Este trabalho descreve o projeto de um modulador Analógico-Digital (A/D) Sigma-Delta de 16 bits (98 dB de SNR) de baixo consumo em tecnologia CMOS para a aquisição de sinais de áudio. Para projetar o modulador foi utilizada a metodologia top down, a qual consiste em projetar desde o nível de sistema até os blocos básicos em nível de transistores. O sistema foi analizado e projetado utilizando equacões e modelos comportamentais para obter as especificações de cada bloco do modulador. Considerando um baixo consumo de potência foi escolhida a topologia CIFF (do inglês Chain of Integrator with FeedForward) de terceira ordem e quatro bits implementado com capacitores chaveados. O modulador projetado é composto por três integradores chaveados, um somador analógico, um weigthed DAC e um quantizador de quatro bits. A técnica de Chopper é incluida no modulador para diminuir o ruído Flicker na entrada do modulador. Os blocos de maior consumo dentro do modulador são as OTAs. Por esta razão eles são projetados utilizando a metodologia gm/ID reduzindo assim o consumo de potência. O projeto foi realizado na tecnologia IBM 0,18 \'mü\'m sendo utilizado o simulador spectre do Cadence. O modulador Sigma-Delta atinge um SNR de 98 dB para uma banda de 20 kHz e um consumo de potência de 2,4 mW para uma fonte de alimentação de 1,8 V. / This work describes the design of a 16 bits low power Sigma-Delta modulator (98 dB SNR) in a CMOS technology for the acquisition of audio signals. To design the modulator it was used the top-down methodology, which consists on the design from system level to the transistor-level basic blocks. The system was analyzed and designed using behavioral models and equations to obtain the specifications of each block of the modulator. Considering a low power consumption it was chosen a third-order four bits CIFF topology (Chain Integrator with feedforward) implemented with switched capacitors. The modulator is composed by three integrators, one analog adder, one weigthed DAC and one four bit quantizer. The Chopper technique is included in the modulator to reduce the Flicker noise at the input of the modulator. The blocks of higher consumption within the modulator are the OTAs. Hence, they was designed using the methodology gm/ID to reduce power consumption. It was designed on the 0.18 \'mü\'m IBM technology and using the Cadence Spectre simulator. The Sigma-Delta modulator achieves a SNR of 98 dB for a bandwidth of 20 kHz and a power consumption of 2.4 mW with a 1.8 V power supply.

A análise de cenas complexas por computadores não é uma tarefa trivial, entretanto, o cérebro humano pode realizar esta função de maneira eficiente. A evolução natural tem desenvolvido formas para otimizar nosso sistema visual de modo que apenas partes importantes da cena sejam analisadas a cada instante. Este mecanismo de seleção é denominado por atenção visual. A atenção visual opera sob dois aspectos: bottom-up e top-down. A atenção bottom-up é dirigida por conspicuidades baseadas na cena, como o contraste de cores, orientação, etc. Por outro lado, a atenção top-down é controlada por tarefas, memórias, etc. A atenção top-down pode ainda modular o mecanismo bottom-up através do enviesamento de determinadas características de acordo com a tarefa. Além do mecanismo de modulação considerado, o que é selecionado a partir da cena também representa uma importante parte para o processo de seleção. Neste cenário, diversas teorias têm sido propostas e podem ser agrupadas em duas linhas principais: atenção baseada no espaço e atenção baseada em objetos. Modelos baseados em objeto, ao invés de apenas direcionar a atenção para locais ou características específicas da cena, requerem que a seleção seja realizada a nível de objeto, significando que os objetos são a unidade básica da percepção. De modo a desenvolver modelos de acordo com a teoria baseada em objetos, deve-se considerar a integração de um módulo de organização perceptual. Este módulo pode segmentar os objetos do fundo da cena baseado em princípios de agrupamento tais como similaridade, proximidade, etc. Esses objetos competirão pela atenção. Diversos modelos de atenção visual baseados em objetos tem sido propostos nos últimos anos. Pesquisas em modelos de atenção visual têm sido desenvolvidas principalmente relacionadas à atenção bottom-up guiadas por características visuais primitivas, desconsiderando qualquer informação sobre os objetos. Por outro lado, trabalhos recentes têm sido realizados em relação ao uso do conhecimento sobre o alvo para influenciar a seleção da região mais saliente. Pesquisas nesta área são relativamente novas e os poucos modelos existentes encontram-se em suas fases iniciais. Aqui, nós propomos um novo modelo para atenção visual com modulações bottom-up e top-down. Comparações qualitativas e quantitativas do modelo proposto são realizadas em relação aos mapas de fixação humana e demais modelos estado da arte propostos / Perceiving a complex scene is a quite demanding task for a computer albeit our brain does it efficiently. Evolution has developed ways to optimize our visual system in such a manner that only important parts of the scene undergo scrutiny at a given time. This selection mechanism is named visual attention. Visual attention operates in two modes: bottom-up and top-down. Bottom-up attention is driven by scene-based conspicuities, such as the contrast of colors, orientation, etc. On the other hand, top-down attention is controlled by task, memory, etc. Top-down attention can even modulate the bottom-up mechanism biasing features according to the task. In additional to modulation mechanism taken into account, what is selected from the scene also