In this study, semi-distributed hydrological model studies were carried out with the Mike11 model in Yuvacik dam Basin. The basin with a drainage area of 257.8 km2 is located in 12 km South East of Izmit city in T&uuml / rkiye. The basin is divided into three sub-basins named as Kirazdere, Kazandere and Serindere where each sub-basin is represented by its own characteristics. The largest peaks of inflow were observed when the storm events occur due to both snowmelt and rain. Therefore, observed flows for the period of 2001-2006 were grouped as daily and hourly storm events according to the event types such as rainfall, snowmelt or mixed events. Rainfall- Runoff Model (NAM) module of the model was used for the simulation of daily snowmelt and rain on snow events and Unit Hydrograph Method (UHM) module was used for the simulation of hourly rainfall events. A new methodology is suggested for the determination of Curve Number (CN) of the sub-basins by using the fractional area and topographic index values combined with hourly model simulations. The resulting CN values were used in the UHM module v and the suggested CN approach has been validated with the classical SCS-CN approach with GIS analysis. As a result of the study, the parameters of each sub-basin are calibrated with hourly and daily model simulations. The resulting flows are compared with the observed flows where model efficiency is tested with visual and statistical evaluations. The modeling studies give promising results for the computation of runoff during different seasons of a year.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-93). Also available via the World Wide Web.

A big responsibility lies in the hand of local authorities to exercise measures in preventing fatalities and damages during flood occurrences. However, the problem is how flooding can be prevented if nobody knows when and where it will be occurring, and how much water is expected. Therefore, the utilisation of flood models in such studies can be helpful in simulating what is anticipated to occur.   In this study, the HEC-RAS steady flow model was used in calibrating different flood events in Testeboån river, which is situated in the municipality of Gävle in Sweden. The purpose is to provide inundation maps that show the water surface profiles for the various flood events that can help authorities in planning within the area. Moreover, the study would try to address certain issues, which concern one-dimensional models like HEC-RAS in terms of the effects of topographic data and the parameters used for friction coefficient.   Various flood maps were produced to visualise the extents of the floods. In Oppala and Norra Åbyggeby, the big water extents for both the 100-year and the highest probable floods were visible in the forested areas and grasslands, although a few houses were within the predicted flooded areas. In Södra Åbyggeby, Varva, Forsby, and in the northern parts of Strömsbro and Stigslund, the majority of the residential places were not inundated during the 100-year flood calibration, but became flooded during the maximum probable flood. The southern portions of Strömsbro and Stigslund had lesser flood extents and houses were situated within the boundaries of the highest flood. In Näringen, there were also some areas close to the estuary that were flooded for both events.   With the other calibrations performed, two factors that greatly affect the flood extents in the floodplain, particularly in flatter areas were topographic data and the parameters used as friction coefficient.  The use of high resolution topographic data was important in improving the performance of the software. Nevertheless, it must be emphasised that in areas characterised by gentler slopes that bounded the channel and the floodplain, data completeness became significant whereby both ground data and bathymetric points must be present to avoid overestimation of the inundation extent. The water extents also varied with the use of the various Manning’s n for the overbanks, with the bigger value showing greater water extents. Else, in areas with steeper slopes and where the water was confined to the banks, the effect was minimal.   Despite these shortcomings of one-dimensional models, HEC-RAS provided good inundation extents that were comparable to the actual extent of the 1977 flooding.   Modelling real floods has its own difficulties due to the unpredictability of real-life flood behaviours, and more especially, there are time dependent factors that are involved.  Although calibrating a flood event will not exactly determine what is to arise as they might either under- or overestimate such flooding occurrences, still, they give a standpoint of what is more or less to anticipate, and from this,  planning measures can be undertaken.

