[pt] Por muito tempo, os sistemas de medição dinâmica de petróleo não foram usados para a transferência de custódia. Eles eram utilizados basicamente para fins operacionais, como detectar vazamentos e transferências internas. O aumento progressivo dos preços do barril de petróleo exigiu das medições de petróleo uma incerteza cada vez menor, o que provocou o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que resultaram em sistemas dinâmicos de medição de alta precisão a serem utilizados na transferência de custódia. Nesta pesquisa foi avaliada a substituição das medições estáticas por medições dinâmicas no faturamento de exportações marítimas de petróleo, com o objetivo de agilizar as operações de carregamento de navios em píeres diminuindo a indisponibilidade dos recursos logísticos envolvidos, de minimizar a exposição da companhia a perdas financeiras devido a faturamentos errôneos e de verificar que essa diminuição da exposição justifica o investimento em sistemas de medição dinâmica. Foram descritas as medições de tanques de terra, as medições de tanques de navio e os sistemas de medição dinâmica, avaliando procedimentos, equipamentos, além de restrições, problemas e incertezas associadas a cada método. Foi dada atenção especial aos procedimentos de arqueação de tanques para armazenamento de granéis líquidos, comparando procedimentos utilizados no Brasil pelo Inmetro aos requisitos da Norma ISO -7507, e a rastreabilidade metrológica dos equipamentos de medição em relação aos procedimentos utilizados na sua calibração. / [en] For many years, dynamic measurement systems have not been used in the petroleum industry for custody transfer applications, only for operational reasons like detecting leaks and internal transfers. The progressive growth of crude oil prices required measurements with a smaller uncertainty, leading to developing news technologies, resulting in high accuracy flow meters to be used in custody transfer. The main objective of this research was evaluate the replacement of static measurements by dynamic measurements in oil exports sales in order to speed up the loading of vessels, decreasing the unavailability of logistical resources involved, to minimize the company s exposure to economic losses due to erroneous bill of ladings and verify if this justifies the investment in dynamic measurement systems. This research has discussed a number of issues associated with the uncertainty of the shore tanks, vessels tanks and dynamic measurements, evaluating procedures, equipment, and restrictions, problems and accuracy associated with each method. It also included a discussion about the difference between calibration of vertical cylindrical tanks procedures used in Brazil by Inmetro and the requirements of ISO -7507, and about traceability of measuring equipment calibration.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jocielma Jerusa Leal Rocha.pdf: 3008647 bytes, checksum: 785c07837e5e5bb39cb7685000c9d145 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 / Classification of mineral deposits into types is traditionally done by experts. Since there are reasons to believe that computational techniques can aid this classification process and make it less subjective, the research and investigation of different methods of clustering and classification to this domain may be appropriate. The way followed by researches in this domain has directed for the use of information available in large public databases and the application of supervised machine learning techniques. This work uses information from mineral deposits available in grade-tonnage models published in the literature to conduct research about the suitability of these three techniques: Decision Tree, Multilayer Perceptron Network and Probabilistic Neural Network. Altogether, 1,861 mineral deposits of 18 types are used. The types refer to grade-tonnage models. Initially, each of these three techniques are used to classify mineral deposits into 18 types. Analysis of these results suggested that some deposits types could be treated as a group and also that the classification could be divided into two levels: the first level to classify deposits considering groups of deposits and the second level to classify deposits previously identified on a group into some of specific type belonging to that group. A series of experiments was carried out in order to build a two levels model from the combination of the techniques used, which resulted in an average accuracy rate of 85% of cases. Patterns of errors occurrence were identified within groups in types of deposits less representative in the database. This represents a promising way to achieve improvement in the process of mineral deposits classification that does not mean increasing in the amount of deposits used or in the amount of characteristics of the deposits. / A classificação de depósitos minerais em tipos tradicionalmente é feita por especialistas no assunto. A possibilidade de que técnicas computacionais auxiliem o processo de classificação e o torne menos subjetivo incentiva a pesquisa e aplicação de diferentes métodos de agrupamento e classificação sobre esse domínio de análise. A evolução das pesquisas nesse domínio tem direcionado os estudos para a utilização de informações disponíveis em grandes bases de dados publicadas e a aplicação de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina supervisionado. Este trabalho utiliza informações de depósitos minerais disponibilizadas em modelos teor-tonelagem publicados na literatura para proceder a investigação da adequabilidade de três dessas técnicas: Árvore de Decisão, Rede Percéptron Multicamadas e Rede Neural Probabilística. Ao todo, são 1.861 depósitos distribuídos em 18 tipos identificados pelo modelo teor-tonelagem. Inicialmente verificou-se o resultado apresentado por cada uma das três técnicas para a classificação dos depósitos em 18 tipos. A análise desses resultados sugeriu a possibilidade de agrupar esses tipos e dividir a classificação em dois níveis: o primeiro nível para classificar os depósitos considerando o agrupamento de tipos e o segundo nível para classificar os depósitos que resultaram em um grupo em um dos tipos específicos daquele grupo. Uma série de experimentos foi realizada no sentido de construir um modelo de classificação em dois níveis a partir da combinação das técnicas utilizadas, o que resultou em uma taxa de acerto média de 85% dos casos e as principais ocorrências de erros foram identificadas dentro de grupos em tipos de depósitos menos representativos na base de dados. Isso representa uma maneira promissora de conseguir melhoria no processo de classificação de depósitos minerais que não implica no aumento da quantidade de depósitos utilizada ou na quantidade de características dos depósitos.

