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In recent years, there has been an undeniable shift in how we think about nonhuman animals. A growing philosophical literature on animal rights has encouraged a deep consideration of the moral status of animals, while scientific research has simultaneously confirmed the fact that many animals have complex cognitive, emotional, and social capacities that strongly mirror our own. Although there is still disagreement about what all this implies in terms of our responsibilities to animals, the idea that animals can experience physical or emotional pain or pleasure is the starting point and not the conclusion of the present inquiry. Many species of animals are sentient beings who possess a viewpoint from which they experience and act in the world around them - and hence may be said to be agential. My dissertation explores what it means for us to extend, conceptually and morally, agency to animals. I address this "extension of agency" predominantly from an aesthetic perspective, although in doing so I in no way intend to limit the range of related philosophical concerns. On the contrary; to extend agency to animals, I argue, calls for a revised understanding of our habitual spectatorial stances--how we look at animals. To grasp these stances, I investigate how animals have been looked at in literary works of art. Does the literature show our spectatorship to extend agency to animals or do we objectify them so as to deny their capacities as agents altogether? My dissertation focuses on excerpts from three significant works of literature--works by Nathanael West, Ernest Hemingway, and Leo Tolstoy--each of which stages a specifically athletic engagement involving animals, in this way bringing focus to the issue of our spectatorship. Each excerpt serves as philosophically illuminating material and as an exemplary case regarding humanity's willingness or refusal to extend agency to animals. I am particularly interested in the role of animals in human-engineered sports, and in how extending agency to animals in sports changes or ought to change the way we watch sports that involve animals. Within the philosophy of sport, the accepted approach has been to liken animals to sporting equipment or tools, and thus to make no substantive distinction between animal and non-animal sports. This, I argue, reflects a refusal to extend agency to animals, which has led also to an oversimplification and mischaracterization of sports involving animals in the first place. Nathanael West's The Day of the Locust takes up cockfighting, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises centers around bullfighting, and Tolstoy's Anna Karenina includes a memorable, emotionally stirring, steeplechase episode. In addition to investigating what I refer to as the "extension of agency" to animals in these literary works, I revise some of the basic assumptions that have recently guided the burgeoning subfield of the philosophy of sports. I argue that we must acknowledge that there exists a fundamental difference between the modes of spectatorship that accompany sports that only involve humans, and those that involve animals. For to extend agency is to extend the moral domain to that or those who are "other" than ourselves. Once animals are introduced into a sport, they imbue the sport with all the aesthetic complexities that come with looking at an animal outside of sport: the unique exotic beauty of the animal body and its fitness to function, but also its vitality, wild autonomy, expressiveness, and reciprocity of gaze. This means that our interactions with animals, even in the case of organized sport or performance, are not purely aesthetic in a formal artistic sense; they are also expressive and communicative. The concept of the formal aesthetic that many employ when talking about art - the formal qualities that we attribute to the arts - is not sufficient to accommodate sports that involve animals and a spectatorship of animals. Animals are expressive, and this expressiveness is fundamental to correctly understanding our spectatorship of them. Animals are far more than our equipment. The aesthetic of animal sports must, I conclude, accordingly incorporate expressiveness and empathy, such that we see animals in fellowship with us as participants in sports. Extending agency to animals is the core concept of a morally inflected aesthetic of inter-subjectivity.

This thesis comprises translations of five articles by the Russian ethnolinguist Nikita Iljich Tolstoy, some of which deal with the theory of the ethnolinguistic approach to language and the Slavic culture and others demonstrate a practical application of such an approach and such methods on the traditional Slavic culture. They present this approach as a continuous development of linguistic research which draws on the rich tradition and at the same time transcends its past and enriches it with new points of view. This also constitutes a unique way of preserving the legacy of our ancestors while simultaneously showing it in a new light. Aside from the translations the present thesis also includes an introductory study dealing with general characteristics of ethnolinguistics, its goals, subject, methods, and various schools of thought. In addition, chapters are included introducing the scientific work of N. I. Tolstoy and other members of the Moscow School of Ethnolinguistics. Present are also notes and comments on the translation, clarifying terms from the Russian cultural tradition not necessarily familiar in the Czech environment and explaining certain terms that may be difficult to translate.