represents an important part of the selection process. In this scenario, several theories have been proposed and can be gathered in two main lines: space-based attention and object-based attention. Object-based models, instead of only delivering the attention to locations or specific features of the scene, claim that the selection it be performed on object level, it means that the objects are the basic unit of perception. In order to develop models following object-based theories, one needs to consider the integration of a perceptual organization module. This module might segment the objects from the background of the scene based on grouping principles, such as similarity, closeness, etc. Those objects will compete for attention. Several object-based models of visual attention have been proposed in recent years. Research in models of visual attention has mainly focused on the bottom-up guidance of early visual features, disregarding any information about objects. On the other hand, recently works have been conducted regarding the use of the knowledge of the target to influence the computation of the most salient region. The research in this area is rather new and the few existing models are in their early phases. Here, we propose a new visual attention model with both bottom-up and top-down modulations. We provide both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the proposed model against an ground truth fixation maps and state-of-the-art proposed methods

A análise de cenas complexas por computadores não é uma tarefa trivial, entretanto, o cérebro humano pode realizar esta função de maneira eficiente. A evolução natural tem desenvolvido formas para otimizar nosso sistema visual de modo que apenas partes importantes da cena sejam analisadas a cada instante. Este mecanismo de seleção é denominado por atenção visual. A atenção visual opera sob dois aspectos: bottom-up e top-down. A atenção bottom-up é dirigida por conspicuidades baseadas na cena, como o contraste de cores, orientação, etc. Por outro lado, a atenção top-down é controlada por tarefas, memórias, etc. A atenção top-down pode ainda modular o mecanismo bottom-up através do enviesamento de determinadas características de acordo com a tarefa. Além do mecanismo de modulação considerado, o que é selecionado a partir da cena também representa uma importante parte para o processo de seleção. Neste cenário, diversas teorias têm sido propostas e podem ser agrupadas em duas linhas principais: atenção baseada no espaço e atenção baseada em objetos. Modelos baseados em objeto, ao invés de apenas direcionar a atenção para locais ou características específicas da cena, requerem que a seleção seja realizada a nível de objeto, significando que os objetos são a unidade básica da percepção. De modo a desenvolver modelos de acordo com a teoria baseada em objetos, deve-se considerar a integração de um módulo de organização perceptual. Este módulo pode segmentar os objetos do fundo da cena baseado em princípios de agrupamento tais como similaridade, proximidade, etc. Esses objetos competirão pela atenção. Diversos modelos de atenção visual baseados em objetos tem sido propostos nos últimos anos. Pesquisas em modelos de atenção visual têm sido desenvolvidas principalmente relacionadas à atenção bottom-up guiadas por características visuais primitivas, desconsiderando qualquer informação sobre os objetos. Por outro lado, trabalhos recentes têm sido realizados em relação ao uso do conhecimento sobre o alvo para influenciar a seleção da região mais saliente. Pesquisas nesta área são relativamente novas e os poucos modelos existentes encontram-se em suas fases iniciais. Aqui, nós propomos um novo modelo para atenção visual com modulações bottom-up e top-down. Comparações qualitativas e quantitativas do modelo proposto são realizadas em relação aos mapas de fixação humana e demais modelos estado da arte propostos / Perceiving a complex scene is a quite demanding task for a computer albeit our brain does it efficiently. Evolution has developed ways to optimize our visual system in such a manner that only important parts of the scene undergo scrutiny at a given time. This selection mechanism is named visual attention. Visual attention operates in two modes: bottom-up and top-down. Bottom-up attention is driven by scene-based conspicuities, such as the contrast of colors, orientation, etc. On the other hand, top-down attention is controlled by task, memory, etc. Top-down attention can even modulate the bottom-up mechanism biasing features according to the task. In additional to modulation mechanism taken into account, what is selected from the scene also represents an important part of the selection process. In this scenario, several theories have been proposed and can be gathered in two main lines: space-based attention and object-based attention. Object-based models, instead of only delivering the attention to locations or specific features of the scene, claim that the selection it be performed on object level, it means that the objects are the basic unit of perception. In order to develop models following object-based theories, one needs to consider the integration of a perceptual organization module. This module might segment the objects from the background of the scene based on grouping principles, such as similarity, closeness, etc. Those objects will compete for attention. Several object-based models of visual attention have been proposed in recent years. Research in models of visual attention has mainly focused on the bottom-up guidance of early visual features, disregarding any information about objects. On the other hand, recently works have been conducted regarding the use of the knowledge of the target to influence the computation of the most salient region. The research in this area is rather new and the few existing models are in their early phases. Here, we propose a new visual attention model with both bottom-up and top-down modulations. We provide both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the proposed model against an ground truth fixation maps and state-of-the-art proposed methods

