This work goes through the mindset and ways of analyzing the problem of realizing 2D concept art into the 3D game model used in game. Specifically targeted for top down games and the effects the top down view have on the 3D game model. Studies in Principles and design concepts are used to create a 3D game character that works well for the top down view. The method used where an experimental study which resulted in a 3D model and implementation of principles and design concepts.  Based on the results it is concluded that it could be a useful tool. In the discussion a deeper analysis is conducted and it´s concluded that further research are necessary and the purpose and questions were answered.

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The research focuses on the role of top-down influences on selective attention across the attentional visual field. The attentional visual field is the subset of the visual field in which attentional processes take place. The size of the attentional visual field is relatively large compared to the areas considered by most empirical studies of visual attention to date. Three possible forms of top-down influence are examined: 1) the expectation of the size of the area in which the target is likely to occur; 2) the expectation of the direction in which the target is likely to occur; and 3) existing unconscious bias in the spatial distribution of attention. Results from Experiment 1 suggest that participants modify the size of the attended area according to their expectation of the location of the target. Experiment 2 demonstrates that focus of attention can be oriented toward the expected target direction. Experiment 3 reveals that, even when no conscious control is involved, the distribution of attention is biased toward certain areas. Theoretical considerations are discussed, including the introduction of a simple statistical model to assist in conceptualizing the modifications of the distribution of attention over the attentional visual field. Practical applications of the results are also discussed.

The research focuses on the role of top-down influences on selective attention across the attentional visual field. The attentional visual field is the subset of the visual field in which attentional processes take place. The size of the attentional visual field is relatively large compared to the areas considered by most empirical studies of visual attention to date. Three possible forms of top-down influence are examined: 1) the expectation of the size of the area in which the target is likely to occur; 2) the expectation of the direction in which the target is likely to occur; and 3) existing unconscious bias in the spatial distribution of attention. Results from Experiment 1 suggest that participants modify the size of the attended area according to their expectation of the location of the target. Experiment 2 demonstrates that focus of attention can be oriented toward the expected target direction. Experiment 3 reveals that, even when no conscious control is involved, the distribution of attention is biased toward certain areas. Theoretical considerations are discussed, including the introduction of a simple statistical model to assist in conceptualizing the modifications of the distribution of attention over the attentional visual field. Practical applications of the results are also discussed.

Policy document conversion in practice – a qualitative study of five upper grade teachers approach to the 2011 policy documents in history.This essay examines five upper grade teachers approach to the new 2011 policy documents in the history school subject, as well as it’s impact on the teachers class room activities. Also, the study examines what factors have influenced this conversion process. Colleagues, the school management and the Swedish Skolverket (the Swedish school management organisation, controlled by the Swedish government) are in this study the main external influences that are studied. The study is carried out with an organisation theoretical approach, witch states that controlling the schools practical activities is hard, taking in to account a great variety of “problems” that follow a teachers every day work. Aspects like shortage of time, a lack of economic backing and school tradition are thought to be negating factors that make a political “top-down” control of the school necessary in order to force school political ideas to get hold in school classroom activities.Through five qualitative interviews with the teachers, mixed views takes shape. Most of the teachers are slightly torn, but mainly positive, to the changes that has followed with the new policy documents in the history subject. The grading system is mainly considered to be an improvement since the one before, considering it’s way of describing students subject qualities on a relative scale. Also, the subjects more analysing soul is mainly thought to make it more relevant in general. The main result shows that all teachers, in various degree, have reformed their class room activities, leaning school history to a slightly more advanced and academic oriented subject, with a greater proportion of analytic segments to carry the subjects narration through the courses. Throughout this study, source validation is by far shown to be the most prominent class room activity that causes this effect. Studies in how history has been used by individuals, groups and governments are also revealed to be an important factor, leading the subject in a more advanced direction.The study of external factors that had influenced the conversion process clearly stated that the teachers colleagues was the main source of reliance and support when interpreting the new policy documents. All five teachers claimed to have been discussing and comparing their work with their colleagues throughout the passed year. The schools managements had not –3with the exception of one, that were – been directly involved in the interpretation process. Nor had they been generous in their disposal of time given to discussion with colleagues. Though, the school managements had been underlining the importance of a interpretation collaboration and had made sure that the teachers had been given time to attend introduction seminars. The influence and support from Skolverket was amongst the teachers mainly considered to have been insufficient. Some introduction seminars to the 2011 school reform – previously mentioned – had been given on different locations, but these had mainly described the reforms intentions in general and lacked a more practical oriented support that the majority of the teachers considered necessary for a correct interpretation of the documents. The main problem with the shortage of support from Skolverket was without a doubt thought to be the lack of examples connected to the grading system. Its relative nature was amongst the teachers thought to have required further instructions, making it possible for them to tie subject qualities to specific grades.Thus, this study describes a reality that opposes the top-down view of school control and its problems. A vast majority of the five teachers studied seemed to have done their best – on their own and together with their colleagues – to keep up with the changes in the 2011 policy documents in history. Instead, possible reasons for differences between the classroom activities and the subjects juridical intention could partly be tracked to a lack of controlling measures (also known as support to the teachers), carried out by the “top” in a top-down perspective.

