Syfte: Studien har till syfte att undersöka hur anställdas självledarskap påverkas av arbetsautonomi och stärkande ledarskap samt hur det i sin tur påverkar arbetstillfredsställelse.   Metod: Denna studie utnyttjade en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats. En enkätundersökning användes som datainsamling och resulterade i 137 användbara svar från ett bekvämlighetsurval. Datan analyserades med hjälp av statistikprogrammet JASP, där en deskriptiv-, korrelations- samt nätverksanalys genomfördes.    Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar att självledarskap påverkas positivt av både arbetsautonomi samt stärkande ledarskap som helhet och att dessa två därför kan ses som antecedenter. Dock fann studien att arbetsautonomi och stärkande ledarskap har en större inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelse direkt, än vad de har via självledarskap. Ytterligare en slutsats var att resultatet skiljer sig mellan män och kvinnor. Studien hittade att det inte existerar något samband mellan stärkande ledarskap och självledarskap för kvinnor. Männen uppvisar istället att det finns ett samband mellan stärkande ledarskap och självledarskap.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Detta arbete har hjälpt till att fylla ett forskningsgap om vad det finns för potentiella antecedenter till självledarskap. Dessutom har studien bidragit till att fylla ytterligare ett forskningsgap om hur stärkande ledarskap fungerar som potentiell antecedent till självledarskap.     Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Stora skillnader mellan män och kvinnor hittades i nätverksanalysen, det skulle därför vara intressant att göra en större studie med fler respondenter för att gå in djupare på könsskillnader. Det hade även varit intressant att undersöka hur personers självledarskap inom olika branscher påverkas av antecedenterna som undersökts i denna studie. / Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate how employees' self-leadership is affected by job autonomy and empowering leadership, and how this in turn affects job satisfaction.   Method: This study utilized a quantitative research method with a deductive approach. A questionnaire survey was used for data collection and resulted in 137 usable responses from a convenience sample. The data was analyzed using the statistical program JASP, where a descriptive, correlation and network analysis was carried out.   Results and conclusion: The study shows that self-leadership is positively affected by both job autonomy and empowering leadership as a whole and that these two can therefore be seen as antecedents. However, the study found that job autonomy and empowering leadership have a greater impact on job satisfaction directly than they have via self-leadership. Another conclusion was that the results differ between men and women. The study found that no relationship exists between empowering leadership and self-leadership for women. Instead, the men show that there is a connection between empowering leadership and self-leadership.   Contribution of the thesis: This work has helped to fill a research gap regarding potential antecedents of self-leadership. In addition, the study has contributed to filling another research gap on how empowering leadership functions as a potential antecedent to self-leadership.   Suggestions for future research: Large differences between men and women were found in the network analysis, it would therefore be interesting to do a larger study with more respondents to go deeper into gender differences. It would also be interesting to investigate how people's self-leadership in different industries is affected by the antecedents investigated in this study.

The introduction and establishment of exotic species can profoundly alter ecosystems. Two exotic species drastically changing the landscape of deserts in western North America are Bromus tectorum L. and Bromus rubens L. Through the buildup of biomass and slow decomposition rates in deserts these two exotic annual grasses can alter fire regimes that change the plant and animal community dynamics in the ecosystems. To better understand the ecological mechanisms that could restrict or alter the patterns of invasive plant establishment we established a replicated full factorial experiment in the Great Basin and Mojave Desert. The combinations of factors being manipulated are burned or intact plant communities, and presence or exclusion of small mammals. Generally invasive species establishment is thought to be a result of competitive superiority or lack of natural enemies, but if that is the case then why do not all invasive species establish and become highly abundant in their new ecosystems? To understand why some invasive species establish and others do not we monitored three dominant exotic species from the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert, B. tectorum, Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) C.A. Mey., and B. rubens. We observed that the presence of small mammals create a biotic resistance to B. tectorum, H. glomeratus, and B. rubens. This pattern was observed in both intact and burned plant communities; however, it was most prevalent in the burned plant communities. The strength of the biotic resistance on these invasive species varied between species and the years sampled. In deserts both plant and small mammal communities are tightly tied to precipitation. We wanted to understand how invasive species establishment is affected by small mammal presence after a fire disturbance, and manipulating total precipitation. Total precipitation was manipulated through three different treatments: 1) drought or 30% reduction of ambient precipitation; 2) ambient precipitation; 3) water addition or an increase of 30% ambient precipitation. We focused on B. rubens establishment in the Mojave Desert as our model organism by monitoring it beneath rain manipulation shelters nested in burned/intact and small mammal presence/absence full factorial plots. What we observed was that again small mammals created a biotic resistance on the density of B. rubens regardless of the burn or precipitation treatments. This biotic resistance also translated into decreasing B. rubens biomass and seed density. Under the drought and ambient precipitation treatments we found that small mammals kept the density and biomass equal but under increased precipitation the efficacy of biotic resistance on B. rubens density and biomass was lessened by the availability of the added water.

