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Efeito de um inibidor do TLR4 na sensibilidade e sinalização de insulina em camundongos obesos / Effect of TLR4 pharmacologic inhibitors in the insulin signalization and sensitivity in obese animalsAquino, Nilton Sergio de 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Mario Jose Abdalla Saad / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:18:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Diversos estudos epidemiológicos realizados indicam a ligação, tanto da obesidade quanto do DM tipo 2, a um estado de inflamação sub-clínico, onde encontramos elevação do nível sérico de diversas citocinas pró-inflamatórias. TLR4 é uma subclasse dos TLR's e estão localizados em vários tecidos e células do organismo dos mamíferos, incluindo aqueles insulino sensíveis. A sua ativação pela exposição a ácidos graxos livres (AG) e lipopolissacarídeos (LPS), derivado da membrana externa das bactérias Gramnegativas, causa um aumento do nível sérico de diversas citocinas pró-inflamatória e resistência à insulina. Assim esses receptores emergem como candidatos a intermediar o processo inflamatório sub-clínico e a resistência à insulina. Recentes estudos demonstraram que um grupo de derivados da ciclohexanona inibe, de forma específica, o TLR4. Dentre os derivados com atividade inibidora de citocinas destaca-se o (6R)-6-[N-(2-cloro-4-fluorfenil)sulfamoil]-ciclohex-1-ene-1-carboxilato de etila, designado pelo FDA para estudos clínicos como TAK-242 e que apresenta uma potente capacidade supressora na produção de NO, IL-6 e TNF-a. No presente estudo, sintetizamos e investigamos o efeito do tratamento crônico com TAK-242 por via oral na transdução do sinal da insulina, estado de inflamação subclínico e na sensibilidade à insulina em camundongos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica. Tais animais, após quatorze dias de tratamento, demonstraram significante melhora na sensibilidade à insulina, na tolerância à glicose e aumento na capacidade de sinalização da insulina no tecido adiposo, fígado e músculo através da via da Akt. A administração de TAK-242 também diminuiu a resistência à insulina em nosso modelo de choque séptico induzido por LPS de bactérias Gram-negativas com uma alta taxa de sobrevida dos animais. Assim, novos derivados da ciclohexanona, como o TAK-242, podem oferecer uma nova abordagem terapêutica para as doenças cuja patogenicidade envolve o TLR4, como o processo inflamatório sub-clínico e a resistência à insulina. / Abstract: Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with obesity and a state of abnormal inflammatory response. TLR4 detects Gram-negative bacteria through recognition of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and has an important role in inflammation and immunity. Since it is activated by LPS and saturated fatty acids, which are inducers of insulin resistance, TLR4 appears as a candidate for participation in the cross-talk between inflammatory and metabolic signals. We investigated, herein, in vivo efficacy and associated molecular mechanisms by TAK 242, a small-molecule selective TLR4 inhibitor, improved diabetes control and insulin action. The effect of TAK 242 was investigated on insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling and activity in tissues of high-fat dietfed mice. Moreover, these mice showed significantly improved insulin sensitivity, improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin signaling capacity in adipose tissue, muscle and liver as compared to control mice during high fat feeding. TAK 242, in our endotoxin shock model, by oral administration, also demonstrated efficacy against the LPSinduced cytokines with a high survival rate and improved insulin sensibility in mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated that TAK-242, a small-molecule selectively suppresses TLR4-signaling, improves glucose tolerance and insulin action in high-fat dietfed mice. Manipulation of TLR4 pathways is considered to have great therapeutic potential. Cyclohexene derivatives, like TAK-242, represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of human obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. / Mestrado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica
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Caracterização do papel do receptor do tipo Toll 4 (TLR4) em infecção por Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / The role of TLR4 (Toll like receptor 4) in the recognition of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansHayana Ramos Lima 22 April 2009 (has links)
