Central southern Fiordland, New Zealand, is underlain extensively by metasediments and associated metavolcanics. These are mapped in three lithostratigraphic units, from west to east Edgecumbe Group, Cameron Group and Cumbrae Supergroup. Lower Cameron Group units lithocorrelate with Central Fiordland Belt lithological associations and with those of Fraser Complex, Westland. Eastern Fiordland Belt metavolcanics and lacustrine metasediments are tectonostratigraphically unrelated to Cameron Group, from which they are separated by the Grebe Fault. They instead have affiliations with the Loch Burn Formation, Largs Volcanics, Drumduan Group and Paterson Group. These units (collectively, "Cumbrae Supergroup") represent remnants of a Triassic-Jurassic calc-alkaline arc. Six deformational episodes are identified in central southern Fiordland. The earliest, D₁, is obliterated by D₂ and M₂ metamorphism. D₃ is restricted to the Southwest Fiordland Block. D₄ occupied a brief interval of M₃ time. D₄ of the Central and Western Fiordland Belts corresponds to earliest deformation in Eastern Fiordland Belt metavolcanics. The Grebe Fault is a left-lateral reverse D₄ fault; now vertical, it previously dipped eastward. The Dusky Fault, a reactivated D₅ left-lateral transfer structure, accommodated the dip-slip component of displacement at low-angle normal faults during mid-Cretaceous extension. Open folds represent D₆. Post-glacial scarps mark the post-D₆ Kilcoy and Vincent Faults. Their merged northward continuation is intersected by the tailrace tunnel of the Manapouri Hydroelectric Power Station. Southwest Fiordland Block pelites were metamorphosed at 665 �C, c. 3 kbar during M₂. Early M₃ is of contact metamorphic aspect. Late M₃ is distinctively polybaric: Central Fiordland Belt kyanite-garnet pelites recrystallised at c. 8.5 kbar after metamorphism in the sillimanite field at c. 3.5 kbar. Western Fiordland Orthogneiss 12 kbar granulite assemblages formed during late M₃. South of the Dusky Fault, late M₃ is almost asymptomatic. The M₃ field gradient is continuous across the Grebe Fault: in the Eastern Fiordland Belt, late M₃ staurolite and garnet supersede chloritoid in lacustrine (meta-)sapropel-silts. The Grebe Fault is an important tectonostratigraphic break; it may separate New Zealand�s Western and Eastern Provinces. Its relationship to any "Median Tectonic Zone" is unclear, as no such zone has been found in southeastern Fiordland. Cumbrae Supergroup rocks within the "Median Tectonic Zone" represent the arc that nourished the Eastern Province�s Barretts Formation, Murihiku Supergroup and Stephens Subgroup. The Cumbrae arc was �obducted� westwards during Early Cretaceous continent-arc collision. This event simultaneously halted Eastern Province volcanogenic sedimentation and tectonically buried Fiordland, imposing late M₃ pressure increments. Drumduan Group lawsonite is coeval. Cretaceous collision induced glaciation. Late Cretaceous climatic deterioration and extensional tectonism caused icecap development. The Otago "Peneplain" is a Late Cretaceous subglacial floor. Accumulation of voluminous perennial Cretaceous ice on Earth has hitherto not been inferred. Facultative psychrophily in New Zealand�s ancient endemics and their preference for dark conditions reflect passage through a hitherto-unsuspected evolutionary bottleneck: prolonged winter darkness and harsh climate of near-polar Late Cretaceous New Zealand exerted extraordinary evolutive pressures on ancestral forms after biotic links with Gondwana were severed. New Zealand�s ancient endemics are the evolutionary derivatives of a Late Cretaceous near-polar fauna.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2002. / Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 24, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Australian Centre for Field Robotics, Dept. of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. Degree awarded 2002; thesis submitted 2001. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Thesis (MSc(R)) - University of Glasgow, 2007. / MSc(R) thesis submitted to the Faculty of Physical Sciences, Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_apgc_me_guara.pdf: 1933388 bytes, checksum: a65434c8c77296c8a4c1caf57b057917 (MD5) / Filmes poliméricos obtidos ou processados a plasma têm sido objeto de muita pesquisa, devido às suas características peculiares que os tornam promissores e por vezes únicos em diversas aplicações tecnológicas e industriais. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo que objetiva a investigação da evolução temporal do perfil topográfico de superfície de filmes produzidos por processos a plasma a partir do Acetileno. São apresentados resultados sobre a estrutura molecular e propriedades como rugosidade e molhabilidade dos filmes poliméricos. O experimento foi realizado num reator a plasma, cilíndrico de pyrex, excitado indutivamente por rádio-freqüência. O plasma foi gerado a partir do monômero Acetileno numa pressão de 100mTorr, excitado por uma rádio-freqüência (13,56MHz) à 35W de potência. Deposições foram realizadas sobre substratos de InP com dois tipos de perfis de superfície: com padrão bem definido e sem definição. Para caracterização dos filmes foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas de diagnósticos: espectroscopia infravermelha para o estudo da estrutura molecular, medida de ângulo de contato e energia de superfície através de um goniômetro e microscopia de força atômica (AFM) para o estudo de topografia de superfície dos filmes. Os resultados indicaram que a estrutura dos filmes permaneceu constante independente do tempo de deposição. O caráter hidrofílico dos filmes foi mantido ao longo do tempo, com o ângulo de contato medido em torno de 50º. A microscopia 15 (AFM) mostrou as estruturas nanométricas da superfície dos filmes e ainda a rugosidade e a espessura dos mesmos. A constância média no valor do ângulo de contato medido e a constância da estrutura química dos filmes sugerem que a rugosidade da superfície dos mesmos seja também constante. Esta influência é comprovada pelas imagens e... . / Considerable efforts have been made by the internacional community to study plasma polymeric films motivated by interesting features of these films in technological and industrial applications. The present work reports the investigation on the time evolution of topographic profile of the surface of films produced by plasma processing with Acetylene. The results on the study of molecular structure and properties such as roughness and wettability were reported as well. The experiment was performed in a cylindrical Pyrex plasma reactor in inductively coupled configuration. The plasma was generated in Acetylene at 100mTorr with a 35W power supply connected to a circular antenna around discharge tube. Depositions were performed on InP substrate with a well defined and undefined profile patternof the surface. To characterize the films, different techiniques were applied: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to study molecular structure, goniometer to measure contact angle and surface energy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to study the topography of the films. The results indicated that the structure of the films were the same, i.e., independent of the time used to produce the film. High hydrophilic films were obtained with contact angle around 50º. The AFM showed the nanoscale structure of the films surfaces and values of film thickness as well. Approximate same value of contact angle and chemical strcture in the films suggested same roughness on its surface. This was conffirmated by observations with AFM. 17 The images of microscale structure of film surface shows that original topography of the substrate are reproduced on the film. In conclusion, polymeric thin films on the InP substrate produced with Acetylene plasma are hydrophilic for well defined and undefined profile pattern of substrate surface. They have also similar chemical... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Roberto Yzumi Honda / Banca: Rogério Pinto Mota / Banca: Luiz Angelo Berni / Resumo: Filmes poliméricos obtidos ou processados a plasma têm sido objeto de muita pesquisa, devido às suas características peculiares que os tornam promissores e por vezes únicos em diversas aplicações tecnológicas e industriais. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo que objetiva a investigação da evolução temporal do perfil topográfico de superfície de filmes produzidos por processos a plasma a partir do Acetileno. São apresentados resultados sobre a estrutura molecular e propriedades como rugosidade e molhabilidade dos filmes poliméricos. O experimento foi realizado num reator a plasma, cilíndrico de pyrex, excitado indutivamente por rádio-freqüência. O plasma foi gerado a partir do monômero Acetileno numa pressão de 100mTorr, excitado por uma rádio-freqüência (13,56MHz) à 35W de potência. Deposições foram realizadas sobre substratos de InP com dois tipos de perfis de superfície: com padrão bem definido e sem definição. Para caracterização dos filmes foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas de diagnósticos: espectroscopia infravermelha para o estudo da estrutura molecular, medida de ângulo de contato e energia de superfície através de um goniômetro e microscopia de força atômica (AFM) para o estudo de topografia de superfície dos filmes. Os resultados indicaram que a estrutura dos filmes permaneceu constante independente do tempo de deposição. O caráter hidrofílico dos filmes foi mantido ao longo do tempo, com o ângulo de contato medido em torno de 50º. A microscopia 15 (AFM) mostrou as estruturas nanométricas da superfície dos filmes e ainda a rugosidade e a espessura dos mesmos. A constância média no valor do ângulo de contato medido e a constância da estrutura química dos filmes sugerem que a rugosidade da superfície dos mesmos seja também constante. Esta influência é comprovada pelas imagens e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: Considerable efforts have been made by the internacional community to study plasma polymeric films motivated by interesting features of these films in technological and industrial applications. The present work reports the investigation on the time evolution of topographic profile of the surface of films produced by plasma processing with Acetylene. The results on the study of molecular structure and properties such as roughness and wettability were reported as well. The experiment was performed in a cylindrical Pyrex plasma reactor in inductively coupled configuration. The plasma was generated in Acetylene at 100mTorr with a 35W power supply connected to a circular antenna around discharge tube. Depositions were performed on InP substrate with a well defined and undefined profile patternof the surface. To characterize the films, different techiniques were applied: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to study molecular structure, goniometer to measure contact angle and surface energy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to study the topography of the films. The results indicated that the structure of the films were the same, i.e., independent of the time used to produce the film. High hydrophilic films were obtained with contact angle around 50º. The AFM showed the nanoscale structure of the films surfaces and values of film thickness as well. Approximate same value of contact angle and chemical strcture in the films suggested same roughness on its surface. This was conffirmated by observations with AFM. 17 The images of microscale structure of film surface shows that original topography of the substrate are reproduced on the film. In conclusion, polymeric thin films on the InP substrate produced with Acetylene plasma are hydrophilic for well defined and undefined profile pattern of substrate surface. They have also similar chemical... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