no / The majority of studies have demonstrated a right hemisphere (RH) advantage for the perception of emotions. Other studies have found that the involvement of each hemisphere is valence specific, with the RH better at perceiving negative emotions and the LH better at perceiving positive emotions [Reuter-Lorenz, P., & Davidson, R.J. (1981) Differential contributions of the 2 cerebral hemispheres to the perception of happy and sad faces.Neuropsychologia, 19, 609¿613]. To account for valence laterality effects in emotion perception we propose an `expectancy¿ hypothesis which suggests that valence effects are obtained when the top-down expectancy to perceive an emotion outweighs the strength of bottom-up perceptual information enabling the discrimination of an emotion. A dichotic listening task was used to examine alternative explanations of valence effects in emotion perception. Emotional sentences (spoken in a happy or sad tone of voice), and morphed-happy and morphed-sad sentences (which blended a neutral version of the sentence with the pitch of the emotion sentence) were paired with neutral versions of each sentence and presented dichotically. A control condition was also used, consisting of two identical neutral sentences presented dichotically, with one channel arriving before the other by 7 ms. In support of the RH hypothesis there was a left ear advantage for the perception of sad and happy emotional sentences. However, morphed sentences showed no ear advantage, suggesting that the RH is specialised for the perception of genuine emotions and that a laterality effect may be a useful tool for the detection of fake emotion. Finally, for the control condition we obtained an interaction between the expected emotion and the effect of ear lead. Participants tended to select the ear that received the sentence first, when they expected a `sad¿ sentence, but not when they expected a `happy¿ sentence. The results are discussed in relation to the different theoretical explanations of valence laterality effects in emotion perception.

Endohedral metalofullerenes (EMFs) have emerged as an important class of nanomaterials with vast promise in applications of molecular devices and nanomedicines. This dissertation addresses the EMF research span from synthesis to application, with an emphasis of work on trimetallic nitride template (TNT) EMF and carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs). As a general introduction, chapter 1 reviews the main literature in TNT EMF studies. Also key works in CCF area are highlighted to show the common feature and uniqueness of this class of EMF in comparison with other EMFs. In the last part of the chapter a list of milestone progress in EMF area has been summarized. Chapter 2 is devoted to the synthetic work on EMFs. Especially, for isotopic modification, the trial and actual EMF syntheses in efforts to introduce 13C, 89Y and 177Lu are described. The next three chapters address the structural characterization of EMFs. Chapter 3 focuses on structural studies of CCFs. With detailed interpretation of 13C NMR and DFT computational results for selected members of the Y2C2@C2n family, the influence of fullerene cage on the size and shape of the yttrium carbide cluster (Y2C2)4+ is investigated. It has also been established that the carbide cluster prefers a linear shape in sufficiently large fullerene cages but adopts a compressed butterfly shape in smaller cages where space is constrained. Chapter 4 presents a systemic examination of dipole moments in TNT EMFs. The first 13C NMR study of M3N@C2(22010)-C78 is achieved on Y3N@C2(22010)-C78. In addition, dipole moments of the M3N@C2n (n=39-44) family are probed by interpretation of chromatographic retention behavior, DFT computational results and