Os tecidos periodontais estão em confronto continuo com microorganismos capazes de disparar mecanismos da resposta imune inata, dando origem ao infiltrado inflamatório. Estudos recentes mostraram a importancia dos receptores do tipo Toll (TLRs) na fase inicial de reconhecimento de diferentes patogenos. A participação de receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) na resposta de neutrófilos e macrófagos frente a periodontopatógenos precisa ser determinada. Nesse estudo procuramos caracterizar o infiltrado inflamatório presente no peritônio de animais deficientes de TLR4-/-, avaliar a atividade fagocítica, bem como a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e a atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO) no curso da infecção por Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. A ausência de TLR4 não influenciou a quimiotaxia de neutrófilos e macrófagos para o local da infecção, a produção de óxido nítrico, a atividade de MPO e a viabilidade celular. No entanto, neutrófilos e macrófagos de animais TLR4-/- apresentaram menor atividade fagocítica quando comparado ao grupo controle (camundongos WT). Em relação a doença periodontal induzida experimentalmente com Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans em camundongos deficientes de TLR4, os resultados mostraram que 100% dos animais deficientes de TLR4 sobreviveram a infecção durante o período de observação. Em relação a análise de perda óssea, os dados revelaram uma menor perda progressiva de osso alveolar na região dos molares de animais deficientes de TLR4. A ausência do receptor interferiu na disseminação da bactéria, uma vez que se observou um grande número de bacilos no linfonodo e baco dos animais que não expressaram TLR4, diferente do observado para os animais selvagens (WT). Os resultados indicam a importância da sinalização via TLR4 durante a resposta imune contra Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. / Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral gram negative bacteria that contributes to periodontitis progression. Isolated antigens from A. actinomycetemcomitans could be activating innate immune cells through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), molecules that recognize structural components conserved among microorganisms. In this study, we evaluated the role of TLR4 in the recognition of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Neutrophils and macrophage from TLR4 deficient mice and WT mice were collected and used for the subsequent assays. The phagocytosis of leukocytes against A. actinomycetemcomitans and the presence of apoptotic cells were determined by flow cytometry. The in vivo and in vitro production of NO and MPO was evaluated 24h after A. actinomycetemcomitans challenge. In addition, we examined the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in TLR4-/- mice. The results show that inflammatory cells influx in peritoneal cavity of TLR4-/- mice was similar to that observed into their littermate controls. The phagocytic activity was diminished by cells from TLR4-/- mice. In addition, we did not observe difference in NO and MPO production and the frequency of apoptotic cells between cells from TLR4-/- and WT mice. The results showed that TLR4-deficient mice developed less severe periodontitis after A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, characterized by significantly lower bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. Together, these data demonstrate the role TLR4 signals for neutrophils activation after A. actinomycetemcomitans infection and development of periodontal disease.
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Β-Arrestin 2 Regulates Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Apoptotic Signalling Through Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3βLi, Hui, Sun, Xiuli, Lesage, Gene, Zhang, Yi, Liang, Zhihou, Chen, Jixiang, Hanley, Gregory, He, Lei, Sun, Shenggang, Yin, Deling 01 August 2010 (has links)
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key member of the TLR family, has been well characterized by its function in the induction of inflammatory products of innate immunity. However, the involvement of TLR4 in a variety of apoptotic events by an unknown mechanism has been the focus of great interest. Our investigation found that TLR4 promoted apoptotic signalling by affecting the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway in a serum-deprivation- induced apoptotic paradigm. Serum deprivation induces GSK-3β activation in a pathway that leads to subsequent cell apoptosis. Intriguingly, this apoptotic cascade is amplified in presence of TLR4 but greatly attenuated by β-arrestin 2, another critical molecule implicated in TLR4-mediated immune responses. Our data suggest that the association of β-arrestin 2 with GSK-3β contributes to the stabilization of phospho-GSK-3β, an inactive form of GSK-3β. It becomes a critical determinant for the attenuation of TLR4-initiated apoptosis by β-arrestin 2. Taken together, we demonstrate that the TLR4 possesses the capability of accelerating GSK-3β activation thereby deteriorating serum-deprivation-induced apoptosis; β-arrestin 2 represents an inhibitory effect on the TLR4-mediated apoptotic cascade, through controlling the homeostasis of activation and inactivation of GSK-3β.