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The thesis develops a comprehensive account of human political ontology through the discussion of Plato, Rousseau, Lacan, Lyotard, Hugo, Conrad, Tolstoy and Nietzsche. At the heart of this account lies the dialectical struggle between an individual's need to belong and their fidelity to an intuitively recognisable, yet difficult to define good (or set of goods), that has, over the millennia, been conceptualised as, amongst other things, the form of the good, self interest, compassion, love, friendship, the event, conscience, reason and truth. Through the development of this account of human political ontology the thesis will elucidate the stakes involved in emancipatory acts, be they broad social movements or individual transformations. Its most important argument is that people almost always fail to recognise that to which they belong; the consequence of this being that they mistake the acts which function to reaffirm their belonging for acts that are indicative of their sovereign being. This phenomenon becomes particularly troubling once we recognise that the acts which function to reaffirm an individual??s belonging can depend upon the individual sacrificing both themself and others.

The thesis develops a comprehensive account of human political ontology through the discussion of Plato, Rousseau, Lacan, Lyotard, Hugo, Conrad, Tolstoy and Nietzsche. At the heart of this account lies the dialectical struggle between an individual's need to belong and their fidelity to an intuitively recognisable, yet difficult to define good (or set of goods), that has, over the millennia, been conceptualised as, amongst other things, the form of the good, self interest, compassion, love, friendship, the event, conscience, reason and truth. Through the development of this account of human political ontology the thesis will elucidate the stakes involved in emancipatory acts, be they broad social movements or individual transformations. Its most important argument is that people almost always fail to recognise that to which they belong; the consequence of this being that they mistake the acts which function to reaffirm their belonging for acts that are indicative of their sovereign being. This phenomenon becomes particularly troubling once we recognise that the acts which function to reaffirm an individual??s belonging can depend upon the individual sacrificing both themself and others.

Parmi les modèles de mécanique statistique classique avec interaction les systèmes intégrables de yang—baxter (yb) jouent un rôle particulier. le modèle central dans la théorie des systèmes intégrables yb est le modèle à six vertex. plusieurs méthodes ont été développées pour étudier le modèle à six vertex. notre but est de comprendre la physique du modèle à dix-neuf vertex d’izergin—korepin (ik), qui peut être vu comme une généralisation du modèle à six vertex. on donne une vue d'ensemble de l’ansatz algébrique de bethe pour le modèle ik basé sur la matrice $r$ à dix-neuf vertex et on propose une nouvelle présentation pour les états propres de la matrice de transfert associée. on adresse aussi la question du calcul des produits scalaires pour le modèle ik. un objet important dans la théorie des produits scalaires est la fonction de partition avec des conditions aux bords de domaine. pour cette fonction de partition, définie pour le modèle ik, on obtient une relation de récurrence pour laquelle on trouve la solution dans un cas particulier. la théorie de la représentation du groupe quantique ($u_q(a_2^{(2)})$) associé au modèle ik nous permet d'obtenir toutes les représentations de dimension plus élevée pertinentes pour ce modèle (les modules de kirillov—reshetikhin (kr)). ceci est réalisé dans la présentation de drinfeld des groupes quantiques. cette présentation a des avantages techniques quand on calcule les matrices $r$ par la formule de khoroshkin—tolstoy (kt). on l'utilise pour calculer la matrice $r$ evaluée sur le produit tensoriel de la représentation fondamentale et d'un module kr de dimension plus élevée. d’un autre côté, la présentation de drinfeld montre la connexion entre les sous-algèbres de borel du groupe quantique $u_q(a_2^{(2)})$ et les algèbres d'oscillateurs $q$-deformés (osc$_q$). ces algèbres sont étroitement liées à la définition (par la théorie de la représentation) d'un certain type de matrices de transfert : les opérateurs $q$; ces opérateurs jouent un rôle central dans la théorie des relations fonctionnelles des modèles intégrables. on utilise les algèbres de type osc$_q$ dans la formule kt pour calculer quelques matrices $l$, qui sont utilisées pour construire les opérateurs $q$. finalement, on considère un cas particulier de l'état fondamental du modèle ik avec paramètre de deformation $q$ égal à une racine de l'unité. dans ce cas, on calcule explicitement les valeurs propres de différentes matrices de transfert, y compris de l'opérateur $q$. on utilise ce dernier résultat pour obtenir l'état fondamental du modèle ik pour des petites tailles. / Among the models of interacting classical statistical mechanics the yang—baxter (yb) integrable systems play a special role. The central model in the theory of yb integrable systems is the six vertex model. many powerful techniques were developed to study the six vertex model. the model under consideration is the izergin—korepin (ik) nineteen vertex model, which can be viewed as a generalization of the six vertex model. our aim is to understand the physics of the ik model using the extensions of the methods which were applied to the six vertex model. We review the algebraic bethe ansatz for the ik model based on the nineteen-vertex $r$-matrix and propose a new presentation for the eigenstate of the relevant transfer matrix. we also address the question of the calculation of the scalar products of the ik model. an important object in the theory of scalar products is the domain wall boundary partition function. for this partition function defined for the ik model we derive a recurrence relation and solve it in a special case. we move on to the representation theory of the underlying quantum group ($u_q(a_2^{(2)})$), for which we compute all higher dimensional irreducible representations which are relevant for the ik model (kirillov—reshetikhin (kr) modules). the latter is accomplished in the so-called drinfeld presentation of quantum groups. this presentation has technical advantages for computations of the $r$-matrices by means of the khoroshkin—tolstoy (kt) formula. we use this to compute the $r$-matrix in a tensor product of the fundamental representation and a generic higher dimensional kr module. on the other hand, the drinfeld presentation makes apparent the connection between the borel subalgebras of the quantum group $u_q(a_2^{(2)})$ and the $q$-deformed oscillator algebras (osc$_q$). the latter algebras are closely related to the representation theoretic definition of special transfer matrices: the $q$-operators; these operators are central in the theory of functional relations of integrable models. we use the osc$_q$ type algebras in the kt formula to compute some $l$-matrices which are used to build the $q$-operators. finally, we consider a special case of the ground state of the ik model when the deformation parameter $q$ is equal to a root of unity. in this case we compute explicitly the ground state eigenvalues of various transfer matrices including the $q$-operator. we use the latter result to compute the components of the ground state of the ik model for small systems.