The aim of this research is to assess hazards and risks associated with flooding in the city of Juárez, northern México, where there is a flood threat from active alluvial fans from mountains to the southwest and from the Rio Grande (Bravo River) to the northwest forming the northeast border of the city. Aims of this Ph.D. were addressed processing a digital elevation model (DEM) of the study area in a GIS platform to define the several alluvial fans, and thus to examine their history and palaeohydrology. Three OSL dates in the youngest parts of the fans show ages ranging from 74 - 31 ka. However, the fans were subsequently incised, broadly correlating with later Pleistocene to Holocene processes upstream, published in literature, in New México. These changes are not obviously linked to glacial-interglacial cycles, and there is indication of local controls of interplay of climate and topography, for which this work is a preliminary study. The flood threat to Juárez was addressed by using a classification of the uneven topography of the eroded alluvial fans, plus the Bravo River flood plain, into basins and subbasins. Field and laboratory work was used to define litho-facies of soils and rocks, location of structures such as, topographic and hydrologic apex and drainage system in the fans. The data were then used in association with published information on the parameters of the basins and sub-basins provided in published documents from the Mexican authorities to make flood models of the area, using standard models of HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS methods widely applied in semi-arid regions. The result was estimation of the ability of existing flood defences to resist high-flow floods that may be expected in upcoming decades. The modelling predicts that only a small number of the existing defences will hold in a catastrophic 1:100-year flood, and that substantial parts of the city are in considerable danger. Such results are important in relation to the expanded and dense population in Juárez, which is concentrated mostly on the most active part of the flooding system, the Colorado Fan, which is the subject of a focussed secondary study of vulnerability mapping. The map reveals that areas of the city of low socioeconomic development are under the greatest threat. Therefore there is a need for reconsideration of the city's flood planning, and remediation, plus the application of enforcements of areas which should not be built on, because of the threats.