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Auswirkung der TLR4-Inhibition bei verschiedenen Applikationswegen im Modell des ischämischen Schlaganfalls / Impact of TLR4 inhibition on different routes of application in a model of ischemic strokeTheodorou, Konstantina 16 November 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Low dose of lipopolysaccharide protects mice from lethal paramyxovirus infection and post-viral airway diseaseResiliac, Jenny January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Papel de las vesículas extracelulares en la propagación y mantenimiento de la neuroinflamación inducida por el consumo de alcohol en la adolescenciaIbáñez Cabanes, Francesc 07 October 2021 (has links)
[ES] El consumo de altas cantidades de etanol durante en un corto período de tiempo, conocido también como consumo en atracón, causa importantes alteraciones en el sistema nervioso central del adolescente, activando la respuesta innata inflamatoria, que puede causar muerte neuronal y alteraciones a nivel estructural y de la conducta. Esta respuesta se produce mediante la activación de los receptores de membrana Toll-like, y específicamente por los receptores TLR4, localizados en células gliales. Cuando dicho receptor se une a su ligando y dimeriza, desencadena una cascada de señalización que finaliza con la translocación al núcleo del factor de transcripción NF-κB, donde se promueve la síntesis y liberación de citoquinas y quimioquinas pro-inflamatorias al medio extracelular. Entre los mecanismos que podrían participar en la amplificación de la respuesta neuroinflamatoria se encontrarían un tipo de vesículas extracelulares (VEs), denominadas exosomas. Los exosomas son micropartículas de 30-150 nm de tamaño con un contenido de carácter bioactivo, formado por proteínas, lípidos y ácidos nucleicos, y que cumplen un papel importante en la comunicación intercelular. Por tanto, la hipótesis que planteamos en esta tesis doctoral es que las VEs ejercen un papel en el mantenimiento y propagación de la neuroinflamación causada por el consumo de alcohol en forma de atracón. Utilizando VEs de cultivos primarios de astrocitos demostramos que el etanol induce una mayor secreción de VEs y altera los niveles de determinadas proteínas y microARNs (miARNs) asociados con la neuroinflamacion. Además, demostramos que cuando las neuronas corticales en cultivo se incuban con VEs procedentes de los astrocitos WT tratados con etanol, se inducen marcadores inflamatorios en las neuronas y presentan mayores niveles de apoptosis. Durante el proceso de biogénesis exosomal, se ha demostrado la participación de una familia de enzimas, llamadas esfingomielinasas, que estarían relacionadas con la biogénesis y secreción de las VEs. Estudios previos de este laboratorio han demostrado que el etanol es capaz de activar las esfingomielinasas, aunque el mecanismo por el cual esto ocurre se desconoce. En este proyecto de tesis proponemos a las membranas asociadas a mitocondrias (MAM) como mecanismo regulador de la secreción de VEs mediada por esfingomielinasas. Mediante el análisis de la actividad de transferencia de fosfolípidos, marcador de actividad de MAM, observamos que el etanol, tanto a nivel tisular como en cultivo, es capaz de activar MAM. Además, demostramos que, inhibiendo la actividad tanto de MAM como de las esfingomielinasas, se revierte el aumento en secreción de VEs causado por el tratamiento con etanol. Estos resultados sugieren que el etanol promueve una mayor liberación de VEs mediante la activación de las enzimas esfingomielinasas a través de MAM. Además, puesto que las VEs tienen la capacidad de cruzar la barrera hematoencefálica (BBB) y tener estabilidad en la circulación, se han considerado como posibles candidatos a biomarcadores de situaciones patológicas. Uno de los elementos presentes en las VEs, que se ha utilizado