single-crystal data. It has been found that TNT EMFs with pentalene motifs exhibit enhanced dipole moments due to the cluster-cage interplay. Chapter 5 provides full characterization of the M2C2@C1(51383)-C84 (M=Y, Gd) molecule, which contains the first example of an asymmetric fullerene cage with fused pentagons. Furthermore, it is suggested that the C1(51383)-C84 cage is capable of a cascade of rearrangements into high symmetry and stable fullerene cages via well-established mechanistic steps, namely, extrusion of C2 units from pentalene or indene motifs and Stone-Wales transformations. As an important intermediate in the formation of high symmetry fullerene cages, the C1(51383)-C84 represents a missing link that implies the "top-down" fullerene formation mechanism. Chapter 6 describes the endeavor to functionalize two exotic EMFs, the room-temperature radical heterometallofullerene Gd2@C79N, and the egg-shaped TNT EMF Gd3N@C84. The reactivity of Gd2@C79N is directly compared to Y2@C79N, Gd3N@C80 and Sc3N@C80 in two reactions and the paramagnetic Gd2@C79N is proven to be very inert toward many known common fullerene cage reactions. Eventually both EMFs have been successfully functionalized via the Bingel reaction, and the derivatives are characterized with HPLC and mass-spectrometry. Chapter 7 compares the effective magnetic moment of Gd3N@C80 and Gd3N@C84, together with the previously reported Gd@C82. The magnetic moment has a second-order contribution to the T1 relaxivity and thereby is an important factor to evaluate an EMF's value in application as MRI contrast agents. Furthermore the influence of cluster motion to magnetic behavior in TNT EMF is discussed. / Ph. D.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Un des défis actuels en écologie du plancton est de déterminer la contribution relative des processus abiotiques et biotiques dans le contrôle environnemental des communautés planctoniques selon différentes échelles spatiales et suivant un continuum d'hétérogénéité environnementale. Cette thèse répond à ces attentes et vise deux principaux objectifs: (1) déterminer l'hétérogénéité spatiale de la biomasse et de la structure en taille des communautés planctoniques aux échelles intra- et inter-lacs; (2) évaluer la contribution relative des facteurs environnementaux ascendants "Bottom-Up" et/ou descendants "Top-Down" à l'origine de cette hétérogénéité. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, quatre études ont été réalisées à différentes échelles spatiales intra-lac et inter-lacs. A l'échelle intra-lac, nous avons déterminé dans un lac de tourbière l'influence de la prédation par les invertébrés (Chaoboridae) et de la physico-chimie des eaux sur la distribution horizontale et verticale de la biomasse zooplanctonique et sur sa structure en taille (Chapitre 1). Dans le lac Geai, l'hétérogénéité du zooplancton était aussi importante sur l'axe horizontal que vertical. La prédation était le facteur le plus important influençant la répartition horizontale et verticale du zooplancton. La taille et la densité des Chaoboridae, ainsi que la conductivité des eaux influençaient la répartition horizontale du zooplancton dans le lac. Sur l'axe vertical, la biomasse zooplanctonique diminuait avec la profondeur. Le zooplancton évitait les eaux hypolimnétiques froides et anoxiques où se retrouvaient de fortes densités de gros prédateurs Chaoboridae. La seconde étude à l'échelle intra-lac avait pour objectif d'évaluer dans un lac subalpin les effets de la prédation par les juvéniles de perche (Perca fluviatilis) sur la distribution horizontale et verticale des daphnies et des copépodes cyclopoïdes au cours d'un cycle jour-nuit (Chapitre 2). La répartition horizontale et verticale du zooplancton était inverse à celle des poissons. Sur