In this study we sought to determine whether infants, like adults, utilize previous experience to guide figure/ground processing. After familiarization to a shape, 5-month-olds preferentially attended to the side of an ambiguous figure/ground test stimulus corresponding to that shape, suggesting that they were viewing that portion as the figure. Infants’ failure to exhibit this preference in a control condition in which both sides of the test stimulus were displayed as figures indicated that the results in the experimental condition were not due to a preference between two figure shapes. These findings demonstrate for the first time that figure/ground processing in infancy is sensitive to top-down influence. Thus, a critical aspect of figure/ground processing is functional early in life.

Le Tea Party entre en scène en février 2009 aux États-Unis. C’est notamment la tirade d’un journaliste qui s’insurge contre les plans de sauvetage de l’économie votés par le Président Barack Obama, en direct sur la chaîne CNBC le 19 février, et invite à organiser une « Tea Party » dans le port de Chicago, qui déclenche ce phénomène sans précédent. S’ensuivent de nombreux rassemblements protestataires de masse à travers le pays, puis la création de dizaines, puis de centaines de groupes Tea Party locaux. La rapidité et l’ampleur de ce mouvement surprennent les spécialistes. D’autant que dès 2010, le Tea Party affirme des objectifs politiques et une volonté d’institutionnalisation, se révélant une menace pour l’establishment républicain. Mais en 2012, la réélection du Président Obama peut être lue comme une défaite colossale pour le mouvement, et des chroniques de mort annoncée sont publiées par la presse libérale (au sens américain). Des résultats peu spectaculaires aux élections de mi-mandat en 2014 semblent confirmer ce pronostic, surtout que le Parti républicain réussit à tenir le mouvement en respect jusqu’aux primaires pour l’investiture présidentielle en 2015. C’est alors qu’on assiste à un retournement de situation ; la radicalisation du Grand Old Party est nette, visible entre autres dans la plate-forme très conservatrice des candidats républicains. En novembre 2016, l’élection de l’outsider Donald Trump à la présidence, conjonction de nombreux facteurs électoraux, est également le résultat d’efforts organisationnels de la Droite auxquels le Tea Party a largement contribué. Pour appréhender ce mouvement, il faut comprendre qu’il combine des forces top-down et bottom-up. Certes, le Tea Party bénéficie depuis son émergence de ressources inestimables de la part de groupes de pression et de think tanks comme FreedomWorks, American Majority, Americans for Prosperity ou Heritage Foundation, ainsi que des médias conservateurs. De nature organisationnelle ou rhétorique, ces ressources sont fondamentales car elles permettent au mouvement de s’organiser et de mener ses actions militantes. Il n’en reste pas moins qu’à la base se trouvent des acteurs bénévoles, qui consacrent leur temps et leur énergie au Tea Party, et revendiquent leur caractère grassroots. Des organisations nationales comme Tea Party Patriots s’imposent pour fédérer les groupes qui leur sont affiliés, cependant certains groupes locaux cherchent à protéger leur indépendance. Autour des groupes Tea Party gravitent des organisations libertariennes et conservatrices, l’ensemble formant une nébuleuse complexe, qui fonctionne par réseaux à différents niveaux et selon diverses configurations. L’objet de cette étude de terrain est donc d’apporter un éclairage de l’intérieur du mouvement Tea Party, par l’observation en immersion de groupes locaux situés dans les régions de Philadelphie en Pennsylvanie, et de Boston dans le Massachusetts. Il s’agit d’abord de comprendre les motivations et l’idéologie des militants, principalement d’orientation conservatrice, libertarienne et populiste. Ce sont les notions de souveraineté individuelle, d’anti-fédéralisme, et de respect de la Constitution qui dictent toute lecture des Tea Partiers. Ensuite, l’analyse des modes opératoires des groupes permet de clarifier le fonctionnement de l’ensemble. Le Tea Party se démarque en tant que mouvement de droite recourant à des stratégies organisationnelles jusqu’ici plutôt réservées aux mouvements progressistes - la façon dont il applique les principes de l’organisation communautaire est l’une de ses forces indéniables, en particulier à l’ère des nouvelles technologies, et des réseaux sociaux. Son utilisation de ressources Web et d’outils concrets pour l’action militante est remarquable. Enfin, il est essentiel de saisir que le Tea Party veut s’implanter dans le tissu décisionnel local. Pour y parvenir, l’une de ses tactiques consiste à infiltrer progressivement le Parti républicain / The Tea Party enters the scene in February 2009 in the United States. On February 19, a CNBC journalist protests on-air against the economic bailout plans voted by President Barack Obama, and invites viewers to organize a « Tea Party » in the Chicago harbor. This contributes to trigger an unprecedented phenomenon, as numerous mass protest rallies soon organize throughout the country, followed by the creation of dozens, then hundreds of local Tea Party groups. Experts are