recientemente como biomarcador en diversos estudios, son los miARNs, moléculas de ARN no codificante de cadena corta implicados en la regulación génica. Se ha descrito que, en pacientes con enfermedades neurodegenerativas como el Alzheimer, Parkinson u otras, se detectan patrones de expresión diferencial de miARNs en las VEs circulantes, en comparación con pacientes control. En este estudio demostramos que el etanol es capaz de alterar los perfiles de miARNs relacionados con la inflamación presentes en VEs circulantes de jóvenes con intoxicación etílica aguda (IEA). Estos efectos presentan diferencias de género, siendo las mujeres/hembras más vulnerables a los efectos del alcohol, ya que la expresión de marcadores inflamatorios en cerebro y en VEs circulantes son más elevadas en mujeres/hembras que en hombres/machos. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto que las VEs circulantes y sus perfiles de miARNs son posibles candidatos a biomarcadores de la neuroinflamación asociadas con el abuso de alcohol. / [CA] El consum d'elevades quantitats d'alcohol durant un curt període de temps, conegut també com a consum en afartament, causa importants alteracions en el sistema nerviós central de l'adolescent, activant la resposta innata inflamatòria, que pot causar mort neuronal i alteracions a nivell estructural i de conducta. Aquesta resposta es produeix mitjançant l'activació dels receptors de membrana Toll-like, i específicament pels receptors TLR4, localitzats en cèl·lules glials. Quan aquest receptor s'uneix al seu lligant i dimeritza, desencadena una cascada de senyalització que finalitza amb la translocació al nucli del factor de transcripció NF-κB, on es promou la síntesi i alliberament de citoquines i quimioquines pro-inflamatòries al medi extracel·lular. Dins dels mecanismes que podrien participar en l'amplificació de la resposta neuroinflamatòria es trobarien un tipus de vesícules extracel·lulars (VEs), denominades exosomes. Els exosomes són micropartícules de 30-150 nm de grandària amb un contingut de caràcter bioactiu, format per proteïnes, lípids i àcids nucleics, i que compleixen un paper important en la comunicació intercel·lular. Per tant, la hipòtesi que plantegem en aquesta tesi doctoral és que les VEs exerceixen un paper en el manteniment i propagació de la neuroinflamació causada pel consum d'alcohol en forma d'afartament.
Utilitzant VEs de cultius primaris d'astròcits demostràrem que l'etanol indueix una major secreció de VEs i una alteració dels nivells de determinades proteïnes i microARNs (miARNs) associats amb la neuroinflamació. A més a més, també observàrem que quan les neurones corticals en cultiu s'incubaben amb VEs procedents dels astròcits WT tractats amb etanol, s'induïen marcadors inflamatoris en les neurones i aquestes presentaven majors nivells d'apoptosi.
Durant el procés de biogènesi exosomal, s'ha demostrat la participació d'una família d'enzims, anomenats esfingomielinases, que estarien relacionats amb la biogènesi i secreció de les VEs. Estudis previs d'aquest laboratori han demostrat que l'etanol és capaç d'activar les esfingomielinases, encara que el mecanisme pel qual això passa es desconeix. En aquest projecte de tesi proposem a les membranes associades a mitocòndries (MAM), juntament amb les esfingomielinases com el mecanisme regulador de la secreció de VEs induïda pel consum d'alcohol. Mitjançant l'anàlisi de l'activitat de transferència de fosfolípids, marcador d'activitat de MAM, observàrem que l'etanol, tant a nivell tissular com en cultiu, era capaç d'activar MAM. A més, demostràrem que inhibint l'activitat tant de MAM com de les esfingomielinases, revertiem l'augment en la secreció de VEs causat pel tractament amb etanol. Aquests resultats suggereixen, que l'etanol promou una major alliberament de VEs mitjançant l'activació dels enzims esfingomielinases a través de MAM.
