Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T10:10:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Lourdes Cardoso Dias - 2016.pdf: 5417683 bytes, checksum: b78ac2770efe1ad69da9b3bcff5104c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T15:05:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Lourdes Cardoso Dias - 2016.pdf: 5417683 bytes, checksum: b78ac2770efe1ad69da9b3bcff5104c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T15:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Lourdes Cardoso Dias - 2016.pdf: 5417683 bytes, checksum: b78ac2770efe1ad69da9b3bcff5104c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / The toponym field, a sub-area of Onomastics, studies the names of places, their meanings and origins, the changes and motivations which influence the process of choosing those names. This study presents a toponym investigation regarding the first cities in the state of Tocantins, the ones that started and established themselves from gold mining in the 18th century. It also approaches the names of rivers – hydronymy – in the region due to the significance of them in the establishment of the cities. Since, in most cases, waterways are the first environmental elements named. Afterwards, their names become the identification of urban settlements by the riverside. This study aims to identify senses and motivations that influenced the process of naming these places. To that end, toponyms shaping this Onomastics system were described, analyzed and interpreted, observing that, because of their specific role in referencing and identifying things in a geographic space, they are not ordinary signs of language, they are instruments of ideological propagation at the same time. Hence, this investigation has gone beyond theoretical Linguistics, it employs an interdisciplinary viewpoint, in which there is an intersection among history, geography and other knowledge areas. Thus, we searched for a methodology that enables combining these areas as to treat the linguistic phenomenon. We have decided on using principles of Historic Linguistics with sociocultural traces, in the Onomastics method perspective and along with Wörter und Sachen (Words and Things), since they are both theories that approach semantics as related to history and culture. Data collection, which has been carried out through historiography written documents, sustained toponyms existence before and nowadays. These documents allowed a historical retreat of facts that encouraged the toponym choice and retrieve possible meanings. Aspects regarding beliefs, cultural values, ideologies, geographic features, and cognition were identified as the motivation when choosing the names of the first cities in Tocantins. These factors reflect themselves in the toponym linguistic structure, translating the dominant intentionality when naming places. Besides, toponym of the region observed preserve a world-view and an ideology of power perpetuation, mainly related to politics and religion, from the very beginning and with slight changes throughout the history. Therefore, it is a collective memory repository, because it records significant aspects of life in society, representing a valuable linguistic-cultural heritage. / A Toponímia, subárea da Onomástica, ocupa-se do estudo dos nomes dos lugares, ou seja, de seus significados, de suas origens, das transformações e das motivações que influíram nas escolhas desses nomes. Nesta tese, apresenta-se o estudo toponímico dos primeiros municípios do estado do Tocantins, aqueles que se iniciaram e estabeleceram-se a partir da mineração do ouro, no século XVIII. Trata-se também do estudo dos nomes dos rios – hidronímia – da região devido à importância deles para a formação desses municípios. Na maioria das vezes, os cursos d’agua são os primeiros elementos do meio ambiente a serem batizados. Posteriormente, seus nomes passam a nomear também os aglomerados urbanos que se formam em suas margens. Pretendeu-se, com este trabalho, identificar os significados e as motivações que influenciaram a escolha dos nomes desses lugares. Para isso, procurou-se descrever, analisar e interpretar os topônimos que compõem esse sistema onomástico, tendo em vista que não são signos comuns da língua por sua função específica de referenciar e identificar entidades no espaço geográfico, ao mesmo tempo que são instrumentos de veiculação de ideologias. Por isso, este trabalho vai além da Linguística teórica, adota-se uma visão interdisciplinar, em que a história, a geografia e outras áreas do conhecimento interseccionam-se. Assim, buscou-se uma orientação metodológica capaz de unir essas áreas no tratamento do fenômeno linguístico. Escolheu-se trabalhar com os princípios da Linguística Histórica de tendência sociocultural, na perspectiva do método Onomasiológico e em conjunto com o Wörter und Sachen (Palavras e Coisas), uma vez que são teorias do campo da semântica correlacionadas com a história e a cultura. Procedeu-se à coleta de dados por meio de documentos escritos de valor historiográficos que confirmam a existência dos topônimos em épocas anteriores e na atualidade. Esses documentos permitiram a reconstituição histórica dos fatos que motivaram a escolha toponímica e o resgate dos possíveis significados. Percebeu-se que as motivações para as escolhas dos nomes dos primeiros municípios tocantinenses fixam-se em crenças, valores culturais, ideologias, aspectos da realidade física da região, além dos aspectos cognitivos. Esses fatores refletem-se nas estruturas linguísticas dos topônimos, traduzindo a intencionalidade do denominador no ato denominativo. E ainda, a toponímia dessa região em estudo conserva a visão de mundo e as ideologias de poder, principalmente a política e a religiosa, do período inicial de sua formação com pequenas alterações ao longo da história. Por isso, é um repositório de memória coletiva por armazenar aspectos importantes da vida em sociedade, constituindo-se em um rico patrimônio linguístico-cultural.