astonished at the swiftness and magnitude of the movement. All the more so in 2010, when the Tea Party starts claiming political objectives and shows intent of institutionalizing, proving a threat to the Republican Establishment. However, President Obama is reelected in 2012 and this is interpreted as a devastating loss for the movement, for which obituaries are published in several liberal media. Lackluster results in the 2014 mid-term elections seem to confirm this forecast, especially since the Republican Party succeeds at keeping the movement at bay until the primaries for the presidential candidate nomination in 2015. But then there is a reversal; the Grand Old Party clearly radicalizes, as the extremely conservative Republican platform notably shows. And the election of outsider Donald Trump to the presidency in November 2016, a conjunction of numerous electoral factors, is also the result of organizational efforts on the right side of the political spectrum, to which the Tea Party largely contributed. To better apprehend this movement, it is necessary to understand that it combines top-down and bottom-up forces. From its appearance, the Tea Party has indisputably benefitted from colossal resources from interest groups and think tanks such as FreedomWorks, American Majority, Americans for Prosperity or The Heritage Foundation, but also from conservative media. Either organizational or rhetorical, these resources are primeval for the movement’s organization and activism. Nevertheless, there are voluntary activists working at the basis of the movement, who devote their time and energy to the Tea Party, and claim its grassroots nature. National organizations such as Tea Party Patriots try to establish themselves as federations for the groups affiliated to them, while some local groups seek to remain independent. Libertarian and conservative organizations gravitate around Tea Party groups, the whole forming a complex cluster that operates at different levels and following diverse configurations. Thus the object of this field study is to shed light on the Tea Party movement from the inside, thanks to the observation of local groups from an embedded position. These groups are located in the Philadelphia and Boston areas, respectively in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. First, it is necessary to understand activists’ motivations and ideologies, which are mainly conservative, libertarian and populist; and that Tea Partiers interpret everything though the lens of individual sovereignty, anti-Federalism, and respect of the Constitution. Then, analyzing the modi operandi of the groups allows to illuminate how the whole system works. The Tea Party distinguishes itself as a right-wing movement that recurs to organizational strategies that were predominantly used by progressive movements until recently – the way the movement applies the principles of community organizing is undeniably one of its strengths, particularly considering the new media revolution, and social networks. Its use of Web resources and concrete tools to encourage activism is impressive. Lastly, it is indispensable to grasp that the Tea Party aims for local decision-making positions. To this end, one of its tactics consists in progressively infiltrating the Republican Party

Avec ce travail, nous avons voulu mettre l'accent sur la validité externe des expérimentations et nous focaliser sur des situations dynamiques naturelles. Or dans ce type de situation, les traitements top-down, découlant des connaissances préalables et de l'objectif, guident préférentiellement l'allocation de l'attention, tandis que les traitements bottom-up (caractéristiques des entrées perceptives) ont une influence mineure. Ce travail est donc centré sur l'attention top-down. La situation choisie est une approche de carrefour en conduite automobile, les sous-tâches étudiées sont le contrôle du véhicule (la trajectoire) et la décision de s'arrêter ou non au carrefour. Deux objectifs opérationnels sont investigués à travers l'analyse des mouvements oculaires : 1/ distinguer les sous-tâches de contrôle du véhicule et de prise de décision, 2/ distinguer les processus de la sous-tâche de prise de décision. Pour chaque objectif, une approche qualitative puis quantitative sont explorées. Des techniques de classification supervisées ont notamment été utilisées pour distinguer les différents processus. Deux études ont été conduites afin de répondre à ces objectifs, une en simulateur de conduite et une en situation réelle de conduite, mettant toutes deux en scène des approches de carrefours. / In this work, we focus on the external validity of experiments and on natural dynamic situations. In this type of situation, the top-down treatments resulting from prior knowledge and goal preferably guide the allocation of attention, while the bottom-up treatments (characteristics of perceptual input) play a minor role. This work is then focused on top-down attention. The chosen situation is an approach of driving crossroads, the studied subtasks are the control of vehicle (trajectory) and the decision to stop or not at the crossroads. Two operational objectives are investigated by analyzing eye movements: 1/ discriminating the vehicle's control and decision making subtasks, 2/ discriminating the process of the decision making subtask. For each objective, we explore a qualitative and quantitative approach. In particular, supervised techniques of classification have been used to distinguish the different processes. Two studies were conducted in order to meet these objectives, one with a driving simulator and one in a real situation of driving, both involving approaches to crossroads.