A més, ja que les VEs tenen la capacitat de creuar la barrera hematoencefàlica (BBB) i ser estables en circulació, s'han considerat bons candidats a biomarcadors de situacions patològiques. Un dels elements presents en les VEs que s'ha utilitzat recentment com a biomarcador en diversos estudis, són els miARNs, molècules d'ARN no codificant de cadena curta implicats en la regulació gènica. S'ha descrit que, en pacients amb malalties neurodegeneratives, com l'Alzheimer o Parkinson, es detecten patrons d'expressió diferencial de miARNs a les VEs circulants, en comparació amb pacients control. A aquest estudi demostrem que l'etanol és capaç d'alterar els perfils de miARNs relacionats amb la inflamació presents en VEs circulants de joves amb intoxicació etílica aguda (IEA). Aquests efectes presenten diferències de gènere, sent les dones / noies més vulnerables als efectes de l'alcohol, ja que l'expressió de marcadors inflamatoris en cervell i en VEs circulants són més elevades en noies que en nois. / [EN] Heavy alcohol intake during a short period of time, also known as binge drinking, has been proved to produce negative effects on the individual's central nervous system by activating an inflammatory response that can lead to neuronal death and structural and behavioral alterations. This response is produced by glial cells, the main component of the neuroimmune system, through the activation of TLR4, a transmembrane receptor of the TLR family. When TLR4 binds to its ligand and dimerizes, it triggers a signaling cascade that ends up with the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus, acting as a transcription factor, where it promotes the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to the extracellular milieu. Among the mechanisms responsible for the transmission and amplification of this neuroinflammatory response, one candidate could be a kind of extracellular vesicles (VEs) called exosomes. Exosomes are microparticles of 30-150 nm in size, with a bioactive content, composed mostly by proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which play an important role in intercellular communication. Therefore, the hypothesis of this thesis is that VEs play an important role in the transmission of the neuroinflammatory response caused by ethanol
binge drinking. Using VEs from primary cultures of astrocytes, we show that ethanol is able to induce a higher secretion of VEs and alters their composition of inflammatory related protein and microRNAs (miARNs). Furthermore, incubation of these VEs in primary cultures of neurons lead to the development of inflammatory protein and gene markers, and higher apoptosis levels.
Exosomal release has been shown to be partly regulated by a family of enzymes called sphingomyelinases, since inhibition of these enzymes resulted in a reduction of secreted VEs. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that ethanol is able to activate sphingomyelinases, but the mechanism involved in the process is currently unknown. We propose membrane-associated mitochondria (MAM), along with sphingomyelinases, as the responsible for the increased VEs release after ethanol intake. We show that ethanol is capable of increasing phospholipid transfer activity, a marker of MAM activity. Moreover, MAM and sphingomyelinase inhibition resulted in depleted VEs secretion. These results suggest that ethanol promotes increased release of VEs by activating sphingomyelinase enzymes through MAM.
VEs display certain biological characteristics, like the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or their high stability in serum, which make them good candidates for biomarkers of pathological situations. One of the elements present in VEs that has recently been used as a biomarker in various studies are miARNs, which are short-chain non-coding RNA molecules involved in gene regulation. It has been described that differential expression patterns of miARNs in circulating VEs can be detected in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or others, when compared to healthy patients. In this study we demonstrate that ethanol is able to alter the inflammatory-related miARNs expression patterns in circulating VEs of young people with acute alcohol intoxication (IEA). Notably, the alterations in miARNs are dependent on the patient's gender, being women/females more affected by alcohol than men/males, since women/females showed lower presence of anti-inflammatory miARNs and a higher expression of inflammatory markers in brain tissue than men/males. / Ibáñez Cabanes, F. (2021). Papel de las vesículas extracelulares en la propagación y mantenimiento de la neuroinflamación inducida por el consumo de alcohol en la adolescencia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174214
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Anti-inflammatory effects of ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide on THP-1 human macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4Horvátová, Alžbeta January 2016 (has links)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Alžbeta Horvátová Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek PhD. Title of diploma thesis: Anti-inflammatory effects of ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide on THP-1 human macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) became the most common liver disease in developed countries. It is well-known that the level of protectant phosphatidylcholine (PC) is decreased in NASH. The bile acid-phospholipid conjugate ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) was designed in order to specifically deliver PC to hepatocytes. However, previous studies have proved that UDCA-LPE possesses its proper hepatoprotectant capacity and exhibits anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic properties and also improved steatosis and hyperlipidaemia in various models in vivo. These effects may be mediated secondary through modulation of immune system. Therefore, in order to dissect if UDCA-LPE directly influences immune cells in vitro, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-induced THP-1-derived human macrophages was measured by ELISA. Moreover, effects of UDCA-LPE on MAPK signalling pathways and nuclear translocation of NFκB were...