Topography effects, the modification of seismic motion by topographic features, have been long recognized to play a key role in elevating seismic risk. Site response, the modification of ground motion by near surface soft soils, has been also shown to strongly affect the amplitude, frequency and duration of seismic motion. Both topography effects and 1-D site response have been extensively studied through field observations, small-scale and field experiments, analytical models and numerical simulations, but each one has been studied independently of the other: studies on topography effects are based on the assumption of a homogeneous elastic halfspace, while 1-D site response studies are almost exclusively formulated for flat earth surface conditions. This thesis investigates the interaction between topographic and soil amplification, focusing on strong ground motions that frequently trigger nonlinear soil response. Recently, a series of centrifuge experiments tested the seismic response of single slopes of various inclination angles at the NEES@UCDavis facility, to investigate the effects of nonlinear soil response on topographic amplification. As part of this collaborative effort, we extended the search space of these experiments using finite element simulations. We first used simulations to determine whether the centrifuge experimental results were representative of free-field conditions. We specifically investigated whether wave reflections caused by the laminar box interfered with mode conversion and wave scattering that govern topographic amplification; and whether this interference was significant enough to qualitatively alter the observed amplification compared to free-field conditions. We found that the laminar box boundaries caused spurious reflections that affected the response near the boundaries; however its effect to the crest-to-free field spectral ratio was found to be insignificant. Most importantly though, we found that the baseplate was instrumental in trapping and amplifying waves scattered and diffracted by the slope, and that in absence of those reflections, topographic amplification would have been negligible. We then used box- and baseplate-free numerical models to study the coupling between topography effects and soil amplification in free-field conditions. Our results showed that the complex wavefield that characterizes the response of topographic features with non-homogeneous soil cannot be predicted by the superposition of topography effects and site response, as is the widespread assumption of engineering and seismological models. We also found that the coupling of soil and topographic amplification occurs both for weak and strong motions, and for pressure-dependent media (Nevada sand), nonlinear soil response further aggravates topographic amplification; we attributed this phenomenon to the reduction of apparent velocity that the low velocity layers suffer during strong ground motion, which intensifies the impedance contrast and accentuates the energy trapping and reverberations in the low strength surficial layers. We finally highlighted the catalytic effects that soil stratigraphy can have in topographic amplification through a case study from the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Results presented in this thesis imply that topography effects vary significantly with soil stratigraphy, and the two phenomena should be accounted for as a coupled process in seismic code provisions and seismological ground motion predictive models.

This study aims to refine the current cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Defence Force to produce the 1:50 000 scale Topographic Line Map (TLM) so that TLMs can be read with both normal chromatic vision and with achromatic NVG vision. The proliferation and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVG) into the Australian Army has increased the operating capacity of forces at night. The Australian Army has incorporated NVG into standard operating procedures and training to the effect that Australian military personnel do not operate, at night, without NVG. The increased use of NVG in the Australian Army has required existing systems to be modified or redesigned to be effective within the limitations of NVG. The inability to read TLMs effectively with NVG is an identified problem within the Australian Army. This research has investigated the problems associated with using NVG and the information, which cannot be read on TLMs with NVG. This information was compared to a survey of features on a TLM that are critical for successful military operations. The combined information determined which features on a TLM were to be refined to enable effective reading with NVG. The scope of this research limited refinements to current or previous cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Army to produce TLMs. Refinements were limited to symbology, size, and colour and three critical information features of contours, watercourses and vegetation. The problems of cartographic design for a dual vision system (chromatic/achromatic) were investigated and it was determined that the common factor of value contrast exhibits the greatest effect on the refinement process. Prototype TLMs were produced and tested with normal and NVG vision to determine the best cartographic portrayal of the critical information features, without compromising the Figure/ground relationship, balance and cognitive meanings of the TLM. A final product was produced from the prototype experiment results providing a TLM for use with both normal and NVG vision. The refined TLM has changed contours from brown to black without changes to symbology or size and watercourses from 0.1mm width to 0.2mm width without changing colour or symbology. Vegetation was retained at the current standard and specification.