L'objectif scientifique de la thèse est de progresser dans la modélisation hydrologique spatiale régionale dans le contexte de crues éclairs qui représentent l'une des catastrophes naturelles les plus destructrices dans la région Méditerranéenne. L'accent est mis sur les questions de mise à l'échelle des bassins versants et la dérivation des équations et des modèles applicables aux bassins de milieu simplifiées de grande taille pour mieux décrire l'hétérogénéité du paysage et de la complexité du processus. Telles sont les questions clés pour faciliter le modèle mis en place dans le contexte de l'ensemble du bassin versant et d'essayer son application dans les bassins non jaugés trop. Pour répondre à ces questions, une modélisation hydrologique spatiale simplifiée sur les sous-bassins versants est d'abord proposé où les paramètres sont essentiellement tirées de l'information disponible (surtout cartographique). La méthode de Kirchner (WRR, 2009) qui suppose que le débit à la sortie est la seule fonction de stockage du bassin versant, est spécifiquement étudiée dans le cadre des bassins versants Méditerranéens. L'étape suivante consiste à créer un nouveau modèle hydrologique SIMPLEFLOOD distribué sur la base de « top down » méthodologie de Kirchner dans la plateforme de modélisation JAMS. Les paramètres du modèle simple sont estimés à des endroits calibrés et une régionalisation se fait en fonction de la géologie. Le bassin versant est discrétisé en sous-bassins versants d'environ 10 km2. La dernière étape consiste à procéder à un couplage de données avec le modèle hydraulique MAGE 1D développé à IRSTEA HHLY tenir compte des effets de propagation de la rivière sur les hydrogrammes simulés. Le couplage est externe, ce qui signifie que les sorties du modèle hydrologique dans le système de modélisation de JAMS deviennent les entrées du modèle MAGE hydraulique. Les sorties sont les débits qui sont transférés dans le modèle de MAGE soit comme flux latéraux (provenant des terres adjacentes) et /ou entrées d'eau locales. L'application de la thèse est le bassin versant de l'Ardèche (2388 km ²), qui est l'un des sites pilotes français pour le programme international HyMeX (cycle hydrologique dans l'expérience de la Méditerranée, http://www.hymex.org/). La thèse proposée contribue également au projet FloodScale (multi-échelle d'observation hydrométéorologique et de modélisation pour la compréhension et simulation des crues éclairs (http://floodscale.irstea.fr/). L'application de la méthodologie Kirchner (2009) montre que les résultats de simulation des débits sont bonnes pour les bassins de granit, trouvés à être caractérisée principalement par des processus excès de ruissellement et d'écoulement sous la surface de saturation. L'hypothèse simple de système dynamique fonctionne particulièrement bien dans des conditions humides (pics et les récessions sont bien modélisés). D'autre part, la performance du modèle est moins bien représentée à l'été et les périodes de sécheresse où l'évapotranspiration est large et observations de bas-débits sont inexactes. Dans le bassin versant de l'Ardèche, les précipitations simulées correspondent bien à de stations de jaugeage observés et données de réanalyse SAFRAN pendant les périodes de non-végétation. Le modèle doit encore être amélioré pour inclure une représentation plus précise de l'évapotranspiration réelle, mais fournit un résumé satisfaisant du fonctionnement du bassin versant pendant les périodes humides et d'hiver. Le couplage du modèle hydrologique obtenue avec le modèle hydraulique MAGE 1D fournit des résultats satisfaisants mais les résultats sont si réciproques comme dans le cas du modèle hydrologique ou une équation d'onde cinématique simple pour le routage des flux existe. On peut dire que dans les situations ou débordement de la rivière est significative, le couplage serai crucial. / The scientific objective of the thesis is to progress in regional spatial hydrological modeling in the context of flash floods that represent one of the most destructive natural hazards in the Mediterranean region. Emphasis is put on catchment scaling issues and derivation of simplified equations and models applicable to basins of medium to large size to best describe landscape heterogeneity