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Characterization of the interaction between Basigin and the pattern recognition receptor TLR4Brown, Josephine Michelle 01 January 2016 (has links)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major group of pattern recognition receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells that recognize molecular patterns associated with all classes of pathogenic microorganisms. TLR4 recognizes the lipopolysaccharide component of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls and is the only TLR known to induce signaling through both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways. Basigin, a ubiquitous cell adhesion molecule, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has the ability to influence cell signaling mediated by the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, the same signaling pathways induced by the TLR4 receptor protein. Analysis of the Basigin protein sequence indicates the presence of a hydrophilic glutamate residue within the hydrophobic transmembrane domain, but no consensus binding sites for MyD88 or TRIF. The purpose of this study was to determine if Basigin uses TLR4 for signal transduction. It is hypothesized that Basigin interacts with TLR4 and that the glutamate residue plays a role in the interaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent binding assays were performed using endogenous TLR4 and recombinant Basigin proteins. These analyses demonstrated that binding of Basigin to TLR4 was significantly greater than that of the control protein and that the glutamate residue in the Basigin transmembrane domain does play a role in the interaction between Basigin and TLR4 as well as many hydrophobic residues in the Basigin transmembrane domain. The data suggest that Basigin interacts with TLR4 to influence signaling cascades using MyD88 and TRIF.
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Estudo da ação do veneno de Tityus serrulatus sobre a expressão de transportadores de sódio e água em epitélio alveolar de rato / Effect of Tityus serrulatus venom on sodium and water trasporters in rat alveolar epitheliumMálaque, Ceila Maria Sant\'Ana 15 August 2012 (has links)
Acidentes escorpiônicos podem evoluir com edema pulmonar de origem cardiogênica e não cardiogênica. O clearance de edema pulmonar está relacionado principalmente ao transporte ativo de sódio do espaço alveolar para o interstício. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do veneno de Tityus serrulatus e da dexametasona sobre a expressão dos transportadores de sódio e água e do TLR4 em pulmão de ratos. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, divididos em três grupos: controle (salina); grupo Vn, que recebeu o veneno de T. serrulatus (3.8 mg/kg) por via intraperitoneal (ip), e o grupo Dx+Vn, que recebeu dexametasona (2.0 mg/kg) por via ip, uma hora antes da injeção do veneno. Os experimentos foram realizados uma hora após a injeção do veneno. Foram realizadas análise bioquímica e dosagens de citocinas no plasma. Nos pulmões foram estudados a expressão de -ENaC, Na+-K+- ATPase, NKCC1, AQP-5 e TRL4 através de western blotting, e a expressão do NF-kB e infiltração de células CD68+ (monócitos/macrófagos) e neutrófilos, através de imunoistoquímica. O veneno de T. serrulatus diminuiu a expressão pulmonar de -ENaC e AQP-5, enquanto aumentou a expressão do NKCC1. A dexametasona preveniu os efeitos do veneno sobre a expressão da -ENaC e NKCC1, mas não da AQP5. Não foi observada alteração da expressão da 1- Na+-K+-ATPase . A expressão do TLR4 foi maior nos animais envenenados que nos grupos Cont e Dx+Vn. O níveis plasmáticos de IL-6, IL-10 e TNF- estavam aumentados nos grupo Vn e Dx+Vn em relação ao controle. O infiltrado de células CD68+ foi maior no grupo Vn. A expressão de NF-kB e o infiltrado ne neutrófilos no tecido pulmonar foi semelhantes nos três grupos avaliados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o veneno de T. serrulatus tem efeito sobre as proteínas transportadoras de sódio em células do epitélio alveolar e também sobre a expressão do TLR4 em pulmão; a dexametasona pode regular essas ações / Scorpion envenomation can cause cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema clearance is largely related to active Na+ transport out of the alveoli, rather than to reversal of Starling