The end of the 70s and the beginning of the 80s is a time of conversion in Tolstoy’s thoughts. Tolstoy was one of the first Russian writers who began to study Chinese literature and philosophy. From the perspective of Tolstoy, this work analyzes how Chinese traditional culture and philosophy enter into Russian spiritual space. Our research results provide valuable materials for the study of linguistics, critical realism in Russia, and the connection between Tolstoy and Chinese sages, thus promoting the literary and cultural exchanges between the two countries. / Конец 70-х и начало 80-х годов — время обращения во мыслях Толстого. Толстой был одним из первых российских писателей, начавших изучать китайскую литературу и философию. Эта работа, представленная с точки зрения Толстого, впервые рассказывает о том, как традиционные китайские культурные и философские взгляды вошли в российское духовное пространство. Плоды нашего исследования представляют ценные материалы для языкознания, для изучения русского критического реализма, для исследования связи между Толстым и мудростью Китая, тем самым стимулируем литературный и культурный обмен двух стран.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-19T10:19:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliana de Castro.pdf: 786815 bytes, checksum: 3b61ffb2f9bfea8827bb1f27780a45a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T10:19:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliana de Castro.pdf: 786815 bytes, checksum: 3b61ffb2f9bfea8827bb1f27780a45a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research intends to analyze the novel Anna Kariênina, by the Russian writer Liev Tolstoy, in the light of Romanticism and orthodox Christianity, specifically the question of adultery and romantic love, which ends up leading the protagonist to suicide. We deal with the importance of literature since the earliest times, especially how through literature it is possible to get in touch with the religious customs of a nation, that is, their worldview. We create a panorama of the romantic movement and its influence in literature, just as we present the new way of seeing and living the religion that has been given by the historical romantics; beyond, of course, the very conception of romantic love, which dates back to this period. We observe Tolstoy as a religious agent, passing through his main body of work, thus arriving at the question of the desire that, in the end, closes the research in a detailed analysis of the work, which certainly serves the whole theoretical path. / Esta pesquisa pretende analisar o romance Anna Kariênina, do escritor russo Liev Tolstói, à luz do Romantismo e do cristianismo ortodoxo, especificamente a questão do adultério e do amor romântico, o que acaba por levar a protagonista ao suicídio. Tratamos a importância da literatura desde os tempos mais remotos, principalmente como por meio da literatura é possível entrar em contato com os costumes religiosos de um povo, ou seja, sua cosmovisão. Tecemos um panorama do movimento romântico e sua influência na literatura, da mesma forma como apresentamos a nova maneira de ver e viver a religião que se deu a partir dos românticos históricos; além, claro, da própria concepção de amor romântico, que data desse período. Observamos Tolstói como um agente religioso, perpassando suas principais obras, chegando assim na questão do desejo que, por fim, encerra a pesquisa numa análise detalhada da obra, que se serve, certamente, de todo o caminho teórico percorrido.