and process complexity. These are the key issues in facilitating the model set up in the context of the whole catchment and trying its application in ungauged catchments too. To address these issues, a simplified spatial hydrological modeling over sub-catchments is first proposed where parameters are essentially derived from available information (cartographic utmost). For this purpose, the Kirchner (WRR, 2009) method that assumes that discharge at the outlet is only a function of catchment storage is specifically studied in the context of Mediterranean catchments. The next step is to create a new distributed hydrological model based on the data driven methodology of Kirchner within the JAMS modeling framework. The parameters of the simple model are estimated at the gauged locations and a regionalization is done according to geology. The catchment is discretized into sub-catchments of about 10 km2. The final step is to proceed with data coupling with the MAGE 1D hydraulic model developed at HHLY to consider river propagation effects on the simulated hydrographs. The coupling is external, meaning that outputs from the hydrological model in JAMS modeling system become inputs to the hydraulic model MAGE. Outputs are discharge rates in the reach network that are transferred into the MAGE model as either lateral flows (coming from adjacent land) and/or local inflows. The case study of the thesis is the Ardèche catchment (2388 km²), which is one of the French pilot sites for the HyMeX international program (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment, http://www.hymex.org/). The proposed thesis also contributes to the FloodScale project (Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modeling for flash floods understanding and simulation, http://floodscale.irstea.fr/ ). The application of the Kirchner (2009) methodology shows that resulting discharge simulation results are good for granite catchments, found to be predominantly characterized by saturation excess runoff and sub-surface flow processes. The simple dynamical system hypothesis works especially well in wet conditions (peaks and recessions are well modeled). On the other hand, poor model performance is associated with summer and dry periods when evapotranspiration is high and operational low-flow discharge observations are inaccurate. In the Ardèche catchment, inferred precipitation rates agree well in timing and amount with observed gauging stations and SAFRAN data reanalysis during the non-vegetation periods. The model should further be improved to include a more accurate representation of actual evapotranspiration, but provides a satisfying summary of the catchment functioning during wet and winter periods. The coupling of the resulting hydrological model with the MAGE 1D hydraulic model provides satisfying results. However, the results show that the timing and magnitude of simulated discharge with coupled model is as good as by the hydrological model with a simple kinematic wave equation for flow routing. We argue that in situations when there is a significant overflow in the floodplain the interest of the coupling with the hydraulic model becomes crucial.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndrieviskGPS_DISSERT.pdf: 1181960 bytes, checksum: 3416b1e3bd91514fea43dc2c94f227dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The phytoplankton growth is dependent of several abiotic (nutrients, temperature) and biotic (predation by zooplankton) variables. In this work, a mathematical model was developed in Stella software to understand the planktonic dynamics of Extremoz Lagoon (RN) and to simulate scenarios of different environmental conditions. Data were collected monthly at two points of the lagoon. The state variables are phytoplankton and zooplankton and forcing variables are nitrogen, phosphorus and temperature. The results show that: a) the model are well coupled, especially when some constants assume different values; b) simulated nutrient concentrations reduction decreases phytoplankton biomass, but the increase of nutrients does not stimulate the growth; c) changes in the temperature does not change the phytoplankton biomass; d) changes in zooplankton biomass affect directly and reduces the