Studying past landscapes existing before the modern era (pre-1945) carries great difficulty. Historical maps can offer insight to researchers, but the two-dimensional cartographic features on these maps remain largely inaccessible for geospatial analyses. This study investigates the idea of unlocking the data within historical maps to be utilized by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). To realize this goal, the cartographic features must be extracted and converted into digital vector (line) and raster (grid) data. For the purposes of this study, we focus on the extraction of elevation contour lines in United States Geological Survey (USGS) historical topographic maps. These lines are converted into Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), thus creating historically accurate digital landscapes. To ensure a high-quality result, the topographically derived DEMs (TOPO-DEMs) are compared to modern satellite-derived DEMs. The implications of this study can be directly applied to historical, archeological, and environmental research.

Historical topographic maps are valuable resources for studying past landscapes, but two-dimensional cartographic features are unsuitable for geospatial analysis. They must be extracted and converted into digital formats. This has been accomplished by researchers using sophisticated image processing and pattern recognition techniques, and more recently, artificial intelligence. While these methods are sometimes successful, they require a high level of technical expertise, limiting their accessibility. This research presents a straightforward method practitioners can use to create digital representations of historical topographic data within commercially available Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. This study uses convolutional neural networks to extract elevation contour lines from a 1940 United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map in Sevier County, TN, ultimately producing a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The topographically derived DEM (TOPO-DEM) is compared to a modern LiDAR-derived DEM to analyze its quality and utility. GIS-capable historians, archaeologists, geographers, and others can use this method in their research and land management practices.

No

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) experts employ many representations that novices find hard to use because they require a critical STEM skill, interpreting two-dimensional (2D) diagrams that represent three-dimensional (3D) information. The current research focuses on learning to interpret topographic maps. Understanding topographic maps requires knowledge of how to interpret the conventions of contour lines, and skill in visualizing that information in 3D (e.g. shape of the terrain). Novices find both tasks difficult. The present study compared two interventions designed to facilitate understanding for topographic maps to minimal text-only instruction. The 3D Visualization group received instruction using 3D gestures and models to help visualize three topographic forms. The Pattern Identification group received instruction using pointing and tracing gestures to help identify the contour patterns associated with the three topographic forms. The Text-based Instruction group received only written instruction explaining topographic maps. All participants then completed a measure of topographic map use. The Pattern Identification group performed better on the map use measure than participants in the Text-based Instruction group, but no significant difference was found between the 3D Visualization group and the other two groups. These results suggest that learning to identify meaningful contour patterns is an effective strategy for learning how to comprehend topographic maps. Future research should address if learning strategies for how to interpret the information represented on a diagram (e.g. identify patterns in the contour lines), before trying to visualize the information in 3D (e.g. visualize the 3D structure of the terrain), also facilitates students' comprehension of other similar types of diagrams. / Psychology