Three experiments examine how collaboration influences visual search performance. Working with a partner or on their own, participants reported whether a target was present or absent in briefly presented search displays. The search performance of individuals working together (collaborative pairs) was compared to the pooled responses of the individuals working alone (nominal pairs). Collaborative pairs were less likely than nominal pairs to correctly detect a target and they were less likely to make false alarms. Signal detection analyses revealed that collaborative pairs were more sensitive to the presence of the target and had a more conservative response bias than the nominal pairs. This pattern was observed when the search difficulty was increased and when the presence of another individual was matched across pairs. The results are discussed in the context of task sharing, social loafing and current theories of visual search.

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This study explores the applicability of the top-down target costing (TC) method in the Taiwan real estate development industry by considering one new element ¡V creating buyer¡¦s perceived product value. The top-down method determines the target costs by subtracting target profit from less controllable sales price. It has been extensively studied in the context of assembly manufacturing industries. On the other hand, the real estate developers produce more heterogeneous products in monopolistically competitive market conditions. In order to adapt to this different user group, TC as an accounting and strategic management tool is expected to have unique characteristics once adopted in the real estate development industry. This study adopts a descriptive research design. By presenting evidences gathered from six real estate development firms it sheds lights on how the creation of buyer¡¦s perceived product value can be embedded into the target costing mechanism. By examining nine propositions, the study confirms the modified TC model is effective in stabilizing profits due to its focus on creating buyer¡¦s perceived product value. The contributing factors include the ability to charge premium prices as well as effective cost reductions. The findings revealed three unique characteristics of real estate development industry which may influence the adoption of TC model. Firstly, due to stronger bargaining power of the buyers and land owners as well as low entry barriers, the users of TC framework strive towards providing added product value higher than the product price in order to sustainably charge premium prices. It supplements the traditional accounting and strategic management literature in which expected profit margins were primarily achieved by managing costs. The study also reveals that the TC framework is more compatible with the differentiator and confrontational marketing strategies in real estate development industry. Secondly, the modified TC framework may better facilitate firms¡¦ profitability objectives especially during economic recessions. Thirdly, TC is more applicable at preliminary stages of product planning e.g. land investigation, but is less effective for component- level cost management due to certain market and operational limitations. Given the different needs of the property developers, the adaptation of the top-down target costing model in Taiwan real estate development industry is characterized by emphasizing on the creation of the buyer¡¦s perceived product value, as opposed to a pure cost focus in previous target costing literatures.

<p>The Turkish accession to the European Union has been the most extended one that the Union</p><p>has been dealing with so far. Turkey is now accepted as a candidate country but it is still in a</p><p>problematic situation. Most of the EU’s member states do not share the Union’s belief that</p><p>Turkey should become a full member of the Union, if they should even become a member at</p><p>all. Europeanization constitutes a ground in this essay, and the “top-down” perspective within</p><p>this process can give an explanation to why most EU member states have such a hesitance</p><p>against Turkey.</p>

The present study investigated how knowledge of tonality is used in sight-reading by comparing sight-reading accuracy across three tonal constructs: major, minor and atonal. It was hypothesized that sight-reading performance would be the worst in instances with no tonal information, as participants would be unable to generate appropriate top-down expectancies to guide their sight-reading. To test this, twelve pianists sight-read major, minor and atonal versions of monophonic, homophonic and polyphonic excerpts. The results indicated that pianists performed the major excerpts with greater accuracy than the atonal excerpts. Furthermore, the errors made within the major excerpts were significantly biased towards diatonicism, and there was a global shift towards tonality in participants’ atonal performances, providing a clear demonstration of how pianists’ expectations might have contributed to their sight-reading performance. The diatonic bias was not found in the minor excerpts, suggesting that the minor hierarchy does exert as strong of an influence during sight-reading.