phytoplankton, indicating a topdown control mechanism; e) changes in the nutrient concentration modified the biomass of zooplankton suggesting a rapid flow of energy between nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton and a ecosystem likely arranged in an inverted pyramid (higher concentration of zooplankton than phytoplankton) / O crescimento fitoplanct?nico ? dependente de uma s?rie de vari?veis abi?ticas (nutrientes, temperatura, luz) e bi?ticas (preda??o por zoopl?ncton e outros fitoplanct?fagos, bact?rias que provocam lise celular no fitopl?ncton). Neste trabalho, um modelo de compartimentos foi desenvolvido no software Stella para entender a din?mica planct?nica da Lagoa de Extremoz (RN) e simular diferentes cen?rios de altera??es em importantes vari?veis ambientais como fitopl?ncton e zoopl?ncton. As medi??es foram realizadas mensalmente em dois pontos da lagoa. As vari?veis de estado s?o fitopl?ncton e zoopl?ncton e as for?antes s?o nitrog?nio, f?sforo e temperatura. Os resultados mostram que: a) o modelo se ajusta bem aos dados, especialmente quando algumas constantes assumem diferentes valores; b) simula??es de redu??es das concentra??es de nutrientes diminuem a biomassa fitoplanct?nica, mas o aumento dos nutrientes n?o favorece o crescimento; c) altera??es na temperatura n?o modificam a biomassa fitoplanct?nica; d) modifica??es na biomassa de zoopl?ncton afetam diretamente e consideravelmente o fitopl?ncton, indicando um mecanismo de controle top-down; e) altera??es nas concentra??es de nutrientes modificam a biomassa do zoopl?ncton sugerindo um r?pido fluxo de energia entre nutrientes, fito e zoopl?ncton e um prov?vel ecossistema arranjado em pir?mide invertida (maior biomassa de zoopl?ncton do que fitopl?ncton)

Este trabalho descreve o projeto de um modulador Analógico-Digital (A/D) Sigma-Delta de 16 bits (98 dB de SNR) de baixo consumo em tecnologia CMOS para a aquisição de sinais de áudio. Para projetar o modulador foi utilizada a metodologia top down, a qual consiste em projetar desde o nível de sistema até os blocos básicos em nível de transistores. O sistema foi analizado e projetado utilizando equacões e modelos comportamentais para obter as especificações de cada bloco do modulador. Considerando um baixo consumo de potência foi escolhida a topologia CIFF (do inglês Chain of Integrator with FeedForward) de terceira ordem e quatro bits implementado com capacitores chaveados. O modulador projetado é composto por três integradores chaveados, um somador analógico, um weigthed DAC e um quantizador de quatro bits. A técnica de Chopper é incluida no modulador para diminuir o ruído Flicker na entrada do modulador. Os blocos de maior consumo dentro do modulador são as OTAs. Por esta razão eles são projetados utilizando a metodologia gm/ID reduzindo assim o consumo de potência. O projeto foi realizado na tecnologia IBM 0,18 \'mü\'m sendo utilizado o simulador spectre do Cadence. O modulador Sigma-Delta atinge um SNR de 98 dB para uma banda de 20 kHz e um consumo de potência de 2,4 mW para uma fonte de alimentação de 1,8 V. / This work describes the design of a 16 bits low power Sigma-Delta modulator (98 dB SNR) in a CMOS technology for the acquisition of audio signals. To design the modulator it was used the top-down methodology, which consists on the design from system level to the transistor-level basic blocks. The system was analyzed and designed using behavioral models and equations to obtain the specifications of each block of the modulator. Considering a low power consumption it was chosen a third-order four bits CIFF topology (Chain Integrator with feedforward) implemented with switched capacitors. The modulator is composed by three integrators, one analog adder, one weigthed DAC and one four bit quantizer. The Chopper technique is included in the modulator to reduce the Flicker noise at the input of the modulator. The blocks of higher consumption within the modulator are the OTAs. Hence, they was designed using the methodology gm/ID to reduce power consumption. It was designed on the 0.18 \'mü\'m IBM technology and using the Cadence Spectre simulator. The Sigma-Delta modulator achieves a SNR of 98 dB for a bandwidth of 20 kHz and a power consumption of 2.4 mW with a 1.8 V power supply.

