mainly in communities where sewage collection and treatment systems are not available. However, there is a need to better understand the dry toilet technique, as well as to improve, to evaluate and to spread the correct use of dry toilets since they can be effectively used without cause any harm to environment and public health. In this research the quality and characteristics of the compost produced in three toilets installed in the State of São Paulo were evaluated. Compost sampling, temperature measurements, biological, physical and chemical analysis were carried out using analysis methodologies and quality standards for organic compost; besides the operational and constructive aspects of the three toilets were evaluated. The results have shown that the compost quality is directly related to the operational issues during toilet use and to the composting process; following the limits established by Normative Instructions MAPA, the parameter pH, which must have a minimum value of 6, what was most discrepant with respect to established limits, for tests of pathogenicity with determination of total and fecal coliforms, viable eggs helminth and Salmonella, the results were satisfactory, however it was found that is necessary to monitor the health state of the users, and also, to test other methodologies in order to obtain a confirmation of the sanitary security of the compost produced by the dry toilets / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Norovirus is the most common pathogen to cause acute gastroenteritis in the world. Symptoms of acute gastroenteritis include vomiting and/or diarrhea, along with fever, abdominal pain, and malaise. Annually, norovirus causes 685 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 200,000 deaths, worldwide. Among the 685 million cases occurring every year, 19-21 million occur in the United States. Norovirus can spread through direct or indirect contact (e.g., contaminated food or water). In addition, recent evidence has suggested that norovirus can also be spread via aerosolization. However, no study has determined an indoor generation source for aerosolized norovirus. Therefore, the goals of this study were to optimize sampling and quantification methods for the collection of aerosolized norovirus. Upon optimization, the last was to investigate a potential indoor generation source (i.e., toilet flushing) of aerosolized norovirus. To achieve this goal we devised three studies. In the first study, we optimized a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized norovirus using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate. Optimization of the sampling method was performed using two bioaerosol samplers (SKC BioSampler and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH] Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler 251) and two sampling media (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution [HBSS] and Phosphate Buffered Saline [PBS]). Murine norovirus was aerosolized in a bioaerosol chamber and later collected using the optimized sampler/media combination. After collection, viral RNA was extracted from MNV collected samples and quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Intact capsids of MNV were assessed using propidium monoazide dye in combination with qPCR and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. There were a total of 10 trials conducted, with each trial lasting for 30 minutes. The SKC BioSampler collected a significantly higher concentration of MNV than the NIOSH-251 sampler did (p-value < 0.0001). However, there were no significant differences in the relative percent of MNV that remained viable between both samplers (p-value = 0.2215). The use of HBSS sampling media yielded a higher concentration of MNV than PBS media (p-value = 0.0125). However, PBS media maintained viability at a significantly higher percentage than HBSS media (p-value < 0.0001). The results support the optimization of a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized MNV and possibly norovirus in different sampling environments. In the second study, we optimized the quantification method for MNV. A relatively new quantification system, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), was evaluated using the same extracted samples collected in the first study to determine if the same overall outcome could be achieved. In addition, a MNV standard was directly compared between the qPCR and ddPCR. When comparing the same standard, the mean observed concentrations were similar to the nominal concentration. The limit of detection for both instruments was 5 copies per reaction. The coefficient of variation was lower across all ddPCR results than the qPCR results. The range of the R2 was larger for ddPCR compared to qPCR. As for the analysis of bioaerosol samples collected from the first study, the SKC BioSampler collected a significantly higher concentration of MNV compared to the NIOSH-251 sampler (p-value = 0.0002). However, there were no significant differences in the relative percent of MNV that remained viable in both samplers (p-value = 0.6734). The use of HBSS sampling media yielded a higher concentration of MNV than PBS media (p-value = 0.0190). However, PBS media maintained viability at a significantly higher percentage than HBSS media (p-value = 0.0004). The use of ddPCR allows for a simpler workflow and fewer samples and resources. These results support that both PCR systems yield similar results and overall outcomes, thus presenting an optimized quantification method for MNV. In the third study, we used the optimized sampling and quantification methods to conduct a field trial investigation of a potential indoor aerosolization source for norovirus (toilet flushing). To inform bioaerosol sampler placement, two optical particle counters monitored particle size and number distribution of aerosol produced from flushing a toilet across three variables (height, position, and side). The location with the highest mean particle concentration, and where bioaerosol sampling occurred, was behind the toilet and 0.15 m above the toilet bowl rim. A flushometer type toilet was seeded with 105 and 106 PFU/mL of MNV and then flushed. Upon flushing, a SKC BioSampler and Coriolis µ sampler were activated to collect aerosolized MNV. Samples were extracted and then quantified using RT-ddPCR, and viability was quantified using PMA: RT-ddPCR. The concentration of MNV collected after seeding the toilet water ranged from 2.18 x 105 – 9.65 x 106 total copies of MNV. Positive samples of airborne MNV were detected using the Coriolis µ sampler with collected concentrations ranging from 383 – 684 RNA copies/m3 of air. Sample viability for bioaerosol samples were unable to be quantified. The relative percent of MNV virions that remained intact in seeded toilet water was 37-79%. This study provides the first evidence that MNV, a NV surrogate, can be aerosolized when a toilet is flushed.

Public toilets are the missing link in Western Culture and are the last spaces in architectural projects that are planned, designed, and budgeted, perhaps because they are viewed as unsafe, unhygienic, dirty, stinky, and lacking. This practicum applies theories of disease, toilet privileging, gender-segregation and boundaries articulated by Clara Greed, Barbara Penner and Kathryn Anthony, among others. The project investigates sites at Osborne Station, Pan Am Pool and St. Vital Centre located in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The proposed Osborne Station public toilets are designed to meet the needs of a variety of transit users. The Pan Am Pool requires various zones to meet the requirements for women, families and unisex spaces. The St. Vital Centre public toilets are designed as a place to visit where gender boundaries are blurred unconventionally. The zones blend spatial areas that range from gender-segregated to those that are openly accessible to everyone. This practicum project proposes models for improving the design of public toilets through education and by implementing alternative regulations that should be considered for inclusion into the National Building Code of Canada.

Public toilets are the missing link in Western Culture and are the last spaces in architectural projects that are planned, designed, and budgeted, perhaps because they are viewed as unsafe, unhygienic, dirty, stinky, and lacking. This practicum applies theories of disease, toilet privileging, gender-segregation and boundaries articulated by Clara Greed, Barbara Penner and Kathryn Anthony, among others. The project investigates sites at Osborne Station, Pan Am Pool and St. Vital Centre located in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The proposed Osborne Station public toilets are designed to meet the needs of a variety of transit users. The Pan Am Pool requires various zones to meet the requirements for women, families and unisex spaces. The St. Vital Centre public toilets are designed as a place to visit where gender boundaries are blurred unconventionally. The zones blend spatial areas that range from gender-segregated to those that are openly accessible to everyone. This practicum project proposes models for improving the design of public toilets through education and by implementing alternative regulations that should be considered for inclusion into the National Building Code of Canada.