l'axe vertical, le zooplancton était situé de jour dans l'hypolimnion évitant ainsi la prédation par les juvéniles de perche situés dans les eaux épilimnétiques. Une forte opposition horizontale a été identifiée autant de jour que de nuit. La majorité de la densité zooplanctonique a été enregistrée en zone littorale, tandis que la biomasse de perche était principalement pélagique. Nous avons proposé l'hypothèse que la répartition inverse horizontale et verticale du zooplancton face à leur prédateur était due à la prédation des poissons, ainsi que par leur comportement d'anti-prédation (migrations horizontale et verticale). Au cours de la nuit, les cyclopoïdes qui constituaient le principal item du régime alimentaire des perches, étaient plus abondants dans les eaux métalimnétiques plus froides qui étaient évitées par les jeunes perches. A l'échelle inter-lacs, nous avons testé l'influence de la géologie sur la relation phosphore-chlorophylle a (Chapitre 3). Des modèles phosphore-chlorophylle a déterminant la réponse quantitative de la biomasse algale totale et pour 4 classes de taille (< 3 pin, 3 - 20 pm, < 20 pm, et> 20 pm) face aux gradients de TP ont été établis pour les lacs du sud du Québec. Nous avons finalement évalué l'influence d'autres paramètres physicochimiques sur ces relations. Les lacs étudiés reposait sur un socle granitique caractéristique du bouclier canadien. Ces lacs présentaient des concentrations en chlorophylle a plus faible par unité de phosphore que les lacs retrouvés sur des socles sédimentaires. Les lacs les plus productifs étaient dominés par des algues de grandes tailles (>20 pm), tandis que les algues de petites tailles (< 20 pm) étaient plus abondantes dans les lacs de type oligotrophe. L'identification de l'alcalinité comme variable complémentaire à nos modèles de prédiction a permis de proposer l'hypothèse d'un contrôle algal par broutage par le gros zooplancton herbivore dans les lacs plus productifs et alcalins. Les sources de variations spatiales de la biomasse zooplanctonique ont été quantifiées aux échelles intra- (entre les strates) et inter-lacs (entre les lacs) (Chapitre 4). L'influence des facteurs environnementaux abiotiques et biotiques "Bottom-Up" et "TopDown" sur les variations de la biomasse et de la structure en taille du zooplancton (53-100 pm, 100-202 pm, 202-500 pm, > 500 pm) ont été évalués dans les 3 strates limnétiques des lacs du sud du Québec. La variation de la biomasse zooplanctonique était plus importante entre les lacs qu'entre les strates d'un même lac. Cependant, les variations entre les strates n'étaient pas constantes d'un lac à l'autre. Les facteurs "Bottorn-Up" ont été identifiés comme la plus importante source de variation épilimnétique de la biomasse zooplanctonique entre les lacs. Les facteurs "Top-Down", soit la présence ou l'absence de piscivore dans les lacs, expliquaient la structure en taille des communautés zooplanctoniques ainsi que leur variation verticale (entre les strates). Les lacs où les piscivores étaient absents (dominance des planctivores) présentaient des communautés zooplanctoniques dominées par des petits individus. L'ensemble de ces résultats permet de conclure que l'hétérogénéité des communautés planctoniques augmentent avec l'échelle d'observation. A petites échelles (intra-lac, inter-strates), les facteurs biotiques (prédation) exercent un contrôle sur les communautés planctoniques, tandis qu'à plus grandes échelles (inter-lacs), ce sont les facteurs abiotiques (physico-chimie et morphométrie) qui expliquent en premier lieu la variabilité du plancton. La complémentarité des facteurs abiotiques et biotiques "BottomUp" et biotiques "Top-Down" dans le contrôle des communautés planctoniques est omniprésente quel que soit l'échelle d'observation.