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The recognition and description of relief features from their contour patterns is recognized as the main challenge in topographic map education. Conducting field exercises can solve this problem, but can be very time consuming. Modern technology, however, provides an alternative teaching technique by creating depictions of terrain. Important issues raised by this new approach include questions such as what these depictions should look like and how it should be presented to the user. Research presented here aims to address these issues by constructing design guidelines for terrain depiction. These design guidelines were derived from previous research and case studies. The guidelines focussed on research about how people perceive different representations of terrain and how these representations should optimally be presented. The design guidelines were constructed from research done in diverse fields such as cognitive psychology, cartography and engineering. Results of this research revealed that in order to develop an effective terrain visualization tool, it is crucial to incorporate different fields of expertise. The design guidelines were implemented with ArcView GIS and its 3D Analyst extension, which has the ability to display spatial data in three dimensions. The final product is called Terrain Visualization Tool 1.1 (TVT) and was created by customizing an ArcView GIS project (TV BUILDER) and constructing a Website (TV VIEWER). TV BUILDER creates the visualization data in the form of 20 web pages per topographic area and links them to TV VIEWER that serves as a platform to view the data. The design guidelines were implemented successfully and show the advantages of using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in related research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die identifisering en beskrywing van landskapelemente vanaf hul kontoere is geidentifiseer as die primere uitdaging in topografiese kaartonderrig. Hierdie probleem kan oorkom word deur kaartleesoefeninge in die veld te onderneem, maar dit neem baie tyd in beslag. Modeme tegnologie maak ‘n alternatiewe onderrigmedium moontlik deur die skep van verskillende landskapsuitbeeldings. Hierdie alternatief laat die vraag ontstaan hoe die uitbeeldings moet lyk en hoe dit aan die gebruiker aangebied moet word. Die doel van hierdie navorsing spreek hierdie vrae aan deur ontwerpriglyne vir landskap uitbeelding daar te stel. Die ontwerpriglyne is saamgestel deur bestudering van vorige navorsing en studies wat op hierdie gebied gedoen is. Die riglyne fokus veral op navorsing wat mense se reaksie op verskillende landskapuitbeeldings ondersoek. Die ontwerpriglyne is egter saamgestel deur navorsing wat gedoen is in velde soos kognitiewe sielkunde, kartografie en ingenieurswese. Hierdie navorsing het bewys dat inkorporasie van verskillende studievelde in die ontwikkeling van terrein visualiseringstoepassings essensieel is. Die riglyne is geimplementeer deur gebruik te maak van ArcView GIS en die 3D Analyst uitbreiding wat die vermoe het om data in drie dimensies uit te beeld. Die finale produk genaamd Terrain Visualization Tool 1.1 (TVT) bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik ‘n aangepaste ArcView GIS projek (TV BUILDER) en ‘n webwerf (TV VIEWER). TV BUILDER skep die landskapsuitbeeldings van een topografiese area in die vorm van 20 web bladsye en verbind dit met TV VIEWER, wat as ‘n platform dien om die landskap uitbeeldings te beskou. Die ontwerpriglyne is suksesvol geimplementeer, wat die voordele van Geografiese Inligtingstelsels (GIS) in hierdie en soortgelyke toekomstige navorsing demonstreer.

No description available.

Since agriculture began, field management has been at the forefront of expanding food production beyond previous limitations. Agricultural productivity is closely related to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Landscape position and field management are among primary factors affecting these soil properties. Delineation of topographic positions of the field surface by shape (i.e., convex, concave, and linear) characterizes areas that may accumulate or lose soil and nutrients either during a discrete event or cumulatively over several growing seasons. Increased soil compaction, degradation of soil structure, and erosion have all been attributed to declining agricultural production. In addition to the physical disturbance from cultivation, erosion and deposition of soil components in different landscape positions explain a large part of the heterogeneity of soil properties across an agriculture field. In response to this, conservation tillage techniques, precision agriculture, and other novel management strategies have been developed to reduce negative impacts conventional row crop production such as nutrient pollution and compaction while optimizing farmer inputs. The objective of this project was to evaluate effects of topographic position and conservation tillage techniques on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties on the field scale as well as correlate certain soil attributes with suspended soil runoff collected during the sprinkle infiltration test. Soil fertility sampling was completed every fall from 2011 to 2014 and additional sampling of soil physical properties was taken in the spring between 2013 and 2014. Differences between fall conservation tillage treatments, no-till (NT), AerWay® aerator (AA), and Great Plains Turbo-Till® (GP), and topographic positons, concave, convex and linear were analyzed. Sediment runoff and earthworm biomass were also collected in the fall in 2014. Results indicated a significant increase of soil organic matter (12%-24%), water stable aggregates (78%-98%), phosphorus (43%-76%), and cation exchange capacity (28%-35%) within concave over the convex landscape positions. Soil strength was significantly lower in the field managed with the GP vertical tillage disk compared with the AA field to a depth of 27.5 cm and the NT field to depth of 17.5 cm. Crop residue coverage (percent covered) was more complete in the NT field (12%) and the GP field (3%) compared with the AA field. Suspended sediment runoff was negatively correlated with water-stable aggregates, Ca, and Mg, but positively correlated with earthworm biomass. Extractable nutrients and soil physical properties were also strongly affected by air temperature and precipitation throughout the study period. Characterizing soil properties within topographic positions has potential applications in precision agriculture management, such as reducing excessive fertilization, and identifying areas of increased pollution potential. Evaluation of the tandem effects of conservation tillage tools and topographic position within central Illinois is important in order for the optimization of production and conservation of resources. Physical disturbance from tillage and the transport of sediment from eroded areas to depositional topographic positions are key factors influencing the variability of soil properties, crop productivity, and potential sediment-borne nutrient pollution within individual agricultural fields.