forces. Our objective was determine the effects of Tityus serrulatus venom and dexamethasone on the pulmonary expression of sodium and water transporters, and Toll-like receptor 4. Wistar rats were divided into groups and injected intraperitoneally: control (saline only); venom (T. serrulatus venom3.8 mg/kg body weight); and dexamethasone+venom (dexamethasone2.0 mg/kg body weight60 min before venom inoculation). At 60 min after venom inoculation, interleukin-6 and -10, together with tumor necrosis factor alpha, were analyzed in plasma. In lungs, we determined expression of the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit; Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit; Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, NKCC1; aquaporin 5; Toll-like receptor 4 (by Western blotting); and nuclear factor-kappa B. We determined CD68 and neutrophil counts by immunohistochemistry. In venom group lungs, the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit and aquaporin 5 were markedly downregulated, whereas NKCC1 was elevated, although the Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit was unaffected. Dexamethasone protected the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit, NKCC1, and Toll-like receptor 4 but not aquaporin 5. Serum interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were elevated in both groups, as was CD68 expression. Neutrophil counts and nuclear factor-kappa B expression were comparable across groups. Our data show that T. serrulatus venom alters sodium transport in alveolar epithelial cells and increases Toll-like receptor 4 expression. Dexamethasone appears to partially protect against those effects
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Avaliação dos mecanismos básicos de ativação via receptores semelhantes ao Toll 4 (TLR-4) em monócitos de recém-nascidos a termo e pré-termo. / Evaluation of the basic mechanisms of activation via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in monocytes from term and preterm newborns.Lessa, Ana Lúcia Silveira 26 November 2014 (has links)
A imaturidade do sistema imune adaptativo ao nascimento envolve alterações funcionais das células apresentadoras de antígenos. O objetivo foi avaliar a ativação via TLR-4 e resposta de monócitos de sangue de cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termo <34 semanas (Grupo 1), <font face=\"Symbol\">³34 e <37 semanas (Grupo 2) e a termo (Grupo 3). Os resultados mostraram alta produção de IL-8, TNF-a, IL-1b e IL-6 e significativa menor produção de IL-10 por monócitos neonatais. O fator NF-kB apresentou ativação semelhante entre os neonatos e adultos. As moléculas p38, ERK-1/2 e IRAK-4 apresentaram-se mais ativadas em monócitos dos RN do Grupo 1 quando comparados aos RN do Grupo 3 e adultos. A capacidade fagocitária de monócitos e neutrófilos dos RN mostrou competência reduzida. A produção de H2O2 foi reduzida em monócitos e neutrófilos apenas dos RN pré-termo. Os resultados sugerem um perfil imunológico neonatal funcionalmente distinto, revelando um desequilíbrio da resposta imune inata, com uma menor eficiência no controle desta resposta, o que pode levar a uma predisposição à sepse. / The immaturity of the adaptive immune system at birth involves functional changes in antigen-presenting cells. The objective was to evaluate the activation via TLR-4 and response of monocytes from umbilical cord blood of preterm newborns (NB) < 34 weeks (Group 1), preterm NB <font face=\"Symbol\">³34 and < 37 weeks (Group 2) and term NB (Group 3). The results show high production of IL-8, TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 and a significantly lower production of IL-10 by neonatal monocytes. NF-kB factor presented similar activation among neonates and adults. p38, ERK-1/2 and IRAK-4 molecules were more activated in monocytes of newborns from Group 1 as compared to newborns from Group 3 and adults. The phagocytic ability of monocytes and neutrophils from newborns showed a reduced competence. The H2O2 production was reduced in monocytes and neutrophils only in preterm newborns. The results suggest a functionally distinct neonatal immune profile, revealing an imbalance of the innate immune response, with a lower efficiency in the control of this response, which could lead to a predisposition to sepsis.
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