The following study that is the regulatory settings for a port operator has been conducted with the intention to comprehend and highlight the different regulatory settings appropriate for the sea ports in order to ensure safe, reliable and efficient trade and transportations practices at sea ports. The area of focus of this research work was towards the Baltic Sea region ports where the researcher focused on the evaluating the regulatory settings for four different ports in order to compare and contrast each other with the intention to validate every port follows certain regulations. The researcher with the support of secondary quantitative study with the deductive research approach has intended to answer the problem of this research work. The findings of this study have suggested that different regulations on the basis of the international conventions are strongly considered by the range of ports especially Port of Gdansk, Port of Helsinki, Port of Tallinn and Rostock ports that have examined. Nevertheless, there were also some regulations which not all the ports were following thereby confirming all the ports follow certain regulations which are in accordance with their changing scenarios.

戰後台灣的政治安定，立基於經濟發展，經濟發展取決於貿易傳動。在全球化的時代，經貿是台灣積極串聯世界、爭取生存茁壯的關鍵樞紐；對四面環海的台灣而言，能源及原物料之進口與轉化後財貨之對外貿易，全賴於海運實踐，台灣以一個海島型經濟型態「不斷向世界市場擴張」的過程中，國際海運是國家經濟與世界市場的實質聯結。國際海運因而成為台灣迎向全球與經貿發展的生命線，政軍安定的守護神。 本文主要的目的，在探討戰後(1950~2005)我國國際海運政策的治理模式與治理政策。台灣四面環海，具有發展國際海運的地理優勢，比較世界各國的發展，台灣地區的國際海運經營與發展，在世界上一直佔有相當重要的地位。然而，近年來，由於中國大陸的崛起，台灣則基於自身的考量，執行「戒急用忍」政策，遲遲不開放兩岸通航與協商航商西進，使得台灣的經濟優勢逐漸流失，國輪航商之經營環境也隨之惡化，本研究藉由歷史與結構的研究途徑，從戰後我國國際海運發展的歷史脈絡與結構變遷，就其治理模式與治理策略進行深入的探討。 除了經由文獻探討中，檢視我國國際海運政策的變革之外，進一步與我國國際海運的公經理人、學者與業者等共三十位專業人士，進行實證的訪問調查，獲得第一手的資料，然後與文獻分析所得相互驗證，進而歸納成結論，並就我國國際海運政策的治理模式與治理策略，提出建言。 / Abstract: Comparing with the development of other countries, water-surrounded Taiwan has to build up its international shipping industry to facilitate international trade and therefore stabilize its polity through economic development. Due to the geographic privilege, Taiwan also has its strength of developing international shipping for linking the national economy and the world market. The objective of this study is to explore the governance mode and strategies of Taiwan’s international shipping policy after the World War II. This study investigated the relationships among international politics, macroeconomic and international trade, government policy, and industry environment for the international shipping policy. In addition to literature review, this study interviewed public managers, scholars and industrial professionals to empirically collect the experienced data by “in-depth interview.” Through the integrated means, this study concludes that Taiwan’s international shipping policy has played an important role for developing the industry in each stage of Taiwan’s development on economy and international trade, whilst the government in Taiwan should seek more practical governance modes and strategies to cope with the challenges to come.