Submitted by ROBERTO FILGUEIRAS null (betofilgueiras@gmail.com) on 2016-04-17T03:21:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Filgueiras_a4_final_3 com ficha.pdf: 10047606 bytes, checksum: b710d7378ca5bb6b915801acc7bece8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T12:46:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 filgueiras_r_me_bot.pdf: 10047606 bytes, checksum: b710d7378ca5bb6b915801acc7bece8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T12:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 filgueiras_r_me_bot.pdf: 10047606 bytes, checksum: b710d7378ca5bb6b915801acc7bece8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Devido ao fato da morfologia do terreno influenciar nas medidas radiométricas obtidas por sensores orbitais, o presente estudo teve por objetivo geral, analisar a dinâmica espaçotemporal do saldo de radiação (Rn), na Fazenda Experimental Edgárdia (FEE) pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/ Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, levando-se em consideração a topografia da mesma, a qual apresenta relevo heterogêneo. Para essa análise foram processados dois métodos de correção topográfica, um que considera a superfície como um reflector lambertiano e outro não lambertiano. Para a estimativa do saldo de radiação, por meio das imagens orbitais, foi utilizada a metodologia do algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land). Com intuito de avaliar a influência da topografia no cômputo do saldo de radiação, foram aplicadas três metodologias: sem correção topográfica (RnSem); correção cosseno (RnCos) e correção C (RnC). Essas metodologias foram aplicadas em 21 imagens da plataforma orbital Landsat-5/TM, durante os anos de 1985 a 2010. Após a correção das imagens, notou-se que as cenas correspondentes ao RnCos apresentaram sobrecorreção dos parâmetros para algumas porções das imagens, devido a essas regiões apresentarem ângulos de iluminação ( , em relação a normal da superfície, superiores a 69,62°, alcançando ângulos de até 76,11°, isto é, condições de pouca luminosidade. Devido à complexidade do relevo da FEE, a correção cosseno não foi eficaz na atenuação da influência topográfica. Já, para os valores de RnC, foi constatada uma redução média do desvio padrão de 5,97% das imagens sem correção, para as corrigidas pela correção C. Esse resultado foi atribuído como um indício da efetiva correção das cenas. Observou-se nas imagens RnSem da FEE que ocorreu uma tendência à valores elevados de saldo de radiação, de noroeste a sudeste dos mapas dos RnSem, região que encontrava-se sombreada. Essa tendenciosidade foi notoriamente reduzida nas imagens RnC, a qual foi uma comprovação qualitativa de que a correção C foi eficaz para atenuar os efeitos relativos a topografia da FEE para as imagens de saldo de radiação. Com o propósito de validar as estimações, os valores de saldo de radiação obtidos nas diferentes datas foram comparados, utilizando duas estações meteorológicas automáticas, os quais não apresentaram erros relativos maiores que 13,73%. Tais resultados evidenciam a importância da consideração do relevo, para atingir maiores precisões nas estimativas de parâmetros biofísicos com imagens orbitais e reiteram o potencial do SEBAL na estimativa de parâmetros relativos ao balanço de energia. / The measurements obtained by remote sensing are influenced by issues related to relief. Based on that, this study aim to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamic of net radiation (Rn), considering the influence of topographic parameters on it, for the experimental farm Edgárdia (FEE), belonging the FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. For this analysis it was processed two methodologies, one based in the Lambertian behavior, and the other in non- Lambertian behavior. For estimate the net radiation, by orbital images, it was utilized the metodology based on the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm. In order to assess the topographic influence on the compute of net radiation, was applied three methodologies: without topographic correction (RnSem); cosine correction (RnCos) and C correction (RnC). These methodologies were applied on 21 images of the orbital platform Landsat-5/TM, during the years of 1985, until 2010. After the corrections of the images, it noticed that the scenes corresponding to the RnCos showed overcorrection of the parameters, in some areas of the FEE. This happened because these portions showed illumination angles, in relation to the normal of surface, bigger than 69.62°, reaching angles of 76.11°, ie, conditions of low illumination. Due to complex relief of the FEE, the cosine correction did not show effectiveness on the attenuation of topographic influence for the