Predadores de topo desempenham um papel importante na manutenção dos sistemas em que eles ocorrem porque influenciam diretamente a estrutura e a dinâmica de comunidades. Desta forma, este estudo descreveu alguns mecanismos de co-ocorrência espaço-temporal entre a onça-pintada (Panthera onca) e duas espécies de mesopredadores (Puma concolor e Leopardus pardalis), o seu controle top-down na comunidade de mamíferos e os requerimentos ambientais que determinam a sua distribuição no bioma Amazônia. Para as análises de co-ocorrência espaço-temporal foram utilizados o modelo de ocupação e a densidade de Kernel utilizando os registros de armadilhamento fotográfico (2008-2011). Para descrever o controle top-down foi elaborada uma rede trófica utilizando os itens alimentares consumidos pelas espécies e disponíveis na literatura (1983-2014). Para indicar quais as áreas mais adequadas foi utilizado o modelo de distribuição de espécies utilizando as localizações geográficas de ocorrência da espécie que foram compiladas de três diferentes bases de dados (2000-2013). A ocorrência das duas espécies de mesopredadores não foi diferente nos sítios com e sem a onça-pintada nas quatro temporadas de amostragem. A probabilidade de detecção da jaguatirica foi maior nos sítios com a presença da onça-pintada em apenas uma temporada de amostragem. A sobreposição no período de atividade das espécies de mesopredadores com a onça-pintada foi baixa, com cerca de 55% de sobreposição. Também ocorreu uma mudança razoável no período de atividade das espécies entre as temporadas de amostragem, com mínima de 32% e máxima de 56% de sobreposição. As maiores diferenças na detecção e na sobreposição temporal ocorreram na terceira temporada quando teve o maior número de capturas e recapturas da onça-pintada. A rede trófica apresentou seis níveis e grande riqueza de espécies e densidade de interações. Após a remoção da onça-pintada, houve a perda de um nível trófico e de aproximadamente 20% de interações. Quando comparada a distribuição atual da onça-pintada com a histórica, foi possível constatar a perda de espaço ambiental em áreas mais frias (< 6,3 °C), mais secas (< 288 mm), mais úmidas (> 7517 mm) e com maior elevação (> 3597 m). O modelo de distribuição também indicou que muitas áreas potenciais estão disponíveis à ocorrência da onça-pintada e que algumas merecem atenção, especialmente, nas porções leste e sul da Amazônia onde a espécie corre maior risco de desaparecimento local devido à antropização acelerada. Este estudo forneceu significativa contribuição para a compreensão da população de onça-pintada na Amazônia, bioma que ainda possui a maior lacuna de conhecimento sobre a biologia e ecologia da espécie. Demonstrou o efeito da sua presença na detectabilidade e no período de atividade de outras espécies. Também demonstrou seu papel ecológico como predador de topo exclusivo porque foi a única espécie que predou todas as outras de níveis tróficos inferiores. Descreveu o espaço ambiental originalmente ocupado (distribuição histórica) e o perdido (distribuição atual). Indicou as áreas mais adequadas à sua ocorrência e aquelas potenciais ao seu desaparecimento. / Apex predators play an important role in the maintenance of systems in which occur because they directly influence the structure and dynamics of communities Thus, this thesis aims to describe some of the mechanisms of spatio-temporal co-occurrence between the jaguar (Panthera onca) and mesopredators (Puma concolor and Leopardus pardalis), their top-down control on the community and environmental requirements that determine their distribution. To the analyses of spatio-temporal co-occurrence were used the occupancy model and the Kernel density with records derived from camera trapping (2008-2011). To the analysis of trophic networks was used a foodweb model with prey spectra of felids compiled from the available literature (1983-2014). To indicate the most suitable areas to its occurrence was used a species distribution model with geographic location of the species compiled from three different databases. The occupation of the two species of mesopredators was not different among sites with and without jaguar. The probability of detection was different for ocelot, with higher detection on sites with than without jaguar. The overlap in the activity pattern among jaguar and mesopredators was low, with approximately 55% of overlapping. Also there was a reasonable change in the overlap between sampling seasons, with a minimum of 32% and maximum of 56% of the difference in the activity pattern. The differences in the detection and temporal overlap occurred in the third season when occurred the highest number of jaguar captures and recaptures. The trophic network presented six levels and, a high species richness and links density. After removal of the jaguar, a trophic level and approximately 20% of links were lost. When compared historical and current distributions, the loss of environmental space occurred in areas colder (< 6.3 ° C), drier (< 288 mm), wetter (> 7517 mm) and at higher elevation (> 3597 m). The distribution model also indicated that there is many potential suitable areas available to the jaguar occurrence and, some of them deserve attention, particularly, in eastern and southern portions of Amazonia where the species is most at risk of local extinction. This study provided a significant contribution to the knowledge of the population of jaguar in the Amazon biome which still has the largest gap of information on the biology and ecology of the species. It demonstrated the effect of the presence of the species in the detectability and the activity pattern of others. Also, it demonstrated their ecological role as an apex predator exclusive because it was the only one that ate all other species of lower trophic levels. It described the environmental space originally occupied (historical distribution) and lost (current distribution). It indicated potential suitable areas to its occurrence and threatened areas to its disappearance.