Master of Science / Mercury is the most mysterious planet in the inner Solar System, suggested by observations from the MESSENGER mission. These observations shine a light on potential processes occurring within Mercury as it evolved over time. Scientific instruments aboard MESSENGER indicate that Mercury has a very thin surface layer of broken rocks, a thin crustal layer covered by lavas erupted from a melt formed in a relatively thin, FeO poor mantle, and a large metal rich core made from Fe and some quantity of a light element. These conditions are different than those seen on Earth: a thick crust covered by a layer of varied thickness made up of loose unconsolidated rocks and dust, a large mantle with more FeO, and a smaller core to planet ratio. To understand how these non-Earth like conditions affect how the planet's interior changes with time, a modified evolution model was created to track the changes in heat and chemistry within Mercury. This model accounts for complications like a dynamic core density that changes with a growing inner core, the formation method of the inner core, and the FeO poor mantle composition. Using this model offers illumination on the conditions Mercury experienced after it formed. This model is limited, but results suggest that Mercury's mantle began at an initial mantle temperature of 1600 K, and a mantle reference viscosity of 1021–1022 Pa s, indicating the mantle was less likely to flow easily. Model results also suggest the core contained some sulfur from 0.05–8.9 wt.% S, derived from the MESSENGER data. BepiColombo, a new Mercury mission, will provide some perspectives on the interior of Mercury, leading to more detailed information about conditions present after planetary formation and the effect of non-Earth like conditions on a planet's interior as it cools.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1988 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / Software development is becoming less an art form and more an engineering discipline. Methods of software development which leave as little as possible to chance are constantly being sought and documented. However, the gap between what is written and what is actually applied is usually quite wide. The only way this gap can be narrowed is through practical application of these very detailed and complex methods. Since it is unlikely that the complexity of these methods will be reduced, automation must be employed wherever possible in the software development process. This paper addresses the successful development of software for the Navy's Realtime Telemetry Processing System III (RTPS III) using practical application of existing methodology in conjunction with a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool. Based on this experience, the conclusion presents implications affecting software development the 1990s.

Der von der Firma ibb durch Herrn Mirko Krimmel geplante Vortrag im Rahmen der Saxsim 2014, umfasst die Vorgehensweise zur Entwicklung einer Getriebebaureihe als Top-Down Design. Dabei werden die Bauteilauslegungen und Festigkeitsberechnungen mit Mathcad nach der FKM-Richtlinie 2012 vorgestellt, sowie die Möglichkeit gezeigt, Mathcad als übergreifendes Steuerelement für das Skelettmodell nutzen zu können. Weitere Punkte des Vortrags behandeln die Auslegung und Simulation des Gehäuses und der Gesamtbaugruppe mit Creo Simulate 2.0. Anhand der Überprüfung des Verdrehwinkels an der Abtriebsseite infolge von elastischer Verformung der einzelnen Bauteile, zeigen die Stärken des Programms. Eine parallel zur Entwicklung laufende Simulation mit MDX bestätigte die in Mathcad errechneten Werte und lieferte so gleichzeitig eine Verifizierung der 3D-Daten. Referierende Person ist Herr Mirko Krimmel (interne Konstruktion in Petersberg).

Humans affect ecosystems by changing species compositions, landscape and climate. This thesis aims to increase our understanding of anthropogenic effects on mesopredator abundance due to changes in apex predator status, landscape and climate. I show that in Eurasia the abundance of a mesopredator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), is limited top-down by the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and bottom-up by winter severity. However, where lynx has been eradicated, fox abundance is instead related to bottom-factors such as cropland (paper I, II). Fox abundance was highest when croplands constituted 25% of the landscape (paper II). I also project red fox abundance in Sweden over the past 200 years and in future scenarios in relation to lynx density, land use and climate change. The projected fox abundance was highest in 1920, when lynx was eradicated and the proportion of cropland was 22%. In 2010, when lynx had recolonised, the projected fox abundance was lower than in 1920, but higher than in 1830. Future scenarios indicated that lynx abundance must increase in respond to climate change to keep fox at the same density as today. The results suggest a mesopredator release when lynx was eradicated, boosted by land use and climate change, and that changes in bottom-up factors can modify the relative strength of top-down factors (paper IV). From 1846-1922, lynx, wolverine (Gulo gulo) and grey wolf (Canis lupus) declined in Scandinavia due to persecution; however I show that the change in wolverine abundance was positively related to the changes in lynx and wolf abundance. This indicates that wolverine is subsidized by carrions from lynx and wolf kills rather than limited top-down by them (paper III). This thesis illustrates how mesopredator abundance is determined by a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes, and how anthropogenic impacts not only can change the structures of predator guilds, but also may modify top-down processes through changes in bottom-up factors. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>