values of RnC, were noticed an average reduction of 5.97% for the standard deviation for the values of RnC, of the images that had been corrected by the C-correction. This result was assigned as indicative of the scenes correction. It was observed on the images of RnSem of FEE that, occurred a tendency of elevated values of net radiation, located of northwest until southeast of the maps of RnSem, shaded regions. This bias was attenuated on the images of RnC, which qualitatively proved the effectiveness of the Ccorrection, for the effects relief of FEE, on the net radiation images. With the purpose of validated these estimation, the net radiation values, obtained on the dates analyzed, were compared, utilizing two automatic meteorological stations. The results showed standard mean errors no bigger than 13.73%. These results show the importance of considering relief, to achieve higher accuracies on estimates of biophysical parameters with orbital images and confirm the potential of SEBAL in estimating parameters relating to energy balance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelino_fa_dr_botfca.pdf: 1108555 bytes, checksum: 954f5bc6b7506cad69a496a783189e2d (MD5) / A rede viária é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das atividades florestais. As estradas florestais são importantes vias de acesso às florestas, servindo para viabilizar o tráfego de mão-de-obra e dos meios de produção necessários para implantação, proteção, colheita e transporte dos produtos florestais. A construção inapropriada e a manutenção inadequada das estradas são as principais causas da erosão, logo, os sedimentos das estradas florestais carreados para os cursos d’água representam impactos ambientais negativos aos recursos naturais. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de redes viárias florestais em função dos custos e do risco de erosão. Para a identificação das redes viárias e quantidade de camalhões no sistema de drenagem, utilizou-se o programa computacional SIG-GRASS. O camalhão pode ser um recurso de controle de erosão em estradas florestais, por isso foi estudado uma classificação de distância entre camalhões para manter o fator topográfico LS igual a 1. A aplicação do modelo teórico de distância entre camalhões desenvolvido neste trabalho possibilita dimensionar corretamente o número de camalhões necessários para controlar o risco de erosão em estradas florestais não pavimentadas. Foram estimados os custos anuais de estradas para diferentes sistemas de redes viárias florestais (Ortogonal 1, Ortogonal 2, Readequada 1, Readequada 2 e Nível). Os custos anuais de estradas são compostos pela depreciação, custos de manutenção, custos de oportunidade do capital e custos de oportunidade da terra. O principal custo de estrada da rede viária Ortogonal 1 e 2 foi a manutenção. Entretanto, nas redes viárias Readequada 1 e 2, e Nível o principal custo de estrada foi o custo de oportunidade de capital. Conseqüentemente, com um planejamento adequado da rede viária florestal,... / A roadway system is essential for forest activities development. Road forests are important access ways to the forest areas, being a useful tool to facilitate workers and vehicles traffic to implementation, protection, harvesting and transport of forest products. Roads inappropriate building and maintenance are the main causes of erosion; therefore, road forest sediments carried by water courses represent negative environmental impact to natural resources. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate different roadway forest systems in function of costs and erosion risk. The software SIG-GRASS was used for road system identification and cross drains quantification in drainage system. Cross drains could be a resource used to control erosion in forest roads network. Thus, it was studied a classification of distances between cross drains to maintain a LS topographic factor equal 1. Theoretical model application for distance between cross drains may help correctly measurement of cross drain numbers necessary to control erosion risk in unpaved forest roads. Annual costs of roads in different roadway forest networks were estimated (Orthogonal 1, Orthogonal 2, Readequacy 1, Readequacy 2 and Level). Annual costs of roads are composed by depreciation, maintenance costs, capital opportunity costs and land opportunity costs. The main cost of Orthogonal roadway system 1 and 2 was the maintenance. Otherwise, in Readequacy 1 and 2, and Level roadway system the main road cost was with capital opportunity. Consequently, with an adequate forest roadway network planning the costs with maintenance could be reduced, roads life span could be increased and reduce negative impacts caused by roads, mainly erosion and sediments accumulation in rivers.