A anotação geográfica de documentos consiste na adoção de metadados para a identificação de nomes de locais e a posição de suas ocorrências no texto. Esta informação é útil, por exemplo, para mecanismos de busca. A partir dos topônimos mencionados no texto é possível identificar o contexto espacial em que o assunto do texto está inserido, o que permite agrupar documentos que se refiram a um mesmo contexto, atribuindo ao documento um escopo geográfico. Esta Dissertação de Mestrado apresenta um novo método, batizado de Geofier, para determinação do escopo geográfico de documentos. A novidade apresentada pelo Geofier é a possibilidade da identificação do escopo geográfico de um documento por meio de classificadores de aprendizagem de máquina treinados sem o uso de um gazetteer e sem premissas quanto à língua dos textos analisados. A Wikipédia foi utilizada como fonte de um conjunto de documentos anotados geograficamente para o treinamento de uma hierarquia de Classificadores Naive Bayes e Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Uma comparação de desempenho entre o Geofier e uma reimplementação do sistema Web-a-Where foi realizada em relação à determinação do escopo geográfico dos textos da Wikipédia. A hierarquia do Geofier foi treinada e avaliada de duas formas: usando topônimos do mesmo gazetteer que o Web-a-Where e usando n-gramas extraídos dos documentos de treinamento. Como resultado, o Geofier manteve desempenho superior ao obtido pela reimplementação do Web-a-Where. / Automatic text geotagging is the process by which mentions of place names and their positions in text are identified as metadata, allowing this information to be used by specialized applications, like Search Engines. It is possible to identify the geographic scope of a document by analysing the toponyms it mentions and then group documents by their geographic context, effectively adding a geographic scope to the documents. This dissertation presents a new method to identify the geographic scope of text, named Geofier. The novelty in Geofier is that it uses machine learning text classifiers, trained without the need of a gazetteer and without making assumptions regarding the language in which the documents are written. Wikipedia was used as the source for a geotagged text dataset in order to train a hierarchy of Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. The Geofier hierarchy was then trained and evaluated, first using toponyms from the same gazetteer as Web-a-Where and then using n-grams extracted from the training samples as attributes. Geofier performed significantly better when compared to a Web-a-Where implementation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_mestrado_cleber.pdf: 565462 bytes, checksum: 906465b0884050d40a2c09bf52b60526 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-23 / Georeferencing of texts, that is, the identification of the geographical context of texts is becoming popular in the Web due to the high demand for geographical information and due to the raising of services for query and retrieval like Google Earth (geobrowsers). The main challenge is to relate texts to geographical locations. These associations are stored in structures called gazetteers. Although there are gazetteers like Geonames and TGN, they fail in coverage, lacking information about some countries, and they also fail by weak specialization, lacking detailed references to locations (fine granularity) as for example names of streets, squares, monuments, rivers, neighborhoods, etc. This kind of information that acts as indirect references to geographical locations is defined as Location Indicators . This dissertation presents an approach that identifies Location Indicators related to geographical locations, by analyzing texts of news published in the Web. The goal is to enrich create gazetteers with the identified relations and then perform geo-referencing of news. Location Indicators include non-geographical entities that are dynamic and may change along the time. The use of news published in the Web is a useful way to discover Location Indicators, covering a great number of locations and maintaining detailed information about each location. Different training news corpora are compared for the creation of gazetteers and evaluated by their ability to correctly identify cities in texts of news Georeferencing of texts, that is, the identification of the geographical context of texts is becoming popular in the Web due to the high demand for geographical information and due to the raising of services for query and retrieval like Google Earth (geobrowsers). The main challenge is to relate texts to geographical locations. These associations are stored in structures called gazetteers. Although there are gazetteers like Geonames and TGN, they fail in coverage, lacking information about some countries, and they also fail by weak specialization, lacking detailed references to locations (fine granularity) as for example names of streets, squares, monuments, rivers, neighborhoods, etc. This kind of information that acts as indirect references to geographical locations is defined as Location Indicators . This dissertation presents an approach that identifies Location Indicators related to geographical locations, by analyzing texts of news published in the Web. The goal is to enrich create gazetteers with the identified relations and then perform geo-referencing of news. Location Indicators include non-geographical entities that are dynamic and may change along the time. The use of news published in the Web is a useful way to discover Location Indicators, covering a great number of locations and maintaining detailed information about each location. Different training news corpora are compared for the creation of gazetteers and evaluated by their ability to correctly identify cities in texts of news / Com o advento da Internet e o crescente número de informações disponíveis torna-se necessária a definição de estratégias especiais que permitam aos usuários o acesso rápido a informações relevantes. Como a Web possui grande volume de informações principalmente com o foco geográfico torna-se necessário recuperar e estruturar essas informações de forma a poder relacioná-las com o contexto e realidade das pessoas através de métodos e sistemas automáticos. Para isso uma das necessidades é possibilitar o georreferenciamento dos textos, ou seja, identificar as entidades geográficas presentes e associá-las com sua correta localização espacial. Nesse sentido, os topônimos (ex: nomes de localidades como cidades, países, etc.), devido à possibilidade de identificar de forma precisa determinada região espacial, apresentam-se como ideais para a identificação do contexto geográfico dos textos. Essa tarefa, denominada de Resolução de Topônimos apresenta, no entanto, desafios importantes principalmente do ponto de vista lingüístico, já que uma localidade pode possuir variados tipos de ambigüidade. Com relação a isso a principal estratégia para superar estes problemas compreende a identificação de evidências que auxiliem na identificação e desambiguação das localidades nos textos. Para essa verificação são utilizados geralmente os serviços de um ou mais dicionários toponímicos (Gazetteers). Como são criados de forma manual eles apresentam, no entanto deficiência de informações relacionadas principalmente a entidades que podem identificar, embora de forma indireta, determinados tipos de lugares como ruas, praças, universidades etc., as quais são definidas como Indicadores de Localidade. O presente trabalho propõe uma abordagem para a recuperação dessas entidades aproveitando para isso o caráter geográfico das informações jornalísticas. Para ilustrar a viabilidade do processo diferentes tipos de corpora de notícias foram testados e comparados pela habilidade de criação de Gazetteers com os Indicadores recuperados, sendo os Gazetteers avaliados então pela capacidade de identificação das cidades relacionadas às notícias testadas. Os resultados demonstram a utilidade da abordagem para o enriquecimento de Gazetteers e consequentemente para a recuperação de Indicadores de Localidade com maior simplicidade e extensibilidade que os trabalhos atuais

A anotação geográfica de documentos consiste na adoção de metadados para a identificação de nomes de locais e a posição de suas ocorrências no texto. Esta informação é útil, por exemplo, para mecanismos de busca. A partir dos topônimos mencionados no texto é possível identificar o contexto espacial em que o assunto do texto está inserido, o que permite agrupar documentos que se refiram a um mesmo contexto, atribuindo ao documento um escopo geográfico. Esta Dissertação de Mestrado apresenta um novo método, batizado de Geofier, para determinação do escopo geográfico de documentos. A novidade apresentada pelo Geofier é a possibilidade da identificação do escopo geográfico de um documento por meio de classificadores de aprendizagem de máquina treinados sem o uso de um gazetteer e sem premissas quanto à língua dos textos analisados. A Wikipédia foi utilizada como fonte de um conjunto de documentos anotados geograficamente para o treinamento de uma hierarquia de Classificadores Naive Bayes e Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Uma comparação de desempenho entre o Geofier e uma reimplementação do sistema Web-a-Where foi realizada em relação à determinação do escopo geográfico dos textos da Wikipédia. A hierarquia do Geofier foi treinada e avaliada de duas formas: usando topônimos do mesmo gazetteer que o Web-a-Where e usando n-gramas extraídos dos documentos de treinamento. Como resultado, o Geofier manteve desempenho superior ao obtido pela reimplementação do Web-a-Where. / Automatic text geotagging is the process by which mentions of place names and their positions in text are identified as metadata, allowing this information to be used by specialized applications, like Search Engines. It is possible to identify the geographic scope of a document by analysing the toponyms it mentions and then group documents by their geographic context, effectively adding a geographic scope to the documents. This dissertation presents a new method to identify the geographic scope of text, named Geofier. The novelty in Geofier is that it uses machine learning text classifiers, trained without the need of a gazetteer and without making assumptions regarding the language in which the documents are written. Wikipedia was used as the source for a geotagged text dataset in order to train a hierarchy of Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. The Geofier hierarchy was then trained and evaluated, first using toponyms from the same gazetteer as Web-a-Where and then using n-grams extracted from the training samples as attributes. Geofier performed significantly better when compared to a Web-a-Where implementation.

The article continues to discuss the origins and the history of the Saxon place name Leipzig. Several questions are under scrutiny. Starting out from recent research which gives the oldest historical evidence of the place name Leipzig as Lib-, it deals with certain new doubts regarding explanations that try to date the origins of the place name in pre-monolingual times. The question whether one can assume an original Slavonic form to the Slavonic root *lib- is dealt with in detail. The results of this discourse are: Today’s research cannot give a satisfactory explanation that the primary place name is derived from Slavonic. Furthermore, the hypothesis of an existing pre-monolingual form is newly evaluated. In this regard also the formerly existing geographical setting of the area around Leipzig is considered as the deciding motive in naming the place.

This study has collected and analysed a database of place-names containing potential ethnonymic elements. Competing models of ethnicity are investigated and applied to names about which there is reasonable confidence. A number of motivations for employment of ethnonyms in place-names emerge. Ongoing interaction between ethnicities is marked by reference to domain or borderland, and occasional interaction by reference to resource or transit. More superficial interaction is expressed in names of commemorative, antiquarian or figurative motivation. The implications of the names for our understanding of the history of individual ethnicities are considered. Distribution of Walh-names has been extended north into Scotland; but reference may be to Romance-speaking feudal incomers, not the British. Briton-names are confirmed in Cumberland and are found on and beyond the fringes of the polity of Strathclyde. Dumbarton, however, is an antiquarian coining. Distribution of Cumbrian-names suggests that the south side of the Solway Firth was not securely under Cumbrian influence; but also that the ethnicity, expanding in the tenth century, was found from the Ayrshire coast to East Lothian, with the Saxon culture under pressure in the Southern Uplands. An ethnonym borrowed from British in the name Cumberland and the Lothian outlier of Cummercolstoun had either entered northern English dialect or was being employed by the Cumbrians themselves to coin these names in Old English. If the latter, such self-referential pronouncement in a language contact situation was from a position of status, in contrast to the ethnicism of the Gaels. Growing Gaelic self-awareness is manifested in early-modern domain demarcation and self-referential naming of routes across the cultural boundary. But by the nineteenth century cultural change came from within, with the impact felt most acutely in west-mainland and Hebridean Argyll, according to the toponymic evidence. Earlier interfaces between Gaelic and Scots are indicated on the east of the Firth of Clyde by the early fourteenth century, under the Sidlaws and in Buchan by the fifteenth, in Caithness and in Perthshire by the sixteenth. Earlier, Norse-speakers may have referred to Gaels in the hills of Kintyre. The border between Scotland and England was toponymically marked, but not until the modern era. In Carrick, Argyll and north and west of the Great Glen, Albanians were to be contrasted, not necessarily linguistically, from neighbouring Gaelic-speakers; Alba is probably to be equated with the ancient territory of Scotia. Early Scot-names, recorded from the twelfth century, similarly reflect expanding Scotian influence in Cumberland and Lothian. However, late instances refer to Gaelic-speakers. Most Eireannach-names refer to wedder goats rather than the ethnonym, but residual Gaelic-speakers in east Dumfriesshire are indicated by Erisch­-names at the end of the fifteenth century or later. Others west into Galloway suggest an earlier Irish immigration, probably as a consequence of normanisation and of engagement in Irish Sea politics. Other immigrants include French estate administrators, Flemish wool producers and English feudal subjects. The latter have long been discussed, but the relationship of the north-eastern Ingliston-names to mottes is rejected, and that of the south-western Ingleston-names is rather to former motte-hills with degraded fortifications. Most Dane-names are also antiquarian, attracted less by folk memory than by modern folklore. The Goill could also be summoned out of the past to explain defensive remains in particular. Antiquarianism in the eighteenth century onwards similarly ascribed many remains to the Picts and the Cruithnians, though in Shetland a long-standing supernatural association with the Picts may have been maintained. Ethnicities were invoked to personify past cultures, but ethnonyms also commemorate actual events, typified by Sasannach-names. These tend to recall dramatic, generally fatal, incidents, usually involving soldiers or sailors. Any figures of secular authority or hostile activity from outwith the community came to be considered Goill, but also agents of ecclesiastical authority or economic activity and passing travellers by land or sea. The label Goill, ostensibly providing 178 of the 652 probable ethnonymic database entries, is in most names no indication of ethnicity, culture or language. It had a medieval geographical reference, however, to Hebrideans, and did develop renewed, early-modern specificity in response to a vague concept of Scottish society outwith the Gaelic cultural domain. The study concludes by considering the forms of interaction between ethnicities and looking at the names as a set. It proposes classification of